Qu Yuan experienced three periods in his life: Chu Weiwang, Chu Huaiwang and King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, and his main activities were in the period of Chu Huaiwang. This period is the eve of China's imminent reunification. "Qin Huang is horizontal, Chu Wang is vertical." Qu was born in a famous family, good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric, and was highly valued in his early years. He was a doctor of Zuotu. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting Qi with foreign countries to resist Qin, which once made Chu rich and strong. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang.
In the fifteenth year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), from Qin to Chu, Zhang Yi bribed Shanxi merchants, Zilan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with huge sums of money, and at the same time deceived Wang Huai with "offering merchants for 600 miles", which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Once again, Zhang Yi failed to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ci, and Chu was completely embraced by the State of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty. Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying.
In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache, was detained by Qin, and finally died in Qin. After Wang Xiang ascended the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was once again expelled from Ying Capital and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River, and was displaced between Yuan and Xiang. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (278 BC), General Qin attacked Yingdu in vain, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River in anger and died for his political ideal. The date of his suicide may be May 5th.
It may be very close to this day. May 5th was originally a traditional festival of Chu, and later people took it as a day to commemorate Qu Yuan.
I know little about Qu Yuan's works, including Li Sao, Tian Wen, Nine Songs (1 1) and Nine Chapters (9).
, "Evocation", every 23 articles. In addition, whether Buju and Fisherman were written by Qu Yuan is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and the longest romantic political lyric poem in the history of ancient China literature. "JIU· Govin" is ancient.
"Nine Songs" is a rare and peculiar poem today, which is a group of music songs based on folk songs to worship the gods. A large number of gods are shaped in the poem, most of which are love songs between people and gods.
. There are many reasons for the conflict between Qu Yuan and the supreme ruling clique of Chu State. Wang Xiang did not dare to compromise, but he could not accept Qu Yuan's correct proposition. Instead, he punished him for sticking to his guns. In internal affairs, Qu Yuan advocated "revising the law", "invigorating talents and empowering the people" and implementing "American politics" to make the country rich and strong. He admired the sages in Confucian legends and held some idealistic attitudes towards politics. At the same time, he despises those greedy nobles and advocates reforming internal affairs, which will certainly turn many people against him. Besides, Qu Yuan's personality is also an important reason for his tragedy.
It should be said that Qu Yuan's character and his idealistic attitude in politics were originally difficult to coordinate with the actual political environment, not to mention that Chu was in a state of decline and chaos at that time. Historically, the contradiction between the poet's temperament and the environment has constantly caused tragedies in life, and at the same time, it has also created excellent literature. In the history of China, Qu Yuan was the most admired and loved poet by the people. According to the records of "Continuation of Qi and Harmony" and "Geography of Sui Shu", Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The custom of making zongzi and racing dragon boats on May 5th in China originated from people's commemoration of Qu Yuan. 1953, Qu Yuan was also listed as one of the "four cultural celebrities" in the world, which was solemnly commemorated by the World Peace Council and people all over the world.
Tao Yuanming
Xinhuanet Jiangxi Channel
Tao Yuanming (365-427), alias Mr. Wu Liu, changed his name to Qian in his later years. After his death, relatives and friends celebrated Jingjie privately. Chaisang people in Xunyang (now Jiujiang City) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Tao Yuanming was born in a ruined official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made outstanding military achievements. He was an official of Fu, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the eight countries, and Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father pottery have both done satrap.
When I was a child, my family declined, my father died at the age of eight, my mother died of illness at the age of twelve, and my mother and sister lived alone. Most orphans and widows live in their grandfather Meng Jia's house. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. "("Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition in the Jin Dynasty ") In the late Yuan and Ming Dynasties," deliberately lived in the world, and many people imitated their ancestors. "In the future, his personality and accomplishment are largely the legacy of his grandfather. Grandfather's family has a lot of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "loving the mountains".
