In the Tang Dynasty, in Wang Changling, Qinghai, the clouds were long and the snow-capped mountains were dark, and the lonely city looked at Yumenguan. Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned. [Author Brief Introduction] Wang Changling (699-757), whose real name is Shao Bo, was born in Chang 'an, Jing Zhao (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) and called Taiyuan (now Taiyuan, Shanxi Province). A famous frontier poet in Tang Dynasty. He is good at seven-character quatrains, and his works are mostly Frontier fortress and Farewell, with vigorous weather, meaningful feelings, refined and vivid language and melodious melody. [Note] 1. Joining the army: The old topic of Yuefu's Harmony and Flat Tune is more about the military. Wang Changling's "Join the Army" consists of seven songs, and here is the fourth song. 2. Qinghai: Today's Qinghai Lake. Changyun: It's cloudy. It's all over the sky. Snow Mountain: A mountain covered with snow all year round, which refers to Qilian Mountain. 3. Isolated City: It refers to Yumenguan, with a vast territory and a sparse population, giving people the feeling of an isolated city. This word order is reversed, which means "looking at the Yumen Pass in the lonely city from afar". 4. Wear: Wear. Shiny armor: A combat suit is armor made of metal. 5. Destroy Loulan: Completely destroy the enemy by reference. Loulan: The title of Shanshan in the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty generally refers to the Japanese invaders who invaded the northwest border area at that time. The continuous dark clouds in Qinghai Lake darken the Qilian Mountain, which is covered with snow all year round. Looking from a distance, you can only see the lonely city, which is the Yumen Xiongguan that the spring breeze can't blow. In the vast battlefield of Huangsha, the soldiers have worn out their armored clothes in many battles, but they will swear to death not to return home unless the invading border thieves are completely eliminated! [Appreciation] Readers of frontier poems in the Tang Dynasty are often confused by the confusion of ancient and modern place names and the suspension of space involved in the poems. Some people doubt that the author is not familiar with geography, so they don't seek a good solution, and others write for it. This is the case with this poem. The first two sentences mentioned three place names. Snow Mountain is Qilian Mountain in the south of Hexi Corridor. Qinghai and Guan Yu are thousands of miles apart, but they appear on the same picture, so these two sentences have various interpretations. Some people say that the first sentence is looking forward, and the next sentence is looking back at home. This is very strange. Qinghai and Snow Mountain are in front, and Yumenguan is behind. Then the hometown of the lyric hero should be the Western Regions west of Yumenguan, not the Han soldiers, but Hu Bing. On the other hand, the second sentence is an inverted sentence of "Looking at Yumenguan, an isolated city", and the object of looking at it is "the dark snow mountain in Qinghai". There are two misunderstandings here: one is to interpret "looking from afar" as "looking from afar", and the other is to misunderstand the general description of the northwest border region as what the lyric hero sees. The former misunderstanding is due to the latter misunderstanding. One or two sentences can be imagined as a picture of a vast area: over Qinghai Lake, the clouds are long and warm; To the north of the lake, there are snow-capped mountains thousands of miles across the cotton pavilion; Crossing the snow-capped mountains, it is an isolated city, standing in the desert of Hexi Corridor. Further west, it is the Yumen Pass, a military fortress far away from the lonely city. This long scroll, which condensed things thousands of miles away, was a typical environment for soldiers living and fighting in the northwest frontier at that time. It is a bird's eye view and a summary of the entire northwest border. Why did you specifically mention Qinghai and Guan Yu? This is related to the situation of the war between ethnic groups at that time. The strong enemies of the west and the north in the Tang Dynasty were Tubo and Turkic. Our special envoy's task in Hexi is to cut off the traffic between Tubo and Turkic, and take care of the two powerful enemies in the west and north within one town, mainly to defend Tubo and protect the Hexi Corridor. "Qinghai" area is the place where Tubo and Tang Jun fought many times; Outside Yumenguan, it is the sphere of influence of Turks. Therefore, these two sentences not only describe the scene of the whole northwest border, but also point out the extremely important geographical situation that the "isolated city" rejects Tubo in the south and defends Turks in the west. The strong enemies in these two directions are the heart of the soldiers guarding the "lonely city", so Qinghai and Guan Yu should appear on the screen. This is not so much what the soldiers see, but rather what emerges in their minds. These two sentences are permeated with rich and complex feelings while writing the scenery: the frontier soldiers' concern for the frontier situation, their pride and sense of responsibility for their tasks, and the loneliness and hardship of frontier life are all integrated in the tragic, open and misty scenery. Three or four sentences