Bai Juyi (772--846), Han nationality, with the courtesy name Letian and the name Xiangshan Jushi, was born in Xinzheng, Henan (now Xinzheng, Zhengzhou). He was also called Yuan Bai with Yuan Zhen, and Liu Bai with Liu Yuxi. He was a Chinese A famous poet and writer of the Tang Dynasty who is famous and far-reaching in the history of literature. He is as famous as Li Bai and Du Fu. He is known as the Poet Demon and the Poet King. His poems have wide influence in China, Japan, Korea and other countries. Bai Juyi's ancestral home was Taiyuan, Shanxi. His great-grandfather moved to Xiagui (sounding guī) (now north of Weinan, Shaanxi), and his grandfather Bai Huang moved to Sincheng, Henan. Bai Juyi was born in Dongguozhai Village (today's Dongguo Temple) in the west of Xinzheng City on the twentieth day of the first lunar month in the seventh year of the Dali calendar of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty (February 28, 772 AD). Bai Juyi lived in Xiangshan, Luoyang for a long time in his later years, and was known as the Xiangshan layman. In August of the sixth year of Wuzong Huichang (846), Bai Juyi died in Luoyang and was buried in Xiangshan, Luoyang at the age of 75. After his death, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty wrote a poem to commemorate him and said: For sixty years, who taught Minglu to become a poet? The floating clouds are not named Juyi, but the inaction of creation is named Lotte. The boy can interpret the song "Eternal Sorrow", and the Hu'er can sing the "Pipa" piece. The article has been widely read. For a time, I missed Qing and felt sad. He is the author of seventy-one volumes of "Bai's Changqing Collection".
Bai Juyi was a great poet who had great influence in the mid-Tang Dynasty. His poetic ideas and poetry creation, with his outstanding emphasis on popularity and realism and his full expression, occupied an important position in the history of Chinese poetry. . In "Yu Yuan Jiu Shu", he clearly stated: The servant's ambition is to be both helpful and to be independent in doing good. What is followed and persisted is the Tao, what is said and invented is poetry. It is said that allegorical poetry has the intention of also benefiting people; it is said that leisure poetry has the meaning of being independent and good. It can be seen from this that among the four categories of poems that Bai Juyi divided into four categories: allegory, leisure, sentimentality, and miscellaneous rhyme, the first two categories embody his consistent approach of combining benefits and doing good alone, so they receive the most attention. At the same time, he put forward his own literary proposition: articles are written according to the time, and songs and poems are written according to the situation. His poetic ideas were mainly based on the creation of early allegorical poems.
Bai Juyi's main works include: "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", "Pipa Play", "Farewell with Ancient Grasses", "Spring Journey to Qiantang Lake", "Ode to the Dusk River", "Recalling the South of the Yangtze River", "Peach Blossoms in Dalin Temple", "Tong Li" "Reminiscing about Yuanjiu when drunk on the 11th", "Zhizhong Shusheng", "Saurus of Love", "Inscriptions on Yueyang Tower", "Viewing the Cutting of Wheat", "Gong Ci", "Asking Liu Shijiu", "Buying Flowers", "Since the Henan Pass, the Hungry Brothers Separated Everyone is in one place because of hope"! "Pipa Play" and "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" are Bai Juyi's most successful works. The outstanding feature of their artistic expression is the strengthening of lyrical factors. Compared with previous narrative poems, although these two works also use narration and description to express events, they simplify the events beyond simplicity. They only use one central event and two or three main characters to structure the whole poem, such as quite dramatic. The Mawei Incident in Mawei is described by the author in just a few strokes. However, in terms of the most lyrical psychological description of the characters and the rendering of the environment and atmosphere, he splashes ink like rain in order to enjoy it to the fullest. Works that focus more on encounter narratives also use emotions to closely connect sounds and events. Sounds arise with emotion, and emotions change with events, so that the process of the poem is always accompanied by moving emotional power. In addition, the lyricism of these two works is also reflected in the use of selected images to create the appropriate atmosphere and enhance the artistic conception of the poems. For example, in "Song of Everlasting Regret", the palace is sad when seeing the moon, and the night rain hears the heartbreaking sound of bells; in "Pipa Xing", the maple leaves and dill flowers are saying goodbye in autumn, and the vast river is soaked in the moon, etc., or the cold moonlight, the pattering night rain, The heart-broken bells are combined to form an ecstatic scene, or the rustling maple leaves, dill flowers and the vast river moon form a sad and lonely picture. The desolate, sentimental and melancholy emotions revealed in it color all the characters and events in the poem. , and also makes readers feel shaken and unable to control themselves when faced with such artistic conception and atmosphere.
