2. Observation and comment: "Observation and comment" is to analyze the meaning and characteristics of the language of the work. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long": "Madam's words are based on words, with sentences and chapters. The article is brilliant and the chapter is seamless; Clear text and impeccable sentences; English sentences are clear and the words are true; " If you don't do what you want to do, you will know one thing and finish everything. "This shows the importance of phrasing.
(1) The eye in the sentence and the eye in the text: Good poems are often wonderful word by word, that is, "poetic eye" and "word eye". They are the most interesting and expressive keywords in poetry, and they are the focus that can make the whole poem shine and shine, which can best reflect the meaning of the work. If you catch them, you catch the whole article. "Poetry eye" and "Ci eye" can be divided into "eye in sentence" and "eye in article".
"Eye in a sentence" refers to one or two key words that can make a poem (word) sentence vivid or even "live". For example, the "Green" in Spring Breeze in Jiang Nanan and the "Noisy" in Red Apricot Branches in Spring, as well as the "Fat" and "Thin" in Birds Standing in Trees by the Pool and Monks Knocking at the Moon Gate. From these words, it is not difficult to understand the author's feelings and peep at the theme of the article. "Eye in the text" refers to the most vivid and vivid key sentence in the whole poem (word). Such sentences sometimes appear in the middle of poems, such as "we are all unhappy-at the end of the day, we meet." We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? " In Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip; "One kind of lovesickness, two places of leisure sorrow" is in Li Qingzhao's Plums and Plums, and "Just frown, but it goes to my heart". Sometimes it appears at the end of poems, such as "But before he conquered, he died, and heroes cried on their coats" in Du Fu's Shu Xiang, and "If love lasts for a long time, why are you in the morning and evening" in Qin Guan's Queqiao Xian. These sentences are vivid and concise, conveying the spirit of the whole poem.
(2) Rhetoric: The rhetoric methods commonly used in ancient poetry include personification, contrast, metonymy, duality, exaggeration and metaphor.
Personification is to personify things and make inanimate things come alive. For example, Wang Anshi's "Mr. Yin Shu Hu Wall" says: "The grass is long and quiet without moss, and flowers and trees are planted by hand." One stream will protect the fields, and two mountains will give green flowers. ""Pailu "pushed open the door and ran straight in, meaning that the water surrounded the fields green and the mountains pushed open the door to show people lush scenery. Three or four sentences use anthropomorphic techniques to write water and mountains alive. Contrast is to compare two opposing things or two different aspects of the same thing together. Than how the poem, "all ages are old, and the local accent has not changed. "In contrast, it reveals contradictions and gives people a deep impression. Metonymy means not directly saying the real name of the person or thing to be said, but borrowing the name of the person or thing closely related to it instead. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia" said that "talking and laughing, it was all gone" and replaced Cao Cao's water army with "Mao".
3. The concept of general change: "The concept of general change" refers to the use of comparative methods to analyze the characteristics of works in expression methods. To make a comparison, we first need to understand their respective performance methods. The expressions commonly used in ancient poetry are as follows:
(1) Fu, Bi and Xing: "Fu, Bi and Xing" is the expression method in the earliest poetry collection "The Book of Songs" in China, and it is often used in later poems. "Blessing" means putting the truth out. For example, in Peacock Flying Southeast, "Thirteen can weave vegetarian dishes, fourteen can learn to cut clothes, fifteen can play elegant clothes, sixteen can recite poems, and seventeen can be a gentleman's wife, so the heart is often bitter and sad." Comparison is to compare one thing with another. The Book of Songs compares slave owners to mice, and this is the way. "Xing" means "say something else first to make the words sing". For example, in the Book of Songs Guan Ju, "Guan Ju's dove is in the river continent" is the technique of "xing".
