First, looking at the moon and thinking about your loved ones-the sadness and homesickness that cause parting.
"Looking up, I found it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly thought of home." (Li Bai's Silent Night Thinking)-Looking at the moon and homesickness is extremely sad. "The small building was easterly again last night, and the country could not bear to look back at the middle of next month." (Li Yu's "Yu Meiren")-Looking at the moon and thinking about the old country shows the special pain of a monarch who has lost his country.
Second, dusk and sunset (sunset, sunset, sunset)-convey more feelings of sadness and loss. Sentimental mood, life lament at the end of life, sad implication of mourning for the past.
Li Shangyin's Le Garden Scenic Area in the Tang Dynasty: "to see the sun, for all his glory was buried in the coming night." Wang Wei's "Make it Fort": "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen." Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia by Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty: "Sail to the setting sun, accompanied by the west wind and the wine flag."
3. Flowing water falls out of the flower-the ancients said that "the falling flower is intentional, and the flowing water is ruthless", which combined the loss of water and time to lament the impermanence of life with the falling flower, which is a typical theme of China's ancient poems.
"Running water in spring is heaven and earth." (Li Yu's "Langtaosha") "Flowers are helpless, as if they have met Yan Gui" (Yan Shu's "Huanxisha") The image of "Flowers falling into the water" often represents the shortness of life, the sadness of cherishing spring, the sadness of injury and the anxiety and sadness of death. In addition, in the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai wrote in "Farewell Minister of Xie Tiao Village in Xuanzhou": "Although the water is still flowing, even if it is cut with a knife, it is even more worrying to raise a glass to eliminate anxiety. Since the world can't satisfy our desire, I will loosen my hair tomorrow and take a fishing boat. " Li Yu's Yu Meiren: "How many worries can you have?" Like a river flowing eastward. "Then use the image of running water to describe that kind of intense and endless sadness.
Fourth, the long pavilion-a farewell place on land.
Li Bai Bodhisattva Xia: "Where are you going home? The pavilion is shorter. " Liu Yong's Yulinling: "Cold and sad, Changting is too late." Li Shutong's Farewell: "Outside the pavilion, beside the ancient road, the grass is green." Obviously, in China's classical poetry, the pavilion has become a farewell place on land.
Five, Qiangdi-a symbol of sadness.
Qiangdi is a musical instrument from the ancient west, which makes a sad sound. It is often mentioned in frontier poems in the Tang Dynasty, such as Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Qu: "Why should the Qiang flute complain about the willow? The spring breeze is only Yumenguan." Fan Zhongyan's Fisherman's Pride: "A cup of turbid restaurant Wan Li, Ran Yan is not happy, Qiang Guan is full of frost." The shrill voice of the strong brother often makes recruiters cry. Hu Jia's function is the same as this, so I won't list it again.
Sixth, use the crystal of ice and snow to compare the loyalty of the soul and the nobility of morality.
Wang Changling's "Farewell to Furong Inn and Xin Qiji": "If Luoyang's relatives and friends ask each other, there is an ice heart in the jade pot." My heart is as pure as ice in a glittering jade pot. "Bing Xin" is noble and pure, and the ancients used "Jade pot and clear ice" as a metaphor for a person's open and aboveboard mind.
Seven, use the prosperity of vegetation to set off desolation and express ups and downs.
"After ten miles of spring breeze, the wheat is green." (Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow)-Yangzhou Road, which used to be very prosperous after ten miles of spring breeze, is now full of green wheat and desolate. This sentence contrasts today's desolation with the prosperity of weeds and wheat. "There are wild grass flowers on Suzaku Bridge, and the sunset at the entrance of Wuyi Lane is oblique." (Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane) The former prosperity of Zhuque Bridge has disappeared. The bridge is covered with weeds and wild flowers. Wuyi Lane has lost its former glory, and the sunset reflects the dilapidated and desolate alleys.
Eight, chrysanthemum-loyal and noble quality
Qu Yuan's Lisao: "Drinking Mulan Dew in the morning and eating Qiuju in the evening are not beautiful." The poet symbolizes his noble character by drinking dew and eating flowers. Tang Yuanzhen's Chrysanthemum: "Autumn bushes are like Taoist priests, and the more they surround, the more inclined they are. It's not that chrysanthemums are preferred in flowers, but that this flower is even more flowerless. " Expressed the poet's pursuit of firmness and noble character.
Nine, plum blossom-proud of frost and snow, not afraid of setbacks, pure and white, one of the three friends of cold age. Plum blossoms are cold first, and then bloom is fragrant. Therefore, plum blossoms, like chrysanthemums, are admired and praised by poets.
Wang Anshi's plum blossom: "It's not snow when you know it from afar, because it has a delicate fragrance." The poem not only describes the reasons why plum blossoms are scattered by the wind, but also implicitly shows the purity and whiteness of plum blossoms, which has received the artistic effect of good fragrance and lewdness. Lu You's famous sentence "Yongmei": "Scattered into mud, crushed into dust, only fragrance remains." Plum blossom is used to describe a person's unfortunate experience of being destroyed and his noble sentiment of not wanting to go with the flow.
