1. Paintings about Du Fu’s poems
Paintings about Du Fu’s poems 1. Du Fu’s poems with paintings
This poem was written in the second year of Du Fu’s Dali calendar (767) ) was written when Qiu was in Kuizhou.
At that time, the poet was ill in Kuizhou, which was located on the bank of the Yangtze River. The whole poem, through the scenery of the Autumn River seen from a high altitude, expresses the poet's complex emotions of wandering around for many years, being old, sick and lonely. It is impassioned and touching.
Yang Lun praised this poem as "the number one seven-character rhymed poem in Duji's collection" ("Du Shi Jingquan"). Hu Yinglin's "Shi Sou" even praised this poem as the best seven-character rhymed poem in ancient and modern times. The first four sentences are about climbing high and experiencing things.
First couplet. The poet focused on the specific environment of Kuizhou and used the word "fengji" to drive the whole couplet. From the beginning, he wrote a good sentence that has been passed down through the ages.
Kuizhou is famous for its large number of apes, and its mouth is famous for its strong winds. It's a crisp autumn day, but it's windy here.
When the poet climbed to a high place, the sound of "high apes roaring" kept coming from the gorge, which meant that "the sound came from the empty valley, and the sorrow lasted for a long time" ("Shui Jing Zhu·Three Gorges") . The poet moved his gaze from the heights to the river and Zhouzhu. On the background of clear water and white sand, there are dotted with flocks of birds flying in the wind and constantly circling. It is really a beautiful picture.
Among them are the sky, the wind, the sand, the river, and the roar of the ape. Birds fly, created by heaven and earth, and naturally come into pairs.
Not only the upper and lower sentences are in pairs, but there are also self-matches in the sentences, such as "sky" vs. "wind" in the previous sentence; "gao" vs. "ji"; "sha" vs. "Zhu" in the next sentence, " "White" versus "Qing", the reading is full of rhythm. After the poet's artistic refinement, the fourteen words are precise and accurate, and none of them are false. The use of words is "all thanks to the ax and chisel", reaching a wonderful and indescribable state.
What is more noteworthy is that in the first sentence of the couplet, the oblique tone is often used for the last word, but this poem uses the flat tone to rhyme. Shen Deqian was praised for his "reuse of rhyme in the two-sentence couplets, which changes the style" ("Biecai of Tang Poems").
The couplets express the typical characteristics of autumn in Kuizhou. The poet looked up at the boundless swaying wooden leaves and looked down at the endlessly flowing and rolling river. While describing the scene, he deeply expressed his feelings.
"Boundless" and "Endless" make "Xiao Xiao" and "Rolling" more vivid. They not only remind people of the sound of falling wood and the turbulent shape of the Yangtze River, but also convey the intangible feeling that time is fleeting. : The sadness of unrealized ambitions. Through the melancholy couplets, it shows the power of writing, and it has the majestic momentum of "building a bridge" and "paying attention to the east of hundreds of rivers"
It is known as "unparalleled in ancient and modern times", which is reasonable. The first two couplets try their best to describe the autumn scenery, and it is not until the neck couplet that the word "Autumn" is mentioned.
"Only on the stage". It shows that the poet is looking far away from a high place, which closely connects the vision and the mood in his heart. "Often a guest" points out the poet's wandering career.
"Hundred years". This metaphor refers to a limited life, here specifically refers to the old age. The word "Sad Autumn" is written with sadness.
Autumn is not necessarily sad, but the poet can't help but think of himself in a foreign land when he sees the desolate and magnificent autumn scenery. The poet's condition of being old and sick gives rise to infinite sadness. The poet summarizes the feelings of long-term guests who are most likely to mourn the autumn, and who love to be on stage only when they are sick, into a couplet of "magnificent and high-pitched, truly loud". It makes people deeply feel his heavy beating emotional pulse.
The words "ten thousand miles" and "hundred years" in this couplet are also related to the words "boundless" and "endless" in the previous couplet. The function of echo: The poet's travel sorrow and loneliness are like fallen leaves and river water, endlessly pushing and driving away, and the emotions and scenery are blended together.
At this point in the poem, the poet is homesick. The general meaning is added to the content of being lonely for a long time, adding to the sadness of autumn and suffering, and the sigh of being in old age after being thousands of miles away from home, and the poetic meaning becomes even more profound. .