(2) Reality and reality coexist: social life is vast, and it is impossible for the author to write all of them in his works. Therefore, we should use "incompleteness" to mean "completeness", "emptiness" to mean "reality" or "reality" to mean "emptiness". Liu Xizai said: "The mountain god can't write it, but it is written in the clouds; If you can't write the spirit of spring, write it with grass trees. "The emptiness in poetry is thoughts and feelings, and it is the spirit of mountain springs. The "reality" in poetry is the image of the scenery, that is, the clouds are lingering and the vegetation is lush. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky. "The autumn snow outside the window is Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat is moored at the door. The whole poem is about natural scenery and "reality"; However, it is not difficult to find the rich emotions contained in it: thin willows are green, orioles are singing, the ice is rising, and egrets are dancing. In the bright and beautiful picture, the author is filled with the joy of welcoming spring. Sometimes "virtual" also refers to the imaginary scenery. For example, Wang Changling's "Join the Army" says: "The clouds in Qinghai are long and the snow-capped mountains are dark, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan. "The yellow sand wears golden armor in many battles, and the loulan is not returned." Among them, "there are dark snow-capped mountains and long clouds in Qinghai, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan" is a virtual writing because it is a virtual scene.
(3) Scenery blending: "Scenery blending" means that there is not necessarily a direct lyric poem in a poem (word). But the author is good at capturing the traces of people's emotional changes, and through the description of typical pictures or details, he contains his emotions like water in a sponge. In the relationship between emotion and scenery, some express emotion by rendering scenery, that is, express emotion by scenery. Some use scenery description to express or imply feelings, that is, to express feelings in the scenery. For example, Wang Wei's "Send Yuan Er An Xi": "It's raining in Weicheng, and the guest house is green and willow." I advise you to drink one more glass of wine and go out of Yangguan for no reason. "The first two sentences describe the scenery: Weicheng, morning, rain, dust, guest house and willow." Guest house "is the residence of travelers, and" willow "is a symbol of departure. The combination of the two, although there is no word "don't", writes the meaning of parting; Some take scenery as a symbol of their thoughts and feelings, that is, they integrate feelings into the scenery, such as Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night: "Good rain knows the season, when spring happens. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. "Here, the author regards wind, rain and vegetation as living things and expresses his concern for people's livelihood.
The blending of scenery is the poet's pursuit of creating artistic conception and image, but the artistic conception is not only manifested in the blending of scenery, but sometimes it breaks through and transcends specific images, from finite to infinite, inspiring readers to generate imagination and association, enter the infinite rich and broad artistic space created by the poet, and think and understand the social thinking and understanding of life endowed by the poet.
(4) Allusions: Classical poems often quote stories or words from ancient books, which are called allusions. The use of allusions can enrich the content of poetry and make the language concise, but it also increases the difficulty of reading comprehension. Special attention should be paid to the analysis and understanding of allusions when appreciating. Only by understanding the meaning of allusions can we better grasp the whole article. For example, The Hunt of Jiangchengzi Mizhou (Su Shi) is a short word, but it uses three allusions of Sun Quan, Shang Wei and Feng Tang. Every allusion is carefully selected by the author and has its irreplaceable position. Without understanding these allusions, it is impossible to grasp the author's thoughts and feelings.
Grasping the eyes of poetry and appreciating ancient poetry
Appreciation of ancient poems in the national college entrance examination in 2003 examined the "poetic eye" of poetry. In fact, literature has a literary eye and poetry has a poetic eye. It should be said that candidates are no strangers to this. "The poetic eye lies in the clever use of a word in a poem, such as' hanging' and' surging' in Du Fu's One Night, and' the stars are leaning in the open field and the moon is flowing by the river', all of which are poetic eyes." (The First Draft of the History of China Literature) Most of the classical poems in China are limited by the number of words and sentences, so the ancients paid special attention to the choice of words and sentences when writing poems, in order to achieve the effect of vivid words. The so-called "poetic eye" is the kind that refines good words, makes the finishing point, and makes the whole sentence Youlong dance, which makes people sit up and take notice. For example, Song Qi's Red Apricot Branches in Spring and Zhang Xian's Cloud Breaking the Moon Shadow are two well-known poems. The scenery written is plain, but the words "noisy" and "lane" make the whole poem full of interest and realm.
But every "eye of poetry" uses clever words, which can make the whole poem look extraordinary and charming. When reading and appreciating ancient poems today, we should learn to master the "poetic eye" skillfully and experience the "poetic eye", so as to better understand the rich meaning of poetry and feel its infinite charm.