In his early years, Bai Juyi was enthusiastic about helping the world, emphasizing the political function of poetry, and striving to be popular. He wrote about sixty poems in "New Yuefu" and "Qin Zhongyin". Jugui is a famous historical poem together with Du Fu's "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". The long narrative poems "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and "Pipa Play" represent his highest artistic achievements. He suffered setbacks in the officialdom in his middle age, and his official career has been far away since then, and he can't talk about worldly affairs anymore. However, he still wrote many good poems and did many good things for the people. The Baidi in Hangzhou's West Lake still remains in his memory. In his later years, he paid great attention to landscapes and wrote some short poems. A poem presented to Liu Yuxi: Don't listen to the old songs and old songs. Listen to the new lyrics "Willow Branches". It can be seen that he has composed some new lyrics by himself. One of them, "Flowers Are Not Flowers", has a hazy beauty.
Bai Juyi died in Luoyang on August 14th (September 8th), the sixth year of Wuzong Huichang (846), at the age of 75. He was given a posthumous title by Shangshu Youpuse and was buried in Xiangshan, Luoyang. . After Bai Juyi's death, Li Chen, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem to commemorate him: "I have been adorning jade beads for sixty years. Who taught me how to become a poetry immortal?" The floating clouds are not named Juyi, but the inaction of creation is named Lotte. The boy can interpret the song "Eternal Sorrow", and the Hu'er can sing the "Pipa" piece. The article has been widely read, making me miss you and feel sad. He is the author of "Bai's Changqing Collection", which has seventy-one volumes.
Li Bai's Poems
Li Bai, also known as Qinglian Jushi, also known as Qinglian Jushi, was a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty of China. He Zhizhang called him the Immortal of Poetry. His poems Most of them mainly describe landscapes and express inner emotions. The poetic style is majestic and bold. He and Du Fu are both called Big Li Du, and Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called Little Li Du.
Li Bai's ancestral home was Longxi Chengji (now Yebao Township, Qin'an County, Gansu Province). He was born on February 28, 701 AD (the sixteenth day of the first lunar month in the first year of Chang'an, Empress Wu) in Qinglian Township, Jiangyou City, Sichuan Province. Another theory is that his father was born in Suiye City (today's Tokmak City, Kyrgyzstan), which was demoted from the Central Plains to the Western Region of Central Asia. He moved back to Changlong County, Mianzhou, Sichuan (today's Jiangyou City, Sichuan Province) when he was 4 years old. His father Li Ke's life story is unknown.
Li Bai was born in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He spent most of his life wandering and traveled through most of China.
When he was twenty years old, he left Shu alone and began to roam extensively, from Dongting to the Xiangjiang River in the south, to Wu and Yue in the east, and lived in Anlu (today's Anlu City, Hubei Province) and Yingshan (today's Hubei Province). Guangshui City).
He traveled around, hoping to make friends and visit celebrities, so that he could be recommended and climb to high positions to realize his political ideals and ambitions. However, after ten years of wandering, nothing was achieved. He continued to travel north to Taiyuan and Chang'an (today's Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), to Qi and Shandong in the east, and settled in Rencheng, Shandong Province (today's Jining City, Shandong Province).
By this time he had made friends with many celebrities and composed a large number of excellent poems. Li Bai did not want to take the exam to become an official. He hoped to rely on his own talents and get an official career through the recommendation of others, but he was never appreciated by others. He once wrote a "Letter to Han Jingzhou" to Han Jingzhou, a famous scholar of the dynasty, to recommend himself, but he did not get a reply.
Until the first year of Tianbao (742), due to the recommendation of Taoist priest Wu Jun, Li Bai was summoned to Chang'an to worship the Imperial Academy. His writing style was famous throughout the world. Li Bai was initially appreciated by Xuanzong for his talent, but later because he could not be accepted by the powerful, he abandoned his official position after only three years in Beijing, and continued his wandering life.
In the second year of the Anshi Rebellion (756), he was indignant about the difficult times and joined the shogunate of Yong Wang Li Lin. Unfortunately, King Yong and Suzong had a struggle for the throne. After the defeat, Li Bai was implicated and exiled to Yelang (in today's Guizhou). On the way, he was pardoned and wrote "Early Departure from Baidi City". In his later years, he wandered around the southeast. His uncle Li Yangbing, the magistrate of Dangtu County, died of illness soon after.
Life Chronicle
In 701 (the first year of Wu Zetian's Chang'an reign) Li Baisheng.
