In an inverted sentence, the inversion component can be restored to its original position, while the meaning and syntactic components of the sentence remain unchanged. There are four kinds of inversion sentences: (1) verb inversion in exclamatory sentences or interrogative sentences, which is placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the predicate, so as to strengthen the sigh or interrogative tone.
Verb inversion is also called predicate preposition or subject postposition. In ancient Chinese.
Like modern Chinese, the predicate is usually placed after the subject, but sometimes in some interrogative sentences or exclamatory sentences, in order to emphasize and highlight the meaning of the predicate, the predicate will be placed before the subject. Exodus: Sorry, but you don't like it.
The whole sentence is "you don't benefit much." The preposition of the predicate expresses the meaning of emphasis, which can be translated as "You are too clever" (2) The pronoun is the object, the interrogative pronoun is the verb or preposition, and the preposition object "Zhi" or "Shi" in the negative sentence is usually the preposition.
In classical Chinese, the object of a verb or preposition is usually placed after the verb or preposition. There are the following situations: ① In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are used as objects and prepositions are used as objects. In this kind of sentence, the object of a preposition is also a preposition.
Why did Confucius call it "Wen"? "Why" is an inverted sentence of "why" and can be translated into "why". Who are we going home with? "Who do we belong to" is an inverted sentence of "Who do I belong to", which can be translated as "Who am I with?" What is it to me? "He You" is the inversion of "He You". In ancient Chinese, interrogative pronouns were usually placed before predicates when they were used as objects.
What's the difference? Kong Ziyun: "What's the matter?" The inversion of "what's wrong" means "what's wrong"
What's so simple? The interrogative pronouns "he", "zhi" and auxiliary words have no practical meaning, and they are the symbols of preposition objects here. ② In classical Chinese negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects.
Exodus: No self-pity in a lonely village "No self-pity" is the inversion of "No self-pity", which can be translated as "No self-pity". "Zi" is a pronoun. In a negative sentence, the pronoun should be preceded by an object.
Another example is "don't be confident". "Confidence" means "believe in yourself". ③ Put the object before the verb with "zhi" or "yes" and emphasize the object.
At this time, "zhi" is only a symbol of prepositional object, and it has no real meaning. Example: "Who gave the lotus love?" -"Love Lotus" is an inverted sentence of "love lotus", which can be translated as "love lotus".
Confucius said, "What's so ugly?" -What's wrong is what's wrong. What is so simple? "
The word "zhi" and auxiliary words here have no practical meaning, but are the symbols of preposition objects here. (4) The object of the preposition "one" is active, even if it is not an interrogative pronoun, it can be emphasized by prepositions.
For example, it is called "Wen". "Yes" is an inverted sentence of "Yes" and can be translated into "So".
"Yes" is a demonstrative pronoun, which refers to the previous reason. (5) Others, emphasizing.
Wan Li's going to Rongji is the inversion of "Guan". It can be translated as "crossing the road, climbing mountains and mountains".
(3) Attributive is placed after the head word in ancient Chinese, in order to highlight modifiers. In classical Chinese, the position of the attribute is generally in front of the head word, but sometimes in order to highlight the position of the head word, emphasize the content of the attribute, or make the tone smooth, the attribute is often placed behind the head word.
(1) "prefix+postposition attribute+person" leads children and grandchildren to take on three husbands, which is the inversion of "three husbands and three husbands". The postposition attribute "three husbands" can be translated as "three adult men who can carry heavy burdens". When the peak turns, there are pavilion wings on the spring, and the pavilion is also drunk.
"Pavilion wings are on the spring" is an inverted sentence of "Pavilion wings are on the spring", which can be translated as "Pavilion springs are like birds spreