1. Prose
In ancient literature, in order to distinguish it from rhyme and parallel prose, any article that does not rhyme and whose sentences are not arranged neatly is called prose.
Modern prose refers to a literary genre alongside poetry, novels, and dramas.
The characteristic of prose is that "the form is scattered but the spirit is not scattered". That is to say, the selection of materials is broad and free, and the expression methods are flexible and changeable. Various techniques such as narrative, description, lyricism, discussion, etc. can be used; but the center must be clear and concentrated.
Prose can be divided into: narrative prose (focusing on remembering people and events) and lyrical prose (focusing on lyricism).
Two. Novel
Novel is a literary genre that reflects social life through the description of characters, storylines and environments.
The three elements of a novel are: characters, story and environment.
An important feature of novels is to create typical characters and depict characters through portraits, psychological activities, actions, language and other descriptive methods.
The storyline of the novel includes: beginning, development, climax and ending. Some novels also have a prologue and an epilogue.
The novel's environmental description includes social environment and natural environment.
Novel can be divided into novels, novellas, short stories and novels according to their length.
Chinese novels originate from ancient myths and legends, and have experienced the development process of the Six Dynasties Legends, Legends of the Tang Dynasty, Song and Yuan scripts, Ming and Qing Chapter Chapter Novels, and modern novels since the May 4th Movement.
Three. Essays
Essays can be divided into the following categories:
1. Narrative essays
Narrative essays are mostly based on fragments of daily life or the author’s accidental experiences. , the basic content is narrative writing. The main purpose of an essay is to express one's feelings, and its expression often incorporates the author's subjective feelings. Sometimes it is stated directly, sometimes it is hidden behind the words; it often describes ordinary things that everyone has experienced similarly, but after you carefully appreciate it, , will make you aware of worldly customs and understand the principles of life.
2. Argumentative essays
This type of essay is also called "random thoughts" or "miscellaneous feelings." The so-called "sui" means jotting it down rather than deliberately writing it down; the so-called "miscellaneous" means that the content is broad and all-encompassing, ranging from social issues and philosophy of life to trivial things around you, romantic affairs, birds, insects, pets, and campus customs. , learning experiences, book reviews, relatives and friends, everything is written. But the focus of the essay is still the word "feeling". The author should express his feelings. Even a little thinking, a little feeling, and a little flash of ideas can be brought into the article. There should be no pretense of writing an essay, and a casual conversation can be maintained.
3. Explanatory essays
Li Xianyao’s essay "The Proud Son of Heaven" writes about the relationship between man and nature. He writes about natural landscapes of various shapes to express his love for nature. Therefore, expository essays are different from pure expository essays, which focus on the interest in things and have the nature of appreciation. Sometimes they express feelings through objects and have other sustenance. Often, fragments of text are used to accurately and vividly describe the various forms of nature. To practice this type of essay, one must use fine and keen observation to capture the life of the characteristics of things, and the writing style is light and unobtrusive, just like Wang Guowei. As he said: "When I look at things, all old things have my color." ”
4. Poetry
Poetry is a literary genre that focuses on emotion. It is highly condensed and concentrated in reflecting social life in a lyrical way, with rich imagination and rich rhythm. The classification of poetic styles is a complex issue. Now, let’s just talk about the Han, Wei, Six Dynasties and Tang Dynasties in general terms. The poetry of the Song Dynasty.
The poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties are generally called ancient poems, including ancient Yuefu poems of the Han and Wei dynasties, Yuefu folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the literati poems of this period. The poems were collected by the Yuefu organ and set to music for singing.
From the perspective of rhythm, the poetry styles after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two categories: modern poetry and ancient poetry. Style poetry has a certain rhythm. Ancient style poetry is generally called ancient style, which is written according to the style of ancient poetry. The form is relatively free and not bound by meter.