In 705 (the first year of Zhongzong Shenlong), Li Bai was five years old. Enlightenment reading began in this year
Li Bai was ten years old in 710 (the first year of Ruizong Jingyun). Study "Poetry", "Book" and various schools of thought.
In 715 (the third year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was fifteen years old. He has written many poems and poems, and has been praised and rewarded by some celebrities, and he has begun to engage in social activities. He also began to accept the influence of Taoist thought. He was good at swordsmanship and liked to be a knight.
In 718 (the sixth year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was eighteen years old. He lived in seclusion in Daitian Dakuang Mountain (in today's Jiangyou County, Sichuan Province) to study. He traveled to and from neighboring counties and visited Jiangyou, Jiange, Zizhou (the state is in today's Sichuan Province) and other places.
In 720 (the eighth year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was twenty years old. Travel to Chengdu and Mount Emei. Visited in Chengdu. He praised his talent very much and encouraged him to learn.
In 721 (the ninth year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was twenty-one years old. Return home in spring and bring prosperity. He studied in Kuangshan for the next three years.
In 724 (the twelfth year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was twenty-four years old. Leaving hometown and embarking on a long journey. Then visit Chengdu and Mount Emei, and then boat eastward to Yuzhou (today's Chongqing City).
In 725 (the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was twenty-five years old. In spring and March, it goes eastward from the Three Gorges. Via Jingmen Mountain to Jiangling (now Jiangling County, Hubei Province). In Jiangling, he met Sima Chengzhen, a famous Taoist priest at that time. In the summer, he visited Dongting (in today's Hunan Province) and Lushan (in today's Jiangxi Province). Autumn tour to Jinling (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province).
In 726 (the fourteenth year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was twenty-six years old. In the spring, he went to Yangzhou (now Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province). In autumn, he was ill in Yangzhou. In winter, he left Yangzhou and traveled north to Ruzhou (now Linru County, Henan Province) to Anlu (now Anlu County, Hubei Province). When passing through Chenzhou, he met Li Yong. Get to know Meng Haoran.
In 727 (the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was twenty-seven years old. He lived in Shoushan, Anlu, married the granddaughter of the late prime minister Xu Yushi, and moved to Anlu.
In 728 (the 16th year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was twenty-eight years old. In early spring, I traveled to Jiangxia (now Wuhan City, Hubei Province) and met Meng Haoran there.
In 730 (the 18th year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was thirty years old. Spring is in Anlu. I have visited Pei Changshi of this state many times before, but because he was slandered by others, he recently wrote a letter of confession, but he was finally rejected. In early summer, I went to Chang'an to meet Prime Minister Ke Xi and met his son, Prime Minister Zhang. She lives in the annex of Princess Yuzhen (the imperial sister of Emperor Xuanzong) in Zhongnan Mountain. He also visited other princes and ministers, but to no avail. Visit Xingzhou (to the west of Chang'an) in late autumn. Winter tour to Fangzhou (north of Chang'an).
In 731 (the 19th year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was thirty-one years old. He was poor and depressed in Chang'an, gave up on himself, and associated with the rogues in Chang'an. In early summer, he left Chang'an and passed through Kaifeng (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) to Songcheng (now Shangqiu County, Henan Province). When I arrived at Pengshan Mountain in autumn, I fell in love with the mountain residence of my old friend Yuan Danqiu, and felt like living in seclusion. In late autumn, I stayed in Luoyang.
In 732 (the 20th year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was thirty-two years old. Since spring and summer in Luoyang, he got acquainted with Yuan Yan and Cui Chengfu. In autumn, I returned to Anlu from Luoyang. Passing through Nanyang (now Nanyang City, Henan Province), he met Cui Zongzhi.
In winter, Yuan Yan came from Luoyang to visit Anlu, and the two traveled together to Suizhou (today's Sui County, Hubei Province). At the end of the year, I returned home to Anlu.
In 733 (the 21st year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was thirty-three years old. The stone structure room is located in the peach blossom rock of Baizhao Mountain in Anlu. He opened mountains and fields and lived by farming and studying.
In 735 (the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was thirty-five years old. In May, I traveled to Taiyuan at the invitation of my friend Yuan Yan. In autumn, he stayed in Taiyuan.
In 736 (the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was thirty-six years old. In the spring in Taiyuan, he traveled north to Yanmen Pass (now Dai County, Shanxi Province). Go south to Luoyang and meet Yuan Danqiu. In autumn, I went to Yuanqiu in Pengshan Mountain and met Cen Xun. When returning south and passing through Xiangyang, I met Meng Haoran again. Du Fu was twenty-five years old that year. Roaming around Qi, Lu, Yan and Zhao.