changed from environmental description with scenes to direct lyricism. "Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles" is a poem with strong generalization. The length of the border defense, the frequency of wars, the hardship of fighting, the toughness of the enemy and the desolation of the border are all summed up in these seven words. Hundreds of battles is more abstract, and the word "yellow sand" highlights the characteristics of the northwest battlefield, making people see the scene of "the ancient battlefield with sunset and sand like clouds"; From "winning every battle" to "wearing golden armor", we can imagine the arduousness and fierceness of the battle, and we can also imagine a series of heroic sacrifices in this long time. However, although the shining golden armor has worn out, the soldiers' ambition to serve the country has not been tempered, but has become more determined in the tempering of desert sand. "Never break the Loulan, never return it" is the heroic oath of the battle-hardened soldiers. The more the last sentence highlights the difficulty of the battle and the frequency of the war, the more forceful it becomes, hitting the floor. In a word or two, the realm is broad and the feelings are tragic and rich; There is an obvious turning point between three or four sentences, and the two sentences are in sharp contrast. Although the phrase "yellow sand" describes the hardships of war, the actual feeling of the whole image is majestic and powerful, not deep and sad. Therefore, the last sentence is not a lament for returning home without a day, but a firmer and deeper oath based on a deep understanding of the hardships and length of the war. An important ideological feature of the excellent frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is that while expressing the lofty sentiments and ambitions of the frontier guards, they do not shy away from the hardships of war. This article is an obvious example. It can be said that three or four sentences are not empty and superficial lyricism, but only one or two sentences of rich environmental description are needed. The high unity of typical environment and characters' feelings is a prominent advantage of Wang Changling's quatrains, which is also clearly reflected in this paper. Wang Changling and his seven poems about joining the army Wang Changling's poems are as famous as Gao Shi and Wang Zhihuan, and have the reputation of "the emperor of poets". His achievements in quatrains are particularly high. Beautiful style, bold spirit and vivid image. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Shizhen listed his quatrains of seven characters as "masterpieces" along with Li Bai's works. Joining the army belongs to Yuefu's "harmony song", which is generally used to write military wars. When Emperor Taizong came to Xuanzong, he used troops abroad, including resisting foreign invasion and expanding his territory. Therefore, poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty wrote many poems about frontier fortress. There are works in frontier fortress poems that reflect positive contributions and defend the country, which are positive for the war against foreign invasion; But there are also some works that reflect homesickness and war-weariness. This opposition to the imperial court's excessive belligerence in the war of territorial expansion is undoubtedly justified, especially for soldiers in their own situation. This complex psychology has been faithfully reflected in Wang Changling's poems. There is not only the confidence and national pride of "never breaking Loulan, never returning it", but also the feelings of parting and missing of the couple who are "not worried about Wan Li and Mrs. Jin". One or three songs are the latter, four or six songs are the former, and the seventh song is a sketch of the battlefield scenery beyond the Great Wall! In the same work with the theme of military war, we can fully pay attention to the complexity of the theme and describe it in many different ways, which shows that the poet observes life carefully and has superb artistic skills. One: the bonfire is in the west of the city 100 feet, and it is windy and autumn in Shanghai at dusk. Guan Shanyue, who plays Qiangdi, is not worried about the golden boy Wan Li. Secondly, pipa dances with a new sound, which always narrows the distance between the old and the new. I can't listen to endless worries, and the high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. Third, the elm leaves in Guancheng are early yellow, and the ancient battlefield in the sand clouds in the sunset. Please go back to the army to hide dust and bones, and don't teach soldiers to cry. Fourth, there is a dark snow-capped mountain in Qinghai, with long white clouds and a lonely city overlooking Yumenguan. Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned. Five, the desert dust day faint, the red flag half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Taohe River overnight, and it was reported that Tuguhun was captured alive. Six, the Hu bottle is covered with purple and thin sweat, and the autumn moon in the west of the city is broken. Ming Xing Chi sealed the sword and told you to take Loulan overnight. Seventh: Yumen Mountain is heavy, and the mountain is always in the north and south. People should look at the fire from a distance, but they can't see the horses in the mountains.