The poet is prepared to suffer from hardships, national difficulties and family worries, which make his hair gray. Coupled with the fact that he has stopped drinking due to illness, it is even more difficult to relieve his sorrow and joy. Now it is causing hatred and sorrow for no reason. The poet's contradictory mood is easy to understand.
The first six sentences are "flying and shaking", but at this point, "it is soft and cold, but the meaning of infinite sadness overflows." "Beyond the words" ("Shi Sou"). The first half of the poem describes the scenery, and the second half is lyrical. Each has its own intricacies in writing.
The first couplet focuses on depicting the specific scenery in front of you, just like a painter's meticulous brushwork, shape, and Sound, color, and attitude: all expressed one by one. The second couplet focuses on rendering the entire autumn atmosphere, just like a painter's freehand brushwork. It should only convey the meaning and let the reader supplement it with imagination. The triple couplet expresses emotions vertically (time) and horizontally (space). From the perspective of wandering in a foreign land, he wrote about being sick and disabled.
The four couplets also stated that the hardships of the times were the root cause of the country's downfall. The sentiments of the time are vividly reflected on the paper.
At a glance, the beginning and end of this poem seem to be "not right", and the chest and abdomen seem to be "not intended to be right". > If you think about it carefully, "Every sentence in an article is regular, and every word in a sentence is regular." Not only is "the entire article legal", but also "the use of words in sentences" is something that "people in ancient and modern times would not dare to know." Never a Taoist."
It is natural that it can win the reputation of "unparalleled work" (see Hu Yinglin's "Shi Sou").
The entire poem is composed of quatrains, so it is called "The Crown of Seven Rhythms".
2. Painting Du Fu's poems
Painting eagle
Du Fu
When the wind and frost rise, the goshawk painting is special.
?The body is thinking like a cunning rabbit, and the side eyes are like a sad beard.
The sash is worthy of picking, and the Xuan Ying is powerful.
Why should I strike down an ordinary bird and scatter its hair and blood on the grassland?
Inscribing poems on paintings is a unique national style of Chinese painting art. In order to elucidate the meaning of the painting and express their emotions, ancient literati painters often wrote poems on the paintings after the works were completed, achieving the effect that the poetry and painting complement each other. Inscribing poems for paintings began in the Tang Dynasty, but at that time they were only praising paintings with poems. It was only after the Song Dynasty that poems were actually inscribed on paintings. However, the poems on paintings by poets of the Tang Dynasty had a great influence on the poems on paintings in later generations. Among them, the number and influence of Du Fu's paintings and poems were unparalleled by anyone in the late Tang Dynasty.
This poem on painting was probably written in the late Kaiyuan period and is an early work of Du Fu. At this time, the poet was young, full of ideals, and living a "pleasant" life, full of youthful vitality and proactive spirit. Through the depiction of the painted eagle, the poet expresses his passion for jealousy and his ambition to soar into the clouds.
There are only eight sentences in the whole poem, which can be divided into three levels of meaning:
The first and second sentences are the first level, indicating the title. Qi said in a surprised tone: It was said that on the pure white painting silk, a chilling air of wind and frost suddenly rose up. What is going on? The second sentence immediately points out: It turns out that the painting eagle is so vigorous and vigorous that it seems to be carrying the wind and frost, and it praises the artistic effect produced by the special technique of painting. This poem is written in an inverted way. What is the inversion method? Let's take a look at the beginning of Du Fu's "The Song of a Horned Eagle Painted by Duke Jiang Chu": "The Duke of Chu painted an eagle wearing horns, and its murderous aura reaches Youshuo." It starts with the horned eagle painted by the eagle painter, and then describes what happens on the picture. The chilling atmosphere is called Zhengqi. This poem first writes "Su Lian wind and frost rise", and then points out "Painting an eagle", so it is called the inverted interpolation method. This technique effectively depicts the momentum of the painted eagle with just one stroke, attracting readers. Du Fu's poems on paintings make good use of this technique. For example, the starting line of "Song of the Newly Painted Landscape and Water Barriers by Liu Shaofu" is: "There are no maple trees growing in the hall, and smoke rises from the strange rivers and mountains at the bottom." The starting line of "Painting Falcon's Journey" is : "Seeing a falcon in the high hall, the rustling sound moves the autumn bones." The starting line of "Ten Rhymes of Paintings of Minshan and Tuojiang in Fengguan Yanzheng Gongtang" says: "The Tuo River touches the middle seat, and Minshan reaches the Beitang." These starting lines of poetry are all It can have an artistic effect of taking the lead.