In 738 (the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was thirty-eight years old. In the spring, he also traveled to Nanyang, Pengshan (Yuanqiu's residence), Chenzhou, and Chuzhou (today's Huai'an County, Jiangsu Province).
In 739 (the twenty-seventh year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was thirty-nine years old. From spring to early summer, he was in Anyi (now Baoying County, Jiangsu Province). In the summer, he roamed around Wudi (now Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province). In autumn, he went west against the Yangtze River, passing through Dangtu (today's Dangtu County, Anhui Province) to Baling (today's Yueyang County, Hunan Province). It happened that Wang Changling was demoted to Lingnan (today's Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), and the two met. . In winter, he returned to Anlu from Baling.
In 741 (the 29th year of Kaiyuan), Li Bai was forty-one years old. Living in Donglu, he and Han Huai, Pei Zheng, Kong Chaofu, Zhang Shuming, Tao He and others hid in Zulai Mountain (in the north of present-day Zhouzhou City, Shandong Province), drinking and singing, and were known as the Liuyi of Zhuxi. He also focused on studying Taoism and wanted to travel far and wide.
Li Bai was forty-two years old in 742 (the first year of Xuanzong Tianbao). In April, travel to Mount Tai. In the summer, he and his children went to Nanling (now Nanling County, Ontario), intending to travel to central China. Xuanzong summoned him to Beijing and returned to Nanling. In autumn, go to Chang'an. When he met the prince's guests, he called him a banished immortal and recommended him to the court. He was favored by Xuanzong and ordered to be enshrined in the Hanlin Academy.
In 743 (the second year of Tianbao), Li Bai was forty-three years old. Zhao Hanlin Academy. In the early spring, Xuanzong was having fun in the palace. Li Bai was ordered to write "Guanzhong Xingle Ci" and gave the palace brocade robes. In late spring, the peonies were in full bloom in Xingqing Pond. Xuanzong and Yang Yuhuan admired them together, and Li Bai was ordered to compose "Qing Ping Diao". Increasingly tired of the life of a royal literati, he began to indulge in alcohol to stupefy himself. When he and He Zhizhang and others were drinking together, Xuanzong refused to go to court. He drafted an edict while drunk and ordered Gao Lishi to take off his boots. People in the palace hated him and slandered Xuanzong, who ignored him.
In 744 (the third year of Tianbao), Li Bai was forty-four years old. In the first month of spring, I send congratulations to Zhizhang on his return to Yue. In March, knowing that he would not be used by the court, he wrote a letter asking him to return to the mountain, gave him money, and left Chang'an. In early summer, I met Du Fu in Luoyang. He went to Kaifeng, asked Beihai Master Gao Tianshi to teach him the way, and decided to escape to Fangwai. In autumn, he traveled with Gao Shi and Du Fu to the Liang and Song Dynasties (in today's Henan Province). In winter, he went north to Anling (Pingyuan County in the Tang Dynasty, north of present-day Wuqiao County, Hebei Province), and prayed for Gai Huanwei to create the truth (the secret book of Taoism), which was taught by Taoist priest Gao Tianshi Rugui in Jinan (today's Jinan City, Shandong Province). Taoist Temple Ziji Palace. Return to Rencheng.
In 745 (the fourth year of Tianbao), Li Bai was forty-five years old. Spring is in Rencheng. Du Fu came to visit the East. The two traveled together in the Rencheng area. In the summer, together with Gao Shi and Du Fu, Li Yong, the governor of Beihai, came to Jinan. In autumn, he reunited with Du Fu in the county (now Qufu City, Shandong Province), and the two traveled closely together. In autumn and winter, I stayed with Dufu in Lu County and visited Jinxiang (now Jinxiang County, Shandong Province) and Shanfu (now Shanxian County, Shandong Province).
In 746 (the fifth year of Tianbao), Li Bai was forty-six years old. In spring, visit Lu County. He was ill and stayed in the city for a long time. In autumn, he recovered from his illness and traveled to Lu County again. This year, I had been thinking of traveling to the south many times since the spring, and finally set off in late autumn. Arrive at Songcheng, visit Liangyuan (an imperial garden built by King Xiao of Liang Dynasty in Han Dynasty, also known as Rabbit Garden), and then go to Yangzhou.
In 747 (the sixth year of Tianbao), Li Bai was forty-seven years old. Spring is in Yangzhou. Arrive at Jinling and meet Cui Chengfu. On the way south, he passed through Danyang (now Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province) and Wujun (now Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province). In the autumn of Yuezhong, I went to Kuaiji to pay my respects to Zhizhang. Climb Mount Tiantai (in the west of today's Tiantai County, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province). He returned to Jinling in winter and stayed in Jinling for the next two years.
