Zhang Jiuling, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, expressed his moral integrity by praising Dan Ju's "cold heart" in Twelve Emotions (Part VII);
Here, south of the Yangtze River, there is a red orange tree. Its leaves are green all winter. ?
Not because the soil is getting warmer, but because it is accustomed to the cold by nature. ?
Although it may serve your distinguished guests, you leave it here, far below the mountains and rivers ...?
It's luck, and cause and effect is an infinite cycle. ?
You planted your peach trees and plums and forgot the shade of another tree?
Zhang Jiuling was a famous figure in the Tang Dynasty. He was loyal to his duties, impartial to the code, outspoken in remonstrance, good at selecting talents, unwilling to bend the law, and dared to fight against evil forces, making positive contributions to the "rule of Kaiyuan". Since then, he has been disdained by the treacherous court official Li and demoted to Jingzhou Secretariat.
Twelve Poems of Feelings was written by Zhang Jiuling after he was relegated to the long history of Jingzhou. This group of poems uses the method of contrast, showing his loyal and noble character and expressing his anxiety of being excluded. This article is the seventh. This poem borrows a poem from Qu Yuan's Ode to Oranges, and uses Dan Orange as a metaphor to express the poet's own good sentiment, noble character and pursuit of ideals. ?
The first two sentences say: "Here, south of the Yangtze River, there is a red orange tree. Its leaves are green all winter. "The poet praised citrus with full enthusiasm for being able to stand the test of severe winter, and drew a beautiful map of orange forest in the south of the Yangtze River, forming a beautiful artistic realm. Citrus is a top fruit tree, which can resist severe winter and frost and is evergreen all the year round. Therefore, the poet's metaphor for Dan orange is profound. This is the poet's analogy to Chenpi's character of "being ordered not to move" and "being horizontal but not flowing". Here, the poet not only describes the appearance of citrus, but also deliberately shows its indomitable spirit and realizes the organic combination of form and spirit. At the same time, what is presented to readers is not an orange forest, but an orange forest. The poet is describing a "collective portrait" including himself. This makes the artistic conception of the poem more profound and open, and the image more tall and vivid. ?
Three or four sentences "is it not because of a warmer soil?" But because of its' cold nature', it wrote the characteristics of citrus. The poet told readers that the citrus in winter is green, not because of the warm climate in the south of the Yangtze River, but because of its cold-resistant nature. Here, the poet adopts the form of question and answer, which is natural and surprising, and the answer is particularly interesting, and briefly summarizes the characteristics of dried tangerine peel itself. On the one hand, the poet skillfully pointed out the cold-resistant nature of citrus, and at the same time used it as a metaphor for the poet's noble virtue. This is the beauty of the poet's soul based on the nature of citrus. It is not only a self-portrait of the hero in the poem, but also a portrayal of the moral character of Qian Qian's absolutely upright intellectuals at that time. As a result, the theme of this poem deepened. ?
The following six sentences are narrative and lyrical. Five or six sentences "Although it may serve your distinguished guests, you leave it here, far below the mountains and rivers." These sweet oranges could have been sent far away for distinguished guests, but the mountains and rivers overlap and the passage is impassable. The implication is that he could have recommended a sage to the court, but the road was blocked. These two sentences are wonderful and natural, leaving no trace. With the scenery in front of him and rich imagination, the poet shows that an intellectual who is loyal to the monarch and patriotic in feudal society is still unwilling to sink, and still cares about the precious quality of the country's future and destiny.
Seven or eight sentences, "Fate is just an encounter, and cause and effect is an infinite cycle", are the judgments drawn by the poet from emotion: Fate is good or bad only because of the difference of encounters; And this is like a natural law that goes round and round, and the truth is really elusive. This is the poet's sigh based on his own experience.
The last two sentences, "plant peaches in return for plums, and forget the shade of other trees", are closely related to "fate". The poet shouted: Don't just say to plant peaches and plums. Can't oranges enjoy the cool? It is obvious that the poet is complaining for the dried tangerine peel and the sage. In other words, a sage can make a person, and he will not be worse than Li and others. These two sentences are a severe reprimand to the court for listening to slanders and not distinguishing right from wrong, and they are also the main theme of the whole poem. Because of the poet's profound insight and high artistic generalization, these two comments are very cordial and natural, profound and powerful, which greatly increases the connotation of the poem. Using metaphor to attack the disadvantages here can make people think deeply and give people great enlightenment. ?
Structurally, this poem is short and pithy, with ingenious conception, rigorous structure, lyrical and freehand brushwork, ups and downs. Start with orange, end with orange knot, call first and then respond, deepen the theme. In particular, the unexpected questions at the end are shocking and add artistic charm to the poem. ?