The four sentences in the middle are the second level, describing the attitude of the goshawk on the screen, which is a positive article. The "? (sǒngshu) body" in the couplet is "禦 body". "Look sideways", the sentence can be found in "Hanshu·Li Guangzhuan": "Look sideways, and the name is Goshawk." See also Sun Chu's "Eagle Fu": "The eyes are deep and the brows are like a sad beard." Goodbye Fu Xuan's "Ape and Monkey Fu" 》: "The eyebrows are raised and the forehead is frowned, as if sad or angry." Du Fu's two sentences mean that the goshawk's eyes are similar to those of the hozen, and the way it raises its body seems to be trying to catch the cunning rabbit, thus portraying the goshawk. The movements and mental state of the eagle before the fight are really vivid, making the painted eagle come alive all at once, just like a real eagle. The "绦" in the neck couplet "绦镟 (tāo xuàn Tao Xuan)" is the silk rope used to tie the eagle; "锟" is the rotating shaft, the metal round shaft used to tie the eagle. "Xuan Ying" is the pillar in front of the hall, which refers to the place where the eagle hangs. These two sentences mean that the goshawk attached to the metal shaft is so dazzling that as long as the silk rope is removed, it can spread its wings and fly; He immediately goes out to chase the cunning rabbit, thus depicting the eagerness of the painted eagle to try. The author uses a real eagle as a comparison, and uses these two verses to describe the painted eagle as lifelike.
In these two couplets, the two pairs of words "thinking" and "like", "picking" and "calling" depict the painted eagle extremely vividly. "Si" describes its dynamic state, "Like" its static state, "Zhi" its modalities, and "Hu" its demeanor. The poet's wording is exquisite and ingenious. Through these expressive words, the painted eagle is described as being like a real eagle. It's hard to tell whether it's a real eagle or a painted eagle. But from the two inferential words "kan" and "ke", after all, it is still a painting of an eagle.
The last two sentences enter the third level, continuing and concluding. They regard the painted eagle as a real eagle and entrust the author's thoughts. The general idea is: When will such an extraordinary goshawk spread its wings and fight, scattering the blood of those "ordinary birds" on the wilderness? "He Dang" contains the meaning of hope, that is, I hope that the painted eagle can turn into a real eagle and fly into the blue sky to fight against mortal birds. For the sentence "hairy blood", see Ban Gu's "Ode to the Western Capital": "The wind and rain spread blood over the fields and cover the sky." As for "ordinary birds", Zhang Shangruo said: "Everything in the world is misunderstood by mediocre people, but there is no profound meaning." The "ordinary bird" is compared to the mediocre people who harm the country, which seems to have the intention of hoeing out evil. From this point of view, this poem uses the chant "Painting Eagle" to express the author's hatred of evil and his ambition to make progress. At the end of the poem "Yang Jian Paints Twelve Eagles Again", the author also expresses his own emotion: "To get rid of cunning rabbits for you, you will be able to translate"
3. Description in Du Fu's poem How to draw pictures in spring
Two Quatrains
Du Fu
The mountains and rivers are beautiful in the late morning, the spring breeze is fragrant, swallows are flying in the mud, and the mandarin ducks are sleeping in the warm sand. /p>
The green birds on the river are more than white, and the mountains are green and the flowers are about to burn. This spring has passed, when will it be the return year?
"Chiri" comes from "The Book of Songs·July": "Spring Day." Chichi.