From the word count of the poem, there are so-called four. Four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Four-character poems are one sentence of four characters, five-character poems are one sentence of seven characters, and seven-character poems are rare after the Tang Dynasty, so they are usually divided into five characters and one sentence. There are two types of seven-character poems: five-character ancient poems are referred to as Wugu; seven-character ancient poems are referred to as Qigu; those that use both three, five, and seven characters are generally considered Qigu; five-character rhymed poems are referred to as Wulu, with a limit of eight lines and four characters; and seven-character rhymed poems are referred to as Qilu. The limit is eight sentences and fifty-six characters. Those with more than eight sentences are called long rhymes, and those with only four sentences are called quatrains; those with five lines are called quatrains, and those with seven lines are called quatrains. Eight characters. Quatrains can be divided into two types: lüjue and ancient quatrains. The quatrains must be restricted by the flat and oblique rhythms, while the ancient quatrains are generally limited to the five quatrains.
The name "Modern Poetry" began to be used in 1953 when Ji Xian founded the "Modern Poetry Society". The meaning of modern poetry:
1. The form is free
2. The connotation is open
3. Image management is more important than rhetoric.
Five. Essays
Essays are a branch of prose and a variant of argumentative essays. They have both argumentative and lyrical characteristics. They are usually short in length and in various forms. Writers often use various rhetorical techniques to convey their meaning in a twist. One's own opinions and emotions, the language is smart, tactful and full of irony, which is a popular style in a society where speech is not allowed.
There are different opinions on the concept and attribution of essays, which can be roughly divided into the following categories:
1. It belongs to the prose category in literature. This type of classification accounts for the vast majority.
2. "Essays are miscellaneous literary prose that mainly focus on discussion and criticism; essays take extensive social criticism and civilization criticism as the main content, and generally affirm and praise by exposing and criticizing the false, evil and ugly Truth, goodness and beauty;
3. "Essays, a type of prose, are literary and artistic essays that are mainly argumentative, with narrative and lyrical elements. It is good at being short, concise, bright and sharp, and has many styles, such as essays, miscellaneous thoughts, miscellaneous talks, notes, etc. ”
4. “Essays, a kind of prose, are random essays. It is generally characterized by being short, lively and sharp. The content is all-encompassing and the formats are rich and diverse, including miscellaneous thoughts, miscellaneous talks, short reviews, essays, notes, etc.
5. "Essays, a type of modern prose, do not stick to a certain form, but focus on discussion and can also be narrative."
6. Belong to literature, but not prose.
The essential characteristics of essays are mainly to express the author's ideological viewpoints through "reasoning", that is, to achieve the purpose of social criticism, civilization criticism, and political criticism through "reasoning". The author analyzes a certain thing (type), or an ideology, or a character's words and deeds, or a certain type of objective existence (such as social system, political order, etc.), and explains his love, hatred, approval, opposition, evaluation, etc. point of view and explain the reasons and consequences of this point of view. "Reasoning" is the goal and process of essays.
Answer: ◆Pigs love to eat sweets◆ - Manager Level 4 2009-1-24 14:35
Report In fact, there is no concept of narrative in literary theory, and the so-called narrative is A style of writing that is established in teaching to distinguish between different expressions (argumentation, lyricism, narrative, explanation, description). Correspondingly, there are argumentative essays, expository essays, and lyrical prose. Argumentative essays, expository essays, lyrical essays, and narrative essays all belong to the category of prose.
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The meaning of prose is actually very broad. Anything that is independent of the major genres such as novels, dramas, poetry, etc. Can be classified as prose.
Argumentative essays, expository essays, narrative essays, etc. belong to another classification method, and there is a phenomenon of overlapping classifications. For example, argumentative essays, expository essays, and narrative essays can all be written in prose, or in other genres.
The characteristics are different. Although both are narratives, their emphasis is also different.
Narratives are mainly event narration, while prose is mainly narrative and lyrical
(Supplement the characteristics of the two texts)
Characteristics of narratives
Narratives refer to articles that describe people, narratives, scenes, objects, etc. Ancient records, biographies, prefaces, tables, annals, etc., as well as modern news, communications, briefings, features, biographies, memoirs, travel notes, etc., all belong to the category of narratives.