In 748 (the seventh year of Tianbao), Li Bai was forty-eight years old. He stayed in Jinling in spring, Yangzhou in summer, visited Huoshan (south of today's Lu'an County, Anhui Province) in autumn, and arrived in Lujiang (now Lujiang County, Anhui Province) in winter, where he paid an audience with Li Da, Prince Hao, the prefect of Jiang.
In 751 (the tenth year of Tianbao), Li Bai was fifty-one years old. Spring is in Rencheng. In autumn, he stayed at Yuandanqiu residence in Gaofeng (a hermit of the Later Han Dynasty) in Shimen Mountain (also known as Xitang Mountain, southwest of today's Ye County, Henan Province). At the end of autumn, he traveled north from Kaifeng to Youzhou (now Beijing City), passing through Hebei Road and Ye County (now Anyang City, Henan Province).
In 752 (the eleventh year of Tianbao), Li Bai was fifty-two years old. On the way north, he visited Guangping County (now southern Hebei Province) and stayed along the way. In October, he arrived at Fanyang County (i.e. Youzhou, now Beijing). When I first learned about the truth about Anlushan Baqi and the war in the border areas, I felt quite dangerous and left Fan Yang.
In 753 (the twelfth year of Tianbao), Li Bai was fifty-three years old. In early spring, he went south from Fanyang to Wei County (east of today's Wei County, Hebei Province), traveled to Xihe County (now Fenyang County, Shanxi Province), continued south along the Fen River, and entered Tongguan (the pass is located in today's Shaanxi Province, between Luoyang and Chang'an). important place), climb Mount Huashan in Xiyue. He crossed the Yangtze River at Hengjiangpu in Liyang (now Hexian County, Anhui Province). In autumn, it went southward to Xuancheng (now Xuancheng County, Anhui Province), Juxi, Jingting Mountain and other places.
In 755 (the fourteenth year of Tianbao), Li Bai was fifty-five years old. Summer travel should be done. Visited Qiupu (now Guichi County, Anhui Province) in autumn and returned to Xuancheng in winter. Arriving at Jinling, he encountered chaos in Anlu Mountain. Wu Erxu, a disciple of the family, went to Luzhong (today's Shandong Province) to pick up his children and go south. After the separation, he went to Songcheng to pick up his wife Zongshi. In 756 (the first year of Emperor Suzong's reign), Li Bai was fifty-six years old. At the beginning of the year, he and his wife Zong fled south to seek refuge. Spring is in Dangtu. When he heard that Luoyang had fallen and the Central Plains collapsed, he returned to Xuancheng from Dangtu and took refuge in Kezhong (today's Knee County, Zhejiang Province). When he arrived in Piaoyang (now Luanyang County, Jiangsu Province), he met Zhang Xu. The summer solstice is in Yuezhong. After hearing that Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi had a great victory in Hebei, they returned to Jinling. In the autumn, I heard that Xuanzong was on his way to Shu, so he went west along the Yangtze River and lived in seclusion at Pingfengdian in Mount Lu. King Yong issued letters of appointment several times, and after much hesitation, he finally decided to go down the mountain and join his shogunate.
In 757 (the second year of Zhide), Li Bai was fifty-seven years old. In the first month of the first lunar month, in the Yongwang military camp, he composed the poem "Yongwang's Eastern Patrol Song". King Yong defeated Danyang, and Li Bai fled south from Danyang. Xuan was beaten into Xunyang Prison. His wife, Zongshi, ran around trying to save him. Jiangnan Xuanwei envoy Cui Huan and Yushi Zhongcheng Prime Minister Song Ruosi tried their best to save him, but he was released. Song Ruosi appointed Bai as the military adviser to take charge of the military's clerical affairs. And accompanied Song Ruosi to Wuchang (now Echeng County, Hubei Province). In September, he was ill and lay in Susong (now Susong County, Anhui Province). He twice sent poems to Prime Minister Zhang Hao asking for help. Finally, he was convicted of Changliu Yelang for participating in King Yong's eastward tour.
In 758 (the first year of Emperor Suzong's reign), Li Bai was fifty-eight years old. Li Bai set out from Xunyang and began to live in Yelang for a long time. His wife and brother Zong Sui saw each other off. Late spring and early summer. Passed by Xisaiyi (today's east of Wuchang County) to Jiangxia, visited Li Yong's former residence, climbed the Yellow Crane Tower, and looked at Parrot Island. Arrive at Jiangling in autumn and enter the Three Gorges in winter.