Tao Yuanming rarely has the ambition to "escape from the four seas" ("Miscellaneous Poems"). He was filial to Taiyuan for eighteen years (393). With the desire of "great help for life", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate valve system was strict. He came from a civilian family and was looked down upon. He felt that he couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days. (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin) After he resigned and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he also declined politely. In the fourth year of Long 'an (400 years), Andi went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." ("Xin Chou left for a night outing in July and returned to Jiangling") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" ("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From Jingshi to Zhilin") made a deep sigh for the official life of Qu people. In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his name to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Looking around, who knows, Fei Jing is usually closed during the day. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under the protection of Emperor Wu of Song. Tao Yuanming was put into the shogunate after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang. When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and took Huan Xuan hostage to Andi to Jiangling, and returned to Emperor Wu of Song, realizing his desire to fight for the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am fat in my famous car, and I want to be famous. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" ("Mr. Murong" Chapter 4) After Emperor Wu of Song entered health, his style was quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by the "abolition of all schools". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example", he was banned by force (banned in advance). "Officials at home and abroad are all in awe and change customs." His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. But soon after the curtain rises, Emperor Wu of Song killed Diao Kui and the innocent Wang Yu and his son in order to cut off the dissidents. And with an affair, Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, was appointed as an important official such as Shangshulu and Yangzhou Secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Words and deeds will eventually return to the class and live in Lu." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. After taking office for 8 1 day, I met a post sent by Xunyang County, and the official said, "Welcome him as a leash." He sighed: "I can't bend back to the village for fifty dou meters." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he worked hard, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not do as the Romans do.
Tao Yuanming resigned and returned to his hometown, living a life of "land to the tiller, self-financing". His wife, Zhai, shares his interests. She is happy and humble. "The husband plows in front and the wife hoes in the back." * * * Living with the working people is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, the back eaves of Liu Yin and the front of peaches and plums." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" ("Self-Miscellaneous Poems") has always been the population of moxibustion. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first. He said to the guest, "I'm drunk, so I can go." For four years, Yixi lived in underground Beijing (now at the foot of Xiyujing Mountain in Xing Zi County) and moved to Lili (now Tao Lili Village, a hot spring in Xing Zi), making life even more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." Fiber (enter) can be learned honestly, but it is not a mystery? And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "("Drinking ") declined the old farmer's advice in a tone of" harmony but difference ". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer, and some friends offered to give him money to help him. Sometimes, he can't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child (you) was born in the civilized world, why should he suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the middle of September in the fourth year of Yuan Jia (427), when he was still conscious, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What if you die? It shows that he is so natural about death.
Tao Yuanming's works are sincere, simple and natural, sometimes revealing escapism. The thought of Lotte know life made Lao Zi and Zhuangzi known as "pastoral poets".
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province (now Gongxian County, Henan Province) and was a famous poet Du Zhisun. Because he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he called himself Shaoling's grandfather and was called Du Shaoling. Study and travel before the age of thirty-five. During the Tianbao period, he went to Chang 'an and had no way to join the army. After ten years of hardships, he won a small position in which you Wei led Cao to join the army. At the beginning of An Shi Rebellion, he was exiled and captured by the rebels. After getting out of danger, the official got a left pickup truck. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he abandoned his official position and went west. Finally he went to Sichuan and settled in Chengdu. He once played Yuan Wailang in Jiannan Our Time Yanwu, so he was also named Du Gongbu. In his later years, his family moved eastward, staying in Kuizhou for two years and leaving the gorge. Wandering in Hubei and Hunan, he died of poverty and illness.
Zi Mei lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Her poems are mostly about social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings, which is called "the history of poetry". He cares about the country and the people, has a noble personality and exquisite poetic skills, and is known as the "poet saint".
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" ancient novel, which is also a history of poetry, begins to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetry art. Du Fu also showed extraordinary creativity in the May 7th law, and accumulated complete artistic experience in the aspects of temperament, antithesis and refining words and sentences, which made this genre reach a fully mature stage. There is a collection of Du Gongbu's works handed down from generation to generation.