"In spring, the sunshine hours are getting longer and the weather is getting warmer. As the saying goes, "The sky is warm at the beginning and the sun is long at the beginning" (Ouyang Jiong's "Good Spring"). The poet starts the whole article with "Chi Ri", highlighting the warm sunshine in spring and the prosperity of all things. The characteristics of the poem make the objects described in the poem organically combine into one, forming a bright and harmonious spring picture. You see: the sun is shining, the water is green, the mountains are green, the vegetation is revived, and everything is renewed, and the breeze blows, bringing flowers. The fragrance brings the fragrance of spring grass. On the river beach and on the bank of the stream, the ice and snow have melted, the soil is moist and soft, swallows are flying lightly, building nests in the mud, and the water is warm and the sand is warm, and the beautiful and affectionate mandarin ducks are clinging to each other. Snuggled together, sleeping peacefully, they are very delicate and cute. The poet describes it intentionally to highlight the characteristics of spring. The words "late sun", "country", "spring breeze" and "flowers and grass" in the first two sentences form a picture. The big scene is outlined in thick lines, and the words "beautiful" and "fragrant" are used at the end of the sentence to highlight the poet's strong feelings; the last two sentences are specific scenes carefully drawn with meticulous brushwork, including dynamic depictions of swallows flying and mandarin ducks carefree. A static portrayal of sleep. The busyness of Feiyan embodies the vitality of spring, while the leisurely movement of Yuanyang embodies the gentleness of spring. All of this is bathed in the warm sunshine, harmonious and beautiful, indeed. It gives people a sense of beautiful spring scenery.
Tao Yukai of the Qing Dynasty said that Du Fu's brushwork was superb and he could "use poetry as painting" ("Shuo Du"). This poem can be confirmed. The beauty is not limited to "using poetry as painting". What the poet deliberately conveys is the soft spring feeling he feels. If the late spring, the beautiful mountains and rivers, the gentle breeze, the fragrant flowers and grass, as well as the swallows and mandarin ducks, are all the poet's vision and touch ( The "melt" of the soil and the "warmth" of the gravel are not directly felt by the five senses. It is just because the poet can imagine the bright sunshine, the gentle breeze, the singing of birds and the fragrance of flowers in spring so deeply that the poet can imagine it without touching it. It reveals the looseness of the soil and the warmth of the gravel; and the experience of the melting of the mud and the warmth of the sand deepens the visual impression of the lightness of the flying swallows and the coquettishness of the mandarin ducks, thus making the poet's whole body and mind immersed in the softness, harmony and spring.
"The green birds on the river are more than white, and the blue flowers on the mountains are about to burn." This is a landscape painting inlaid in a frame. The ink is soaked on the paper and the rich colors are applied to the picture. It is a fascinating sight. The blue waves of the river are rippling, and the water birds with white feathers are fluttering across the river. It is a pleasant scenery. The mountains are full of green, and the flowers all over are so red that they are like a burning fire. The group is full of fire, very beautiful and brilliant.
The green of the river contrasts with the white of the bird feathers, and the green and white complement each other; the green of the mountains complements the red of the flowers, and the blue and red complement each other. The word "over" uses the blue background of the river to show the whiteness of the waterfowl's feathers, which is deeply painted; and the word "desire" is personified to give flowers a dynamic, swaying appearance. The two characters The poem describes the four scenes of rivers, mountains, flowers, and birds, and they are painted in four colors: green, green, fiery red, and white. The scene is fresh and pleasing to the eye.
However, the poet's intention is not here. Next, the writing took a sharp turn, and I sighed with emotion.
"This spring has passed, when is the return year?" The three words "see and pass" in the sentence directly point to the time when the poem was written.
The scenery in late spring and early summer is not unsatisfactory. However, it is a pity that the years are passing by and the return date is far away. Not only does it not arouse the interest of traveling, but it also Instead, it evokes the sentimentality of wandering. The artistic characteristic of this poem is that it uses a happy scene to describe the sadness. Only the harmony of spring can reflect the poet's eagerness to return home. It does not let the sadness of returning home be directly revealed from the scene. Instead, the difference between objective scenery and subjective feelings is used to reflect the depth of the poet's homesickness and unique charm.
4. Ask for some of Du Fu's poems and poetic meaning and add pictures
Appreciation of Du Fu's quatrains. 》Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascends to the blue sky.
The window contains the snow of Qianqiu in the West Ridge, and the ship thousands of miles away from the East Wu is parked at the door. This Tang poem by Du Fu has been praised by literati of all dynasties since its birth. , and gradually became one of the teaching materials for educating students in Tang poetry in various dynasties.
This is still the case in Chinese primary school textbooks. Many literati, poets, sociologists, and historians are familiar with Du Fu's simple poem. I have analyzed and studied "Queju" and made very incisive annotations.