Zhang Jiuling's poems are vivid in language and appropriate in metaphor, without affectation and obscurity. Liu Xizai said in "Introduction to Art" that Zhang Jiuling's poems are "unique, Li and Du Kaixian". This evaluation is very appropriate. Liu Yuxi said that Zhang Jiuling "has been in peace (now Guilin) since he took up his pastoral duties, and there is a sadness; After I retired, I had the idea of being detained. I satirize birds and send a message to grass trees, which is in the same strain as poets. " It refers to this "feeling" poem.
Liu Zongyuan, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, wrote "Nanzhongrong Orange Pomelo", praising the "chastity" of orange pomelo and showing his unyielding spirit of chastity.
Orange pomelo is pregnant with chastity, so I ordered it here. ?
The dense forest is bright green and fragrant at the end of the year. ?
Different winds limit the clearing, and flying snow stagnates in the hometown. ?
What's wrong with climbing the bar? Looking north at the bear and the neck. ?
South Zhongrong Orange Pomelo: "South China" refers to the south of China. "Rong" is lush. "Orange pomelo", when used together in ancient times, often only refers to orange. Xie Tiao, a poet in the Southern Dynasties, wrote a poem "Reward for Peace", which contains the poem "Nan Zhongrong smokes oranges, Ning Yanfei", and this poem uses this sentence as its title. ?
Liu Zongyuan was a famous writer, philosopher and essayist in Tang Dynasty, and one of the eight great poets in Tang and Song Dynasties. Because he actively participated in the reform movement of Wang Group, after the failure of the reform, he was demoted to Yongzhou Sima and Liuzhou Secretariat 15 years, and finally died in Liuzhou, a relegated place.
Liu Zongyuan highly praised Qu Yuan's thought and character. During his long exile, he took Qu Yuan as an example and determined to follow his predecessors. Because of the same experience, the thoughts and feelings expressed in Qu Yuan's works have aroused strong repercussions in his thoughts. "Walking the mountains and rivers, lyrical about leaving Sao" ("Seventy Rhymes of Night Walking in Nanting"), Qu Yuan is often mentioned in his works, and he is good at using the words and allusions of Qu Fu. This poem borrows allusions from Ode to Orange, and expresses his firm character of appreciating and maintaining Chenpi, like Qu Yuan, and his feelings of being demoted to Yongzhou. ?
The first four sentences of the poem enthusiastically praise the orange pomelo. "Orange pomelo is pregnant with chastity, and this inflammation is the order." The first two sentences use a poem from Qu Yuan's Ode to Oranges: "The tree is beautiful after the emperor, and the orange comes as Xi. I was ordered not to move. I was born in the south. It is difficult to move and more ambitious. " Citrus pomelo grows in the south, so it adapts to the water and soil here and cannot migrate, as if accepting the mission of heaven; They have always maintained unyielding integrity and indomitable spirit.
"The dense forest is bright vermilion green and fragrant at the end of the year." Three or four sentences have changed from praising the inner quality of orange pomelo to describing its shape. In the season when the fruit is ripe, the golden oranges are exposed in the dense leaves, and the red and green colors set each other off, which is particularly dazzling. Orange pomelo is evergreen all the year round, lush, not afraid of cold, through the winter, fragrant at the end of the year. The phrase "Be fragrant when you come home late" is similar to Zhang Jiuling's poem "Here, in the south of the Yangtze River, there is a red orange tree". Throughout the winter, its leaves are green, not because of the warming of the soil, but because of its "nature used to cold."
Orange pomelo was ordered by the south of the Yangtze River and could not move northward, but the poet was ordered by the north. The last four sentences of the poem, because of the "order not to move" of orange pomelo, caused him to feel forced to come to the south. "Strange winds limit the Qing Dynasty, and flying snow stagnates in the hometown", "Qing" and the Milky Way refer to the Huaihe River. It is said that oranges become oranges when they arrive in Huaibei. Due to geographical reasons, the climate and customs in the north and south of the Yangtze River are different. It's freezing thousands of miles, and the phenomenon of snow floating in Wan Li is only found in the hometown in the north. The poet was born and lived in Chang 'an for a long time. He was born there and set foot on the road of life there, realizing his ambition to help the world. Like orange pomelo, he has the character of being ordered not to move, but he can't live in his original birthplace like orange pomelo and is banished to a barbarian land with different customs.
"Why do you sigh when climbing the pole? Looking north at Xiong and Xiang, Xiong and Xiang: Xiong, Xiong 'er Mountain, in the south of Lushi County, Henan Province; Xiang, Xiangshan, a Lushan mountain, now Junshan, is in Dongting Lake. In desperation, the poet can only climb the branches of orange pomelo, stare at Xiong 'er Mountain in the Central Plains and Xiangshan Mountain by the Yangtze River, and sigh. Hometown is just out of reach, which shows us the unfairness and resentment in the poet's long-term repression.