Li Shangyin (8 12-858), a native of western Henan, was born in Hanoi, Huaizhou (now Qinyang County, Henan Province). In the second year (837), he was awarded the position of secretary, provincial school bookkeeper, and added the captain of Hongnong. When he was young, he was appreciated by Linghu Chu because of his literary talent, but Li Shangyin married Wang Maoyuan's daughter and Jingyuan's daughter. At that time, the struggle between Niu and Li was in a white-hot stage, Linghu Chu was one side, and Yuan and Li were closely related. After Xuanzong ascended the throne, the Niu Party came to power, and Ling Huchu's son became prime minister, cracking down on all people related to the Li Party. Since then, Li Shangyin has been suppressed to lift his head. I went to Chang 'an several times and only got a doctor who was too formal. Finally died in Xingyang at the age of 47.
Li Shangyin was a poet with unique achievements in the Tang Dynasty, which had a great influence on later generations, and everyone's comments were also varied. Some of his poems directly express his attitude towards current affairs and politics; Some satirize the present and praise historical themes; Some express the feelings of life and death of friends and friends; Some are sentimental works, but people are most familiar with his love poems. Almost all of these extremely complicated contents are closely related to his life experience.
Li Shangyin was a star in the poetry of the late Tang Dynasty. In his poems, his sentimentality, rich images and complicated thoughts are often expressed by symbolic means. This symbolism is based on rich and wonderful imagination, so the images in his works are sometimes as colorful as Qibao Liu Su. Sometimes it is as lively and empty as walking on the moon, giving people a strong sense of beauty. His modern poems, especially the Seven Rhymes, are unique in style, beautiful in words, inlaid with allusions and ethereal in artistic conception, which have made great contributions to the development of poetic art forms. He is the author of Yuxi Shi Sheng.
Main work
Leyou tomb
Cold thinking on falling flowers after rain
Jinse, one of the headless northern green radishes.
Sui Palace (1) Untitled Part IV Untitled Part III
Preparing for the post office is untitled, the second spring rain
Untitled 2 The second note gave a message to a friend in the north on a rainy night to Secretary Ling Huchong.
Sui Palace (II) Yaochi Chang 'e
Jia sheng
Lu You (1125 ~1210) was a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty. Word service concept,no. released. Yinshan was born in Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang).
I have been studying tirelessly since I was a child, claiming that I was born addicted to books and my eyes were dying. In his youth, Jiangxi poets gained a lot of inspiration after studying poetry several times, but he was not bound by it, but was nourished by the poems of Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Li Bai, Du Fu and other great poets of the previous generation.
Although the feudal family gave Lu You a good cultural influence, especially patriotic education, it also brought him the misfortune of marriage. At the age of 20, he married down, and the couple were very loving, but his mother didn't like down and forced them to separate. After the divorce, Lu You was very sad. She once wrote the famous love poem Shen Yuan in an accidental meeting after 10 years.
At the age of 29, he went to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and won the first place in the exam. Because he lived before Qin Gui's grandson, and because he didn't forget the national humiliation, he was deleted from the list at the second interview. Houkuizhou (now Fengjie, Sichuan) passed the verdict, acting as Zhou Shu, Jiazhou and Rongzhou as judges and magistrates. In the second year (1 175), Lu you was invited to be a senator from central Sichuan, Fan Chengda Town. In the fifth year of Xichun, Lu You's poems became more and more famous and were summoned by Xiaozong, but they were not really reused. Xiaozong only sent him to Fuzhou and Jiangxi for two official missions to promote Changping tea and salt. When he took office in Jiangxi, a local disaster happened. He "set up camp" and personally visited the disaster area, "distributing relief supplies to charity warehouses and sending millet to people in all counties". Unexpectedly, he overstepped his authority and went home on charges of overstepping his authority. After living in my hometown for 6 years, Lu You is also known as Yanzhou (now Jiande, Zhejiang). In the fifteenth year of Xichun, Lu You worked in Yanzhou and returned to China. Soon, he was called to Lin 'an as a military attache. The following year, Guangzong ascended the throne and was appointed as a doctor of the DPRK. So he even wrote to persuade the court to reduce taxes. As a result, he was impeached and dismissed from office again on charges of "mocking romantics". After that, Lu You lived in the countryside for a long time, and died on December 29th of Jiading (1210 65438+1October 26th).