In 760 (the first year of Suzong's reign), Li Bai was sixty years old. Return to Jiangxia from Dongting in spring. In autumn, we arrive in Xunyang and then climb Mount Lu. Determined to spend the remaining years of his life traveling to immortality and learning Taoism. Winter is in Jianchang (now northwest of Xiushui County, Jiangxi Province). At the end of the year, he arrived in Yuzhang (now Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province).
In 761 (the second year of the Yuan Dynasty), Li Bai was sixty-one years old. Living in the Jinling area south of the Yangtze River. He made a living by helping others. After hearing about the resurgence of the Chaoyi forces, Li Guangbi sent troops to suppress him and asked Ying to join his army again, but he returned halfway due to illness. At the beginning of winter, he stayed with Li Yangbing, the magistrate of Dangtu County. He once traveled to Liyang and returned to Dangtu, where he became ill.
Li Bai was sixty-two years old in 762 (the first year of Daizong Baoying). In early spring, when you are sick, apply it. In March of late spring, I made my last trip to Xuancheng and Nanling. When I return to Dangtu in autumn, my condition is getting worse and I know there is no hope. And Li Yangbing was about to retire, and he had no choice but to lose his mind. On his deathbed, he entrusted Li Yangbing with all his writings. In November, he died in Dangtu, and his last work was "Death Song".
Poet's Thoughts
Li Bai's angry struggle against society is an important manifestation of his rebellious spirit. He opposed Xuanzong's ambition to achieve great results, resorted to violence, and exposed the generals who were not his, causing the people and soldiers to die in vain. Due to Xuanzong's arrogance, the power of the eunuchs was extremely popular. Through the analysis of the political agenda and the on-the-spot observation in Youyan, Li Bai used the sensitivity of a poet to understand Youyan. Zhu Wei, among the poets at that time, he and Du Fu were the first to reveal the coming disaster. The Anshi Rebellion broke out, and his patriotic enthusiasm was sublimated, and he got rid of the contradiction of hiding the source. His rebellious character and rebellious spirit have profound patriotic connotations and are full of social significance and characteristics of the times. Chapters 3, 15, 24, and 39 of "Ancient Style" all provide profound exposure and powerful criticism of social reality.
Li Bai has both a noble and arrogant side and a secular side. His ideals and freedom can only be sought in mountains, forests, fairyland, and drunken countryside. Poems such as "Song of Xiangyang" and "Song of Xiangyang" reveal that life is like a dream, carpe diem, and escape from reality, which are also representative among the upright and aloof literati in feudal society.
Xin Qiji’s Poems
Xin Qiji (1140-1207) was a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty. His original name was Tanfu, changed to You'an, and his nickname was Jiaxuan. He was a native of Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong). When he was born, the Central Plains was occupied by Jin soldiers. At the age of 21, he joined the anti-Jin rebel army and soon returned to the Southern Song Dynasty. He has successively served as the pacifier of Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, and eastern Zhejiang. He devoted his life to resisting gold. He once published "Ten Treatises on Meiqin" and "Nine Discussions", laying out strategies for war and defense, showing his outstanding military ability and patriotic enthusiasm. His poems express the patriotic enthusiasm of trying to restore the country's unity, express his grief and indignation about the unrealistic ambitions, and condemn the humiliation of the then rulers for peace; there are also many works that sing about the mountains and rivers of the motherland. The subject matter is broad and he is good at using allusions from previous generations into the lyrics. The style is majestic and heroic yet also delicate and charming. The collection of works includes "Jia Xuan's Long and Short Sentences", and today's collection is "Xin Jiaxuan's Poems and Prose Notes".
Xin Qiji has many similarities with Lu You: he has always regarded overcoming national humiliation and regaining lost ground as his lifelong career, and in his literary creation he wrote about the expectations and disappointments of the times, the enthusiasm and national enthusiasm and indignation. In terms of literary creation, unlike Lu You who likes to write poems, especially the rigorous Qilu format, he devotes all his energy to Ci, a genre that is more suitable for expressing turbulent and changeable emotions.
Song Ci created a bold, broad, open and cheerful style in the hands of Su Shi, but it has never been strongly inherited and developed. It was not until the beginning of the Southern Crossing that Zhang Yuanqian, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Ye Mengde, Zhu Dunru and others wrote poems with the theme of resisting the Jin Dynasty and avenging shame, and most of them inherited Su Shi's style of writing, which served as a link between the past and the future.
However, their lyrics of this type were mainly the result of inner passions in a special era context, and did not become a conscious artistic pursuit, nor did they expand to other themes to a greater extent, so their achievements were not very high. By the time Xin Qiji appeared in the world of poetry, he not only followed the direction of Su's poetry and wrote many majestic works, but also used his heroic spirit of defying all conventions, his rich knowledge, and extraordinary talent. , creating creations with strong personal characteristics in the field of Ci, which not only promotes the style of Su Ci, but also breaks through the scope of Su Ci and opens up a broader world of Ci.