When writing a narrative, you need to do the following:
First, explain clearly. Regardless of whether you are recording people, events, or scenery, you must generally explain the time, place, people, events, causes, and results, otherwise the article will be incomplete.
Second, the clues are clear. Although the angle of observation and the way of description can be different, each article should have a central clue that connects the materials and unifies the entire article, otherwise the article will be loose.
Third, the person names must be consistent. Regardless of whether it is described in the first person "I" or in the third person "he", it must be consistent throughout the article. Generally, it is not advisable to switch at will, otherwise it will easily cause confusion.
Narratives are mainly narration, but there are often descriptions, lyrics and discussions, and it is impossible to make clear divisions. It is a literary style that is flexible in form and written in as many ways as possible.
Characteristics of prose
Prose is a common literary genre. Because it draws on a wide range of materials, is swaying and colorful, and has rich and diverse forms of artistic expression, it is like a colorful landscape painting, which makes people intoxicated and loved. So how do we write prose? When writing prose, we must firmly grasp its five characteristics:
1. Large time span
Prose is not limited by time, and can travel far into ancient times. The future can span into the future, and it can also cover today. For example, Qin Mu's essay "Land" traces the story of today's land, which is full of vitality, back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, when Prince Chong'er of Jin fled in embarrassment, holding soil in his hands and thanking the land as a gift from God. Another example is Yang Shuo's prose "Lychee Honey", which begins when he was stung by a bee when pinching begonia flowers from a tree when he was a child, and ends when he visits a bee farm now.
The time span is very large, but it closely focuses on the theme that the author wants to express without making people feel distracted at all. The associations are extremely rich, the writing is free and contagious.
When writing prose, you can use this characteristic of prose to expand the time span, enrich more relevant events, and insert multiple sets of shots to increase the content and color of the prose, making the article colorful and informative. .
2. Wide space transformation
Prose is neither limited by time nor limited by space. It can accommodate everything in the universe. For example, Lu Xun's retrospective prose "Mr. Fujino" spans space from China to Japan, then from Tokyo to Sendai, from Sendai back to Beijing, and then to Xiamen. The space span is large, and the number of space transformations is dizzying. But the writing is clear-cut and detailed. Put complex people and things in each space, some are randomly dyed, and some are painted with splashes of ink, which are well-proportioned and colorful. If we pay attention to this feature when writing prose, we will not make the mistake of being thin and poor.
3. There are many events involved
Writing prose is mostly inseparable from events, especially narrative prose. Events are the "hardware" of prose. Many good essays have a central event and a number of other events related to it. For example, Yuan Ying's essay "Jinggang Green Bamboo" writes that the bamboos in Jinggang Mountains were used as weapons to kill enemies, used as bamboo tubes to serve porridge, and used as poles for the Red Army to carry the Chinese revolution from Jinggang Mountains to Yan'an and to Beijing. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, bamboo was put to new use in building socialism... There were too many incidents to handle.
4. Lively expressions
Prose commonly uses narrative, explanation, lyricism, discussion, description and other expressions. Mao Dun's famous article "Praise to Poplar" comprehensively uses a variety of expression methods. For example, at the beginning of the article, he narrates and describes the appearance of the Loess Plateau as seen by a car running on the Loess Plateau, and uses lyricism and discussion to clarify the importance of poplar trees. Symbolic meaning. The use of these methods effectively expresses the theme, making the article powerful and breathtaking. When we write prose, we must pay special attention to the comprehensive use of multiple expressions to make the article full of waves.
5. Cleverly connecting the whole text
The prose materials can be described as "messy" and organized. It not only makes the prose broad-minded and inclusive, but also makes the prose closely focus on the author's intention without "deviating". Qin Mu said that the most important thing not to lose when writing prose is the "red thread of thought." That is, a striking and profound thought is used to integrate a large amount of seemingly scattered materials into a written text. If each of these events is compared to a "pearl", it can really be called "a red thread threading through a pearl".
Expository essays are meant to explain things and people, as long as the characteristics are clearly stated; argumentative essays must have opinions and evidence to prove their opinions. They must be obviously different and easy to distinguish.