Ten, fold the willow to say goodbye. "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic, and folding Liu means leaving each other. Therefore, the ancients had the custom of breaking willows to bid farewell, so "willow" means parting from sorrow.
In "Lin Yuling", Liu Yong expresses the sadness of parting with "Where to wake up after drinking tonight, Yang Liuan, where the wind is resting".
Eleven, lotus-because the lotus is muddy but not stained, so the poet uses the lotus as a metaphor for moral integrity. Because "lotus" and "pity" are homonyms, there are many poems about lotus in ancient poetry to express love.
"Xizhou Qu" by Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties: "In autumn, lotus is picked in Nantang, and the lotus is over the head; Bow your head to get lotus seeds, which are as green as water. " "Lotus seed" means "Reiko Kobayakawa" and "green" means "clear". There are both real and imaginary here, which means pun. The rhetorical device of homophonic pun is used to express a woman's deep yearning for the man she loves and the purity of love.
Twelve, phoenix tree-a symbol of desolation and sadness.
Wang Changling's Poem of Long Letters in Autumn: "The phoenix tree in Jinjing is yellow in autumn leaves, and the pearl curtain does not roll frost at night. The smoked jade pillow has no color, and you can listen to the Nangong for a long time. " It is about a girl who is deprived of youth, freedom and happiness. In a desolate and lonely palace, she lay alone, listening to the palace leak. The first sentence of the poem begins with a phoenix tree with yellow leaves by the well, which sets off a bleak and cold atmosphere. Others, such as "One leaf makes a sound, and the empty steps drip to the light" (Tang Wen and Ting Yun's "More Leaky"), "The phoenix tree is raining even more until dusk" (Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice") and so on.
Thirteen, the cicada metaphor is noble.
The ancients thought that cicada eating wind and drinking dew was a symbol of nobility, so the ancients often used cicada's nobility to express its noble character. "Tang Poetry" says: "Every time a cicada sings, it respects its nature." Because cicadas live on high branches, eat wind and sleep outdoors, and don't eat fireworks, so their moral character belongs to lofty type.
A political prisoner is listening to Luo's Cicada: "Who knows if he is still singing?" "Yu Shinan's Cicada:" It is not the autumn wind that makes you aloof. " They all use cicadas as a metaphor for noble morality.
Fourteen, Hongyan-Su Wu's story of herding sheep is well known. He once tied the letter to the goose's feet and took it back to his motherland. This is what people often say, "Hongyan delivers books". So "Hongyan" often refers to letters.
Xizhou Song, a folk song of Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties, means "Looking up at Hong Fei when I can't remember Mandy" and "Looking up at Hong Fei" means looking forward to the letter. Li Qingzhao's lyrics say: "The word' Wild Goose' returns, and the West Building will be full tomorrow." "Wild Goose is sad, but an old friend knows each other." The geese didn't bring the long-awaited letters, which aroused the infinite reverie of the poetess.
Fifteen, the partridge bird-the song of the partridge bird makes people sound like "I can't get my brother", which is very easy to evoke the association of hard journey and full of parting.
"The sun shines in autumn, the grass is bright and the crow is far away." (Li Qunyu's "Jiuzipo Smells Partridges" in the Tang Dynasty) "The river is worried at night, and the mountains are deeply heard." (Xin Qiji, Bodhisattva Xia. The partridge in the trial of "Building a Wall in Jiangxi" is not a bird in a purely objective sense.
Sixteen, cuckoo-in ancient mythology, Du Yu, the king of Shu (that is, Wang Di), was forced to give way to his courtiers and live in seclusion in the mountains. After his death, his soul became a cuckoo. Therefore, the cuckoo in ancient poetry has become a symbol of desolation and sadness. In ancient poetry, Du Fu is often associated with bitterness.
Li Bai's Shu Dao Nan: "Du Fu is worried about the empty mountain on a moonlit night" Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip: "Du Fu cries for snow and apes cry." Du Fu's sad cry always touches the poet's sadness. Li Bai's "I heard that Wang Changling left and moved to Longbiao Yao to have this letter", "bloom flowers all cry according to the rules, and Wendaolong crosses five streams. I am worried about the bright moon, and I will follow the wind to Yelangxi. " Writing sentences is the scene of the eyes. In the bleak and desolate natural scenery, I feel sad to leave. Three or four sentences express infinite nostalgia and deep sympathy for friends with the rich imagination of sending affection to the bright moon.
The natural scenery mentioned above, created by poets of past dynasties, has become a typical image with universal significance and relatively stable emotional color. However, we cannot generalize. For example, the "sunset" in Wang Zhihuan's "In the Loft" is not bleak, but shows the poet's passionate feelings. "Two orioles sing green willows, a row of egrets go up to the sky" and "the willow garden beside the pool becomes a songbird" have no intention of parting. Therefore, specific poems should be analyzed in detail.