"poetic eyes" can be roughly divided into two categories: one is to show the cohesion of a poem's thoughts and reveal the main idea of the poem, which is the poetic eye of the whole poem. When you find it, you catch the center of the poem. For example, "To Wang Lun": "Li Bai was about to go by boat when he heard singing on the shore. Taohuatan is deep in thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun. " This poem is mainly about friendship, but it highlights the word "deep", which means that love is as deep as water. It is vivid and romantic, exaggerating and properly expressing the praise for Wang Lun's friendship. So "deep" is a poetic look. It not only summarizes the content of the poem, but also skillfully links "the depth of the pool" with "the depth of friendship". Another example is Li Bai's Night Mountain Temple: "A dangerous building is 100 feet high, and you can pick up the stars with your hands. I dare not speak loudly for fear of disturbing people. " Height is the characteristic of architecture, the core content of this poem, and the focus of the whole poem. "Danger" is originally high, "hundred feet" is a description of high, "hands can catch stars" is an emphasis on high, and "fear of shocking the world" is an exaggeration. In this short poem, there is nothing but "Gao". Through various descriptions and repeated renderings, the towering image of the dangerous building of the mountain temple is deeply left in the reader's mind. Another example is Bai Juyi's "Recalling Jiangnan": "Jiangnan is good and the scenery is old. Sunrise is better than fire, and spring is as green as blue. Can you not remember Jiangnan? " This word is about the spring scenery in Jiangnan, and the first sentence is "Jiangnan is good". With a simple and vivid word "good", it commands the whole article and captures all the good points of spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and the author's praise and yearning are also included. "Good" is poetic eyes. Another example: Zhang Ji's a night-mooring near maple bridge has a poetic eye of "sadness". Liu Zongyuan's Jiang Xue is Lonely. The poetic eye of Chen Ziang's Youzhou Tower is "independence". The poetic eye of Meng Haoran's Sleeping at Jiande is "worrying about the new".
Second, the most concise and vivid words in the poem, or enhance the image of the poem, make the poem full of interest and give people rich imagination; Or make poetry more accurate, or make poetry innovative. This is a poetic vision. Du Fu's "Looking for Flowers Alone by the Riverside": "The flowers in Huang Si's family are full of diameter, and the flowers are low. Even butterflies dance from time to time, and charming Yingying just cries. " "Man" and "pressure" are poetic eyes. Full of fluffy flowers covered the path, which is why "full" and "pressure" are also "full". It is precisely because thousands of flowers squeeze each other that the branches full of flowers extend to the flower path. As you can imagine, this is a picture: there are flowers all over the road, and many flowers are fragrant. Butterflies are drunk, dancing and lingering; The oriole was drunk, singing tactfully and sweetly. Here, we feel the warmth and vitality, and feel the infinite comfort and joy of the poet. Meng Haoran's "How wide the sky is, how close the trees are, how clear the water is, how close the moon is!" "Low" describes the unique perspective of people looking up at the sky on the ship, which is very accurate. The word "near" to write about the moon seems to be gentle and considerate, understanding and soothing the poet's lonely heart. Xiao Chucai changed Zhang Guaiyan's "hate" to "joy" for "only hating peace and killing old ministers in the south of the Yangtze River". "Disliking peace" is dissatisfaction with world peace, and "taking pleasure in world peace" is a poetic change.
When we read ancient poems, we pay attention to "poetic eyes". In addition to combining the artistic conception of the whole poem, it mainly pays attention to two aspects: First, from the perspective of part of speech, it focuses on finding verbs. Among many parts of speech, verbs are the key words of narration, scenery description, concreteness and lyricism, so they become an important object for poets to exercise their poetic eyes. For example, Ye Shaoweng's "Not Worth Visiting the Garden" in the Song Dynasty said: "You have to pity your dog's teeth and print moss, but you can't stay away from Chai Fei for a long time. The spring garden can't be closed, and an apricot is out of the wall. " Guan and Chu are poetic eyes. Savor a "pass" and a "exit" carefully, and you will feel the vigorous vitality of apricot flowers when spring comes. Zhang Jiuling's "Bright Moon, Now Full of the World" depicts the bright moon rising from the sea, which is vivid and lively. Meng Haoran's "Another Mist in Yunmeng Valley, Once Besieged Yueyang City" "Steaming" describes the rich accumulation of lake water, as if the vast Yunmengze has been nourished by Dongting Lake, and "shaking" highlights the surging momentum of Dongting Lake.