He is a particularly rich poet with more than 9,300 poems. His poems can be roughly divided into three periods: the first period is from youth to middle age (46 years old) before entering Shu. There are only about 200 poems in this period, and the works are mainly in the form of words, which have not been enriched by life. The second period was after he entered Shu, he abdicated at the age of 64 and returned to the East. After nearly 20 years, there are more than 2,400 poems. This period is a period when he joined the army in Nanzheng, full of fighting atmosphere and patriotic passion, and also a mature period of his poetry creation. The third period was a long-term seclusion in his hometown of Yin Shan until his death, also for 20 years, with nearly 6,500 existing poems. There is an idyllic flavor in the poem, which reveals a sense of desolation in life from time to time. "Poetry works when no one loves it" can be regarded as expressing his state of mind and artistic realm at this time. In addition, in the poems of this period, there are also simple and practical creative styles. Lu You's poems in three periods are permeated with ardent patriotism, especially after he entered Shu in middle age, which is not only outstanding among contemporary poets, but also rare in the history of China literature. Lu You's poems can be said to have both styles, no matter they are classical, metrical and quatrains, they all have excellent works, among which seven verses are well written. In this respect, Lu You inherited the experience of predecessors and enriched his own creation at the same time, so some people say that he, Du Fu and Li Shangyin completed the "three changes" in the creation of the seven laws (Shu Wei's poem "A Bottle of Water"), and his seven laws were unparalleled at that time. In Lu You's "Seven Laws", the famous Zhang Jun's sentences are indeed overlapping, and everyone is reciting them, such as "Jiang Sheng's endless heroes hate and God's will is selfless" (Huangzhou); "Wan Li closes the river and sleeps alone, even the wind and rain fall in four mountains" ("Sleeping Man") and so on. These famous sayings, either magnificent or picturesque, are both steady and vivid. In addition to the seven laws, Lu You's achievements in poetry creation should be regarded as quatrains. Although Lu You's poems present colorful styles, from the general creative tendency, they are mainly realistic. He inherited the fine tradition of Qu Yuan and other previous generations of poets to care about the country and the people, and made outstanding achievements based on his own era.
The creation of ci is not only a poem, but also a long poem. Because he doesn't pay much attention to this poetic style, there are not many words, only 130 * *. His words are also diverse in style and have their own characteristics. There are many beautiful and lingering words, which are close to the graceful school in Song Ci, such as the famous (Hairpin Phoenix). However, some words often express deep feelings about life or superb mind, such as (divination operator) "Broken bridge outside the post", (double-headed lotus flower) "Stars on the temples" and so on. , or desolate far-reaching, or profound meaning, these words are closer to Su Shi. However, what best reflects Lu You's life experience and personality characteristics are his impassioned and patriotic poems, such as (Han Gongchun) Carving Bows and Arrows, (Xie Chichun) Joining the Army at a Strong Age, (complaining) Finding a Hou in Wan Li that year, and (visiting the Palace at night) Clearing the Snow. This kind of words is close to Xin Qiji. Lu You also wrote many essays, which are quite accomplished. Among them, writing inscriptions, prefaces and postscripts, describing life experiences, expressing thoughts and feelings, or writing poems can best reflect the achievements of Lu You's prose. At the same time, he also shows patriotic feelings from time to time in his poems, such as Jing Zhen Tang's Collection, Tong Hugh's Collection and Shu Wei Qiao's Family.
According to the statistics of the Complete Editions of Jiguge, Lu You's works are as follows: 85 volumes of poems from Nanbo, 50 volumes of Collected Works from Weinan (including 2 volumes of Ci, 6 volumes of Entering Shu), 2 volumes of manuscripts, 6,544 volumes of Nan Tang Shu 18 and Old Notes. There are other books, such as "Family Instructions of Shi Weng" (in the series "I don't know if it is enough") and "Old Home News". In 1976, Zhonghua Book Company printed five volumes of Lu, with the Collected Works of Lu Youyi by Kong.