Out of my special affection for it, I was fascinated by it when I first recited it when I was a child. Attracted by the exquisite description, I would like to give a further appreciation of this Tang poem, which is full of fun.
Let’s first look at the whole poem as a whole, which is composed of two sentences. The twenty-eight characters in the poem contain far more than these twenty-eight meanings.
Let’s enjoy them together. This famous "quatrain". The starting sentence of this poem, "Two orioles singing green willows", expresses very simply and clearly.
The poet describes the close view he saw while standing in front of the window. There is a beautiful picture in the poem: This is a picture of early spring. On the willow tree that has just sprouted in front of the window, there are two oriole birds singing happily in harmony. The first word of the first sentence of the poem. , the poet uses the number "two" and the word "piece" to express a slight movement of the head and neck and a slight raising of the eyes.
Here the poet uses the word "piece" instead of "only". To describe the state of the oriole, it is to use the sense of language to express the dynamic nature of the oriole that the poet sees. The key word here is the word "a".
The character "ge" has a oblique sound, and the tone expressed with the falling sound has the meaning of exclamation. The poet uses "ge" to tell the reader that it was the chirping of the oriole that attracted his attention.
One, two, oh, it turns out there is a little bird here. And if "only" is used here to express it, the status of the bird is different.
The two oriole birds in the poem are going up and down among the branches of the tree, not standing side by side on the same branch, because the word "ming" in the back of the singing green willow indicates that the birds are interacting with each other. Harmony, the state of chasing happily among the branches. One bird is at the bottom, and another bird is at the top. They are both playing with the fluttering willow silk from their sides.
Why is it said that the bird is holding the willow silk sideways? This can be known from the sixth character "Cui" in the first sentence. Willow is the first northern tree species to germinate in spring. When it germinates, the tree branches first turn green, which is called silking, and then the very tender buds and leaves spit out pointed tender green.
The willow tree at this time is in its most beautiful state. Literati and painters often interpret the willow tree at this moment as a girl who has just begun to fall in love. Even if it is a willow tree, it is like a layer of green mist rolling over the canopy more than ten feet away. Because the light brown of the thin willow branches has a hint of green, the willow branches begin to lose their stiffness in winter and become softer.
Jinnan Xiangzi's poem "There is no wind in the long pavilion, and the willow silk is slanted, and the shadows of the apricot blossoms are sparse and the sound of the flute is mute." "The plum blossoms reveal the news of spring, the willow silk is long, and the grass buds are green.
Unexpectedly, the frost on the temples is white, It's a pity to remember the time" (Yan Shu's poem) "The bright moon in the jade tower is long and the willow silk is graceful and weak in spring" (Wen Tingyun).
And Du Fu's "The willow tree next to the door curls weakly, just like the waist of a fifteen-year-old girl" describes to readers the soft, unfashionable and slanted state of the willow silk. The poet accurately grasped the state of willow silk in spring, and at this time, two oriole birds used their claws to grab the willow silk fluttering back and forth, chirping in the spring breeze. Perhaps the poet was attracted by such spring chirping. Go to the window.
The last sentence of Shangque, "A row of egrets ascending to the blue sky", corresponds to the first sentence. The poet was attracted to the window by the chirping of the oriole. When his gaze shifted from an oriole under the willow silk and was aroused by the chirping of the oriole above, he saw the distance from the treetops. of blue sky.
If the poet uses a cheerful style to write a dynamic picture of orioles jumping and singing, then the "line" in this sentence will give readers a feeling of their eyes rising straight up. Compared with the oriole, the egret is a huge migratory bird and the other is a weak bird.
This is an allegorical contrast, which I will explain below. Groups of egrets spend the winter in the south and return north during the spring season.
The poet’s urgent feeling of homesickness and return to his hometown is vividly expressed by the word "up" accurately. The row of egrets is in sharp contrast to the oriole, which is separated into two parts one above the other.
The poet also used the states of the two birds to cast his gaze from a willow tree in front of him to the endless blue sky. There are many descriptions of the sky in ancient poems, and poets used the word "green" to describe the clear and clear sky in the early spring morning. As the most representative realist poet in the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's definition of describing the early spring sky also affected this period and China. A strip of water in Japan.
In the first sentence of the famous Japanese enka "Spring in the Northern Land", "White birch trees stand in the pavilion, and the blue sky stretches out", the Japanese kanji is the word "blue sky". Here, "green" covers two meanings.