But for other parts of speech, don't let go easily. Such as adjectives, Wang Wei's "the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen." "Straight" wrote the power and persistence of beacon smoke; "Round" gives people a feeling of warmth and boundless. These two sentences not only accurately describe the desert scenery, but also show the poet's true feelings, skillfully blending the lonely mood into the vast natural scenery. Even the seemingly insignificant function words, if used well, can dredge the literary spirit, open and close the echo, melodious and tortuous, and activate the emotional charm. For example, Du Fu has a poem: "There are Bashu in the mountains and rivers, and the towers are all harmonious." Ye Mengde commented: "Hundreds of miles away, thousands of years up and down, only between the words' you' and' me', the absorption of mountains and rivers, the treasure of the present and the past, can't be expressed." For example, Yin Keng wrote that he was late for seeing me off, only to see that "birds were parked idle and people were scattered from the pavilion". The function words "empty" and "already" seem to inadvertently enter the poem, but they are very useful to describe the poet's disconsolate situation. The flexible use of parts of speech can not be ignored, and sometimes it has the function of turning decay into magic. Such as "fleeting, cherry red, banana green" (Jie Jiang's Pruning), adjectives "red" and "green" as causative verbs. The poet expressed his regret for the passage of time through the dynamics of cherry turning red and banana leaves turning green. Du Fu's poem: "Four more mountains spit on the moon, and jathyapple is bright." The word "Ming" is an adjective, used as a verb to make the picture dynamic, and with the word "spit", the static becomes dynamic and poetic. . In Wang Anshi's Spring Breeze in Jiang Nanan is Green, the word "green" is used flexibly instead of "Yao", "Yao", "Yao" and "Yao" because the word "green" gives readers a sense of color and room for imagination.
Secondly, from the perspective of rhetoric, poetic eyes often use personification, exaggeration and synaesthesia. Zhang Xian's word "Duan" and "Xiang" personified the clouds and the moon, making the images of the clouds and the moon vivid and vivid, showing the poet's exquisite skill in refining words and meanings. The touching image of "many red leaves in the temple burn people's eyes" and "the branches of red apricots are noisy in spring" gives people a strong impression. It is precisely because of the clever use of exaggeration and synaesthesia that the words "burning" and "noisy" have been refined. This requires us to carefully analyze and taste.
Let's look at the appreciation of ancient poetry in the 2003 college entrance examination, and examine the second kind of "poetic eye". "The brook sings on the winding rocks, and the sunshine is tempered by pines." Write what you hear in the previous sentence and what you see in the next sentence. Dangerous stones stand in the mountains, the spring eye is blocked, and it can only flow slowly and intermittently. They trudged among the rugged rocks, and the sound of water became small, deep and dumb, as if choking in pain. The word "pharynx" is accurate, vivid and vivid. The pine trees in the deep mountains are densely shaded, and the sun shines among them. Because of the influence of the dark environment, it presents a cool tone. The poet's use of the word "cold" to describe the color of the sun is even more novel and wonderful. These ten words organically combine the four images of spring sound, dangerous stone, sun color and pine tree, so that the sadness of sun color and the bitterness of spring sound set each other off, and the realm of seclusion and silence is exhausted. Zhao Diancheng commented: "The next word' swallow' will make you suddenly quiet down; Write a word' cold' and you will see a quiet scene. The ancients called poetry eyes. " The sentence "The sun is tempered by pine trees" also skillfully uses the technique of "synaesthesia". "The color of the sun" is a visual image, but the poet uses the "coldness" of tactile feeling to describe it, which makes the vision transfer to the touch, thus communicating with each other, showing the secluded feeling more deeply and wonderfully. Therefore, the answer to this question can be summarized as follows: the "poetic eyes" in the last two sentences of this poem are "pharynx" and "cold" respectively. The spring water flowing in the mountains, blocked by rocks, is like sobbing. The color of the sun shining on the pine trees is dim because of the darkness of the mountains. The words "swallow" and "cold" vividly, concisely and vividly show the quiet and lonely scene (artistic conception) in the mountains.