Xin Qiji
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09/07/2004/ 14:37 Huaxia Jingwei.
biography
Xin Qiji (1 140- 1207), whose real name is You 'an, is Jia Xuan. Licheng (now Jinan City, Shandong Province) people. Patriotic poets in Southern Song Dynasty. When he was born, his hometown was occupied by Jin. At the age of 2 1, he participated in the anti-Jin uprising led by Geng Jing and served as the minister in charge. In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), he was summoned by Emperor Gaozong, awarded as Goro, and transferred to Jiangyin for signing and sentencing. Regardless of his humble official position, he entered the "Nine on Meiqin and Ten on Meiqin" to make a concrete analysis of the north and south. Later, he served as the main book of Sinong Temple, knowing Chuzhou, Jiangling House and Hubei Anfu Ambassador, Longxing House and Jiangxi Anfu Ambassador, Hubei transferred to assistant ambassador, and Tanzhou and Hunan Anfu Ambassador. During his tenure, he actively took measures to call exile, train the army, reward agricultural wars, crack down on powerful countries and benefit the country and the people. After being falsely accused, he lived in Shangrao and Qianshan of Xinzhou for nearly 20 years. In his later years, he used to know Shaoxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Anfu Ambassador and Zhenjiang Prefecture. In Zhenjiang, he paid special attention to the preparation of cutting gold, but was jealous by Han Tuozhou, the powerful minister, and resigned. I didn't stretch my ambition all my life, but I died of anxiety and anger. It is said that when he died, he shouted, "Kill the thief! Kill a thief "("Kangxi Ji Fu Nan Zhi Ren Zhi ")! After the gift of Shao Shi, Shi Zhong Min.
There are more than 600 Xin Ci poems, the largest number of Ci poets in the Song Dynasty. Most of his poems are based on the realistic problems of the country and the nation, expressing impassioned patriotic feelings. Such as "Water", "Crossing the River from the South", "Water Carving Loose the Head" and "Spread Your Wings and Fly", show the great ambition to restore the reunification of the motherland; Drive away the groom (describe your poem in detail), Bodhisattva Xia (the Qingjiang River under the fishing valley), broken fighter (watching the sword with drunken eyes) and so on. , showing nostalgia for the northern region and praise for the struggle against gold. Water (Chu Dora), fishing (which can make the wind and rain go several times), He Xinlang (the boss can also say so), Partridge Sky (when strong, it can hold thousands of people's banners), and Eternal Happiness (through the ages), etc., show your dissatisfaction with the humiliation of the Southern Song Dynasty court and your anxiety about your ambition. Most of these works are high-spirited and passionate. In addition, his works describing rural scenery and reflecting farmers' lives, such as Qingping Le (with a low and small roof), Xijiang Yue (the bright moon surprises the magpie) and Yulouchun (girls in twos and threes), etc. , full of life breath, giving people a fresh feeling. His lyrics, such as Ugly Slave (a teenager doesn't know the taste of sorrow) and Jade Case (a thousand trees bloom in the east wind night), are all written with rich savings and long sentences. Xin Ci inherited Su Shi's bold and unconstrained ci style and the fighting tradition of patriotic poets in the early Southern Song Dynasty, further opened up the realm of Ci and expanded the theme of Ci, almost reaching the point of nothing. It also creatively synthesizes the advantages of poetry, prose, ci and fu, enriches the forms of expression of ci, and forms the unique style of symphonic ci. Words are bold and unconstrained, but eclectic, gloomy, bright, inspirational and charming. He is good at using concrete techniques and strange imagination to endow the mountains, water, wind, moon, grass and wood in nature with emotion and character, and place some hopes on them. He is also good at absorbing folk spoken language, especially at using allusions, using things and quoting poems and sentences of predecessors, and often makes a little transformation and creates new ideas. But some works are obscure and boring because of too many allusions and arguments. The summary of the catalogue of Sikuquanshu said: "His words are generous and arrogant, and he can stand out because of the sudden change of tone of the musicians." Wu's Lotus Poem says: Xin Jiaxuan's solo poems, regardless of ancient and modern times, show profound brushwork, such as Lun, Meng, Preface of Poetry, Zuo's Spring and Autumn Period, Southland, Li Sao, History Book, Han, Shi Shuo, Metaphysics, Li and Du Fu. "
Xin Ci, with its patriotism in content and innovative spirit in art, has exerted great influence in the history of literature. Chen Liang and Liu Guo who sang with Xin Qiji, or later Liu Kezhuang and Liu Chenweng, all had similar creative tendencies, forming a huge patriotic ci school after the mid-Southern Song Dynasty. Later, when the country and the nation were in crisis, many writers drew spiritual inspiration from Xin Ci.