First, cyan, color, a combination of blue and green. There is neither the dullness of blue nor the tranquility of green. It has a very translucent feeling. In Western oil painting color science, there is a light mixing method, such as using three primary colors of vermilion, emerald green, and blue, with the same primary color. When the light is mixed together, three intermediate colors of light, yellow, cyan, and purple, can be mixed.
In the hue icon, among the seven colors of natural light, only cyan is not included in the basic hue. The reason is that the transparency of cyan cannot completely cover up other "positive" colors when casting light. The second is, green, the state, newly sprouted, clean and simple.
This meaning is still important for the vitality of early spring when late winter has passed and spring is approaching. The poet captured this feeling and used the word "green" to express his ambition in his old age.
The poet's use of "color" is still sophisticated here. Looking at the two sentences above, there are two numbers "two" and "one", two quantifiers "ge" and "行", two kinds of birds "orioles" and "egrets", two actions "singing" and "egret". "Up", the two colors are "emerald" and "green", and the two distances are "near willow" and "yuantian".
The fourteen words on the surface express fourteen things. However, the poet has hidden it in these two sentences.
5. How to draw Du Fu's quatrains
Appreciation of "Chi Ri Jiang Shan Li"
The poet leads the whole article with "Chi Ri", highlighting the spring sunshine The characteristics of warmth and prosperity of all things make the objects described in the poem organically combine into one, forming a bright and harmonious spring picture. You see: the sun is shining, the water is green and the mountains are green, the vegetation is revived, and everything is renewed.
The breeze blows on your face, bringing the fragrance of flowers and the freshness of spring grass. On the river beach and on the bank of the stream, the ice and snow have melted, the soil is moist and soft, and the swallows fly around lightly, building nests in the mud and whispering. The water is warm and the sand is warm. The beautiful and affectionate mandarin ducks cuddle up to each other and sleep peacefully. They are very cute and charming. Swallows are migratory birds, and the poet describes them intentionally to highlight the characteristics of spring.
The words "chiri", "jiangshan", "spring breeze" and "flowers and grass" in the first two sentences form a large scene outlined in thick lines, and the words "beautiful" and "fragrant" are highlighted at the end of the sentence The poet has a strong feeling.
The last two sentences are specific pictures carefully drawn, including dynamic depictions of swallows flying and static portrayals of sleeping mandarin ducks. The busyness of the flying swallows contains the vitality of spring, while the leisurely nature of the mandarin ducks reveals the gentleness of spring. The movement and silence complement each other.
All of this is bathed in the warm sunshine, harmonious and beautiful, and really gives people a sense of spring. Tao Yukai of the Qing Dynasty said that Du Fu's brushwork was superb and he could "use poetry as painting" ("Shuo Du"). This poem can be confirmed. But the beauty of this poem is not limited to "poetry as painting". What the poet intended to convey was the soft spring feeling he felt. If the lateness of spring, the beauty of mountains and rivers, the gentle breeze, the fragrance of flowers and plants, as well as swallows and mandarin ducks, are all experienced by the poet's vision, touch (wind), and smell, then the "melting" of soil and the "warmth" of gravel are not related to the five senses. Feel it directly. Just because he has a deep feeling of the bright sunshine, gentle breeze, and the fragrance of birds and flowers in spring, the poet can imagine the looseness of the soil and the warmth of the gravel without touching it; and the understanding of the melting of the mud and the warmth of the sand deepens his appreciation for the flying swallows. The visual impression of lightness and coquettishness makes the poet's whole body and mind immersed in the soft harmony and spring feeling.
If you recite this poem repeatedly, you will also feel that spring is not intoxicating and everyone is intoxicated. The success of this poem lies not only in the author's good observation of physical phenomena, but also in the author's good understanding of physical conditions. The predecessors may have said that Du Fu's poem "is so different from that of children". They just ridiculed him for his mediocre words and lack of effort in chasing strange things and hunting monsters. Little did he know that this was where his skill came from. Zhou Zizhi's "Zhupo Poetry Talk" says: "When writing poetry to the point of being dull, it seems that it is beyond your ability." Su Shi also said: "Generally, when writing...getting older and more mature, it becomes dull." These two sentences are used to evaluate Du Fu's five unique poems are extremely appropriate.