Xin Qiji has more than 600 poems. Strong patriotism and fighting spirit are the basic ideological contents of Xin's Ci. He is a great bold poet, patriot, military strategist and statesman in Chinese history. Du Fu's poems
Du Fu (712770), native of Xiangyang, born in Gong County (in today's Henan Province), was a great poet of the Tang Dynasty. From June of the first year of Qianyuan (758) to the autumn of the second year of Qianyuan (759) of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty, he served as Huazhou Sigong and joined the army. Du Fu originally served as Zuo Shiyi in the imperial court. Because of his outspoken advice, which angered the powerful, he was demoted to Huazhou (today's Hua County), where he was responsible for sacrifices, rituals and music, schools, elections, medical treatment, examinations and other matters. Together with the poet Li Bai, he is also known as the Great Li Du.
After arriving in Huazhou, Du Fu felt very depressed and troubled. He often visited the pavilion of Zheng County on the bank of the Xixi River (near Laoguan Terrace in today's Xinglin Town) to relieve his worries and boredom. In his poems such as "Inscription on the Pavilion of Zheng County", "Standing with Cases in the Bitter Heat of Early Autumn", "Independence" and "Skinny Horse Walking", he expressed his lament and resentment about the frustrated official career, the bleak world, and the treacherous and slanderous people.
Despite his personal misfortunes, Du Fu was always concerned about the country and the people. At the time of the Anshi Rebellion, he watched the development of the current situation and wrote two articles during this period: "A Picture of the Situation for Huazhou Guo Shijun to Advance and Destroy Canguan" and "Five Poems on the Policy Questions of Huazhou Jinshi in the First Year of Qianyuan" , to provide suggestions for annihilating the Anshi rebels and consider how to reduce the burden on the people. When the troops of Li Siye, the military commander of Zhenbeiting Jiedu, who was fighting against the rebels, passed through Huazhou, he wrote the poem "Two poems about watching the Western soldiers pass by and go to Guanzhong to wait for orders" to express his patriotic enthusiasm.
At the end of the first year of Qianyuan (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou and went to Luoyang and Yanshi (both in today's Henan Province) to visit relatives. In March of the following year, the battle broke out between the Tang army and the Anshi rebels in Yecheng (now Anyang, Henan), and the Tang army was defeated. On his way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu saw the endless disasters brought by the war to the people and the patriotic behavior of the people who endured humiliation and joined the army. He was deeply moved and wrote the immortal epic Sanli ("Xin'an Li", "Shi Shi"). "Hao Officials", "Tongguan Officials") and three farewells ("Newlywed Farewell", "Elderly Farewell", "Homeless Farewell"), and after returning to Huazhou, they were revised and finalized.
In the summer of the second year of Qianyuan (759), there was a severe drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong. Du Fu wrote "Summer Sigh" and "Summer Night Sigh". He was sad about the chaos and lamented the suffering of the country's refugees.
After the Beginning of Autumn this year, Du Fu was distraught about the dirty current affairs, so he gave up his post as a military officer in Huazhou and went west to Qinzhou (today's Tianshui area of ??Gansu Province).
During his tenure as Sigong in Huazhou, Du Fu composed more than 30 poems.
Du Fu and Li Bai are collectively called Li Du. In order to distinguish them from the other two poets Li Shangyin and Du Mu, who are Little Li Du, Du Fu and Li Bai are also called Big Li Du. Du Fu is also often called Old Du. Du Fu and Du Mu are distant relatives, and they are both descendants of Du Yu, the general who destroyed Sun Wu in the Jin Dynasty (Du Fu is the 20th grandson of Du Yu). Because of his melancholy poetic style and concern for the country and the people, Du Fu's poems are called the history of poetry. Although Du Fu was not known to the world at that time, after later research, his works eventually had a profound impact on Chinese literature and Japanese literature [2]. About 1,500 of his poems have been preserved, and the collection of his works is "Du Gongbu Collection". His influence on Chinese classical poetry was profound and he was called the Saint of Poetry by later generations.