Su Shi (1037-1101)
Zi Yue Zhan was born in Meishan (now meishan county, Sichuan). He was an outstanding poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. He not only opposed Wang Anshi's radical reform measures, but also disagreed with Sima Guang's abolition of the new law, so he was rejected by the old and new parties and his career was very bumpy. He was born in Jing You for three years and worked as a scholar in Jia You for two years. I have been a scholar in Duanmingtang, a scholar in Hanlin and an official. He was demoted to Hangzhou for mocking the state affairs; Moved to Huzhou, Huangzhou and Changzhou successively. Zhezong succeeded to the throne and was called to the capital to serve as the central shed. Later, I argued with Sima Guang that the new law could not be changed and got to know Hangzhou. Later, because of clan politics, the new party was launched. Su Shi was repeatedly relegated to Hainan. Song Huizong ascended the throne and granted amnesty to the whole world. Su Shi died in Changzhou when he returned to the North. At that time, it was the year of the founding emperor, at the age of 66. Gao Zongchao, giving a surname, died Wenzhong.
His thought is different from Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which can not only pay attention to the government and people's livelihood, but also keep his own opinion, adapt to the times and be philosophical. Hongbo Tongda's knowledge, talent and life experience also make Su Shi's poems diverse in genre, wide in content and novel in conception, showing the atmosphere of "swallowing five lakes and three rivers". His political satires throughout his life have profound practical significance.
Among Su Shi's poems, the poems that express life feelings and praise natural scenery are the most numerous and have the greatest influence on later generations. Such as "the water of a river does not return, the waves are exhausted, and the eternal romantic figures." To the west of the old base, there is a rich collection of people: Chibi, Zhou Lang, where the three countries stand. The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once. -"Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" His quatrain "Topic Xilin Wall" is also famous for its rich sense of interest: "Looking from the side of the ridge, it becomes a peak, and the distance is different. I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only on this mountain. "In short, there are more than 2,700 poems by Su Shi today, which are rich in style, magnificent and unrestrained, rational and interesting, or simple and natural. At the age of 20, he was good at describing scenery and explaining philosophy with the metaphor of novel images. Especially the ancient style of long poems, most of them are full of metaphors, endless associations, fluent language and unrestrained momentum. He is also good at humorous and broad-minded writing, and his life is always fresh and refreshing. All these show the characteristics of emphasizing reason and interest and being talkative in Song poetry. His poems broke through the old framework of "Ke Yan" since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. He and Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty became the Su Xin school of bold and unconstrained ci. His prose, books, paintings and other achievements are very high. As one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.
He is faithful, speaks with great eloquence, and travels all over counties and counties. Wherever he goes, he is thoughtful. His articles and political affairs are admired by the world, surpassing Ouyang Xiu to become a literary leader. Shi likes to make friends and spares no effort after pushing the prize. At that time, celebrities such as Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao, and others joined him in succession, and were called "Four Bachelor's degree in Sumen". There is a Dongpo Collection. His ci collection is called Dongpo Yuefu, with many biographies. Wang's four seals are engraved with Jingyuan Yan You Ben, and Zhu's Qiang Village series is well compiled.