? The poet praised Chenpi's unyielding quality and lamented his relegation to the south, making it difficult to return to his hometown, which showed his determination to uphold personal integrity. Poetry is gloomy and heavy, and it is very artistic.
Sick Orange, written by Du Fu, a great poet in Tang Dynasty, satirizes the rulers with orange disease and poor harvest.
A group of oranges have little business, although there are many, but they are also ridiculous. ?
Cherish small and firm, sour as pears. ?
It is advisable to cut moths and pick them. ?
However, it is not delicious, so why not keep its skin? ?
The rustling leaves are half dead, but I can't bear to leave the branches. ?
Frost and snow accumulated in the dark winter, and the situation is that the return air blows! ?
Taste Penglai Hall and list Xiaoxiang's posture. ?
This thing is not old, and the jade food loses its luster. ?
Bandits still rely on tombs, when you reduce your diet. ?
Your illness is providence, and I'm worried about my sin. ?
Recalling the ambassadors of the South China Sea in the past, they scrambled to offer lychees. ?
One hundred horses died in the valley, which is still sad.
This poem was written by Du Fu in Tang Suzong in the second year of Shang Dynasty (AD 76 1), which satirized the rulers' cruelty to the people with their mouths and hoped that Tang Suzong would stop paying tribute to oranges.
The first twelve sentences describe the poor harvest of sick oranges. It is said that oranges are produced in Sichuan, but they are cut to death because of pests and diseases, such as "small fruit" and "sour fruit", so the poet thinks that "although there are many oranges, they are also ridiculed." What's the use of "ridicule"? "Less business" in the first sentence is a pun, which means both orange disease and people's poverty. "The rustling leaves are half dead, but I can't bear to leave the branches", as Wang Siyuan, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, said, "I tend to be ignorant and write about my temperament" (Du Yi). Du Fu often experiences things with human feelings, so ignorant scenery often appears affectionate, which undoubtedly permeates the poet's sympathy for the people's difficulties. "Frost and snow accumulate in dark winter, and the return air blows" and "dark winter" are winter. Xuan, black. The ancients used black to represent winter, so the winter gods were also called "Hei Di" and "Xuanming". Pu Qilong, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, noted: "Dead leaves and branches are poor and scattered; Frost and snow return to the air, forcing punishment, which is greater than righteousness, and its text implicitly refers to Gong Ju. " (Reading) In the poem, metaphors are used to describe the tragic situation of the palace chrysanthemum being ravaged by pests and diseases.
After 12 sentence, introduce current events through orange disease. "Taste Penglai Pavilion and list Xiaoxiang posture", "Penglai Pavilion", the name of the palace in Han Dynasty, Penglai Palace in Tang Dynasty, in Chang 'an, namely Daming Palace. "Alley" refers to citrus. Xiaoxiang Ershui is famous for producing citrus in Hunan today. According to the Legend of Taizhen, at the end of Kaiyuan, Jiangling paid tribute to oranges, and Xuanzong planted ten plants in Penglai Palace. Ten years of Tianbao were fruitful, and Xuanzong gave orders to ministers. "Taste" refers to this matter. Here, the poet thinks that Sichuan has lost its luster because of the orange epidemic and the poor harvest year after year. Besides, in the autumn of war, it was time for the emperor to reduce his diet. ("diet", in feudal times, if there was a catastrophe, the emperor would come to "diet" to show concern and anxiety. In fact, this is a deceptive trick. ) Today's orange disease may be an act of god. However, the emperor did not abide by it, but accused the local officials of inferior tribute. Pu Yin Long said that "your illness is God's will, and I am responsible for my sorrow and sin" is "the eye of poetry", which is insightful. Although this poem does not directly describe the situation of urging tribute oranges and harming the king, readers can imagine their situation from "worry"
In order to point out that no more tribute should be paid to oranges and people should not be tired with their mouths, the poet then quoted the story of offering litchi in the Han Dynasty, and skillfully condemned the working people of the rulers with historical lessons by using four sentences of "recalling the past". During the Eastern Han Dynasty and Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, in order to pay tribute to litchi in the South China Sea, post stations were set up in Wuli and Shili. The galloping horses galloped, and the dust flew like fire, which made people upset and piled up bones. Yang Guifei was born in Sichuan, and the delicious litchi was once picked up by Xuanzong. Every year she flies to Chang 'an, and her taste remains the same. The last four sentences serve as a warning by remembering the past, but they are not straightforward and meaningless.
Qiu, a poetry critic in Qing Dynasty, said: "This is an opportunity to introduce current events with oranges. There are no sick oranges, and it is suspected that it is an act of god, so reduce the meal appropriately. But I am afraid that I am responsible and tired of the people's strength, so I quote Li's story as proof. There are many twists and turns in pushing each other away. " (A Detailed Interpretation of Du Fu's Poems) This comment is very good.