The core of his thought is Confucianism. He had the grand ambition of serving the emperors Yao and Shun and making customs pure. He loves life, loves the people, and loves the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hates evil and criticizes and exposes corruption in the court and dark phenomena in social life. Read and travel before the age of thirty-five. When he arrived in Chang'an during the Tianbao period, he had no way to enter the officialdom. After ten years of hardship, he got a small position as a right guard and led the governor of the government to join the army. After the Anshi Rebellion (An Lushan and Shi Siming) broke out, he went into exile and was captured by the rebels. After escaping from danger, he was appointed Zuo Shiyi. In the second year of Qianyuan (759), he abandoned his official position and traveled westward, finally arriving in Sichuan and settling in Chengdu. For a time, he served as Yan Wumu, the envoy of Jiannan Jiedushi, as a member of the School Inspection and Engineering Department, Wailang, so he was also known as the Du Gongbu. In his later years, his family moved eastward and stayed in Kuizhou for two years before leaving the gorge. He wandered around Hubei and Hunan and died of poverty and illness.
Du Fu was a great realist poet in the Tang Dynasty of my country and a world cultural celebrity. It experienced the process from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, compared with the poet Li Bai, Du Fu was more concerned about the country and sympathized with the difficult lives of the people. Du Fu once served as a member of Zuo Shiyi and the Ministry of Inspection and Engineering, so later generations called him Du Gongbu.
His poems are good at ancient style and rhythmic poetry, with various styles. The four words "melancholy and frustration" accurately summarize the style of his own works, and he is mainly melancholy. Du Fu lived during the historical period when the Tang Dynasty was transitioning from prosperity to decline. His poems mostly dealt with social unrest, political darkness, and people's suffering. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's suffering at that time, so they were known as the history of poetry.
Du Fu was concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1,500 poems in his life, many of which are famous poems that have been passed down through the ages, such as Three Officials and Sanbie, and there is also the "Du Gongbu Collection" handed down to the world; among them, the three official poems are "Shihao Officials" and "Xin'an Officials" and "Tongguan Officials", the three parts are "Newlywed Farewell", "Homeless Farewell" and "Elderly Farewell". Du Fu's poems have the largest and most widespread circulation among Tang poems. He is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty and has a profound influence on later generations.
Du Fu and Du Mu are distant relatives, and they are both descendants of Du Yu, the general who destroyed Sun Wu in the Jin Dynasty (Du Fu is the 20th grandson of Du Yu). Du Fu's distant ancestor is Du Yu, who was famous in the Jin Dynasty. Great-grandfather Du Yiyi once served as Gong Ling. His grandfather was Du Shenyan, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty, and he had his own autobiography. His father, Du Xian, held the position of Fengtian. In his youth, Du Fu traveled to today's Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei, and Shandong areas, and met Li Bai twice. The two formed a profound friendship.
Du Fu was good at using many systems of classical poetry and developing them creatively. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu style of poetry. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the New Yuefu Movement in the mid-Tang Dynasty. His May 7 ancient novel is both poetry and history. It unfolds the narrative, but also focuses on the convolution of the entire article, marking a high achievement in the art of poetry in my country. Du Fu also showed significant creativity in the Five and Seven Rhythms, and accumulated complete artistic experience in rhythm, antithesis, word and sentence refining, etc., bringing this genre to a fully mature stage. There is "Du Gongbu Collection" handed down from generation to generation.
The core of Du Fu's thoughts is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. His poetic style is melancholy and frustrated, and he is concerned about the country and the people. He had the grand ambition to serve the emperors Yao and Shun, and to make customs pure. He loves life, loves the people, and loves the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hates evil and exposes and criticizes the corruption of the court and the dark phenomena in social life. He sympathized with the people and was even willing to make sacrifices to relieve their suffering. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of concern for the country and the people, with the most ordinary people as the protagonists. This shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems have rich social content, strong color of the times and distinct political tendencies. They truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and the broad picture of social life in a historical era before and after the Anshi Rebellion, so they are called the poetic history of a generation. The style of Du's poetry is basically melancholic and melancholy, with rich changes in language and chapter structure, and it emphasizes the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have all kinds of styles. In addition to Wugu, Qigu, Wulu and Qilu, he also wrote a lot of arranged rhymes and different styles. There are also various artistic techniques, and it is the master of Tang poetry thought and art. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Han and Wei Yuefu inspired by sorrow and music, breaking away from the shackles of ancient Yuefu inscriptions and creating many famous poems based on contemporary Yuefu that no longer rely on new Yuefu inscriptions, such as the famous Sanli, Sanbie wait. After his death, he was highly praised by Fan Huang, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others. Du's poetry had a profound influence on the literary and artistic thought of Yuan Bai's New Yuefu Movement and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical poems about current events. But it was after the Song Dynasty that Du's poetry received widespread attention. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu. Wen Tianxiang even regarded Du Fu's poems as the spiritual force to uphold national integrity. The influence of Du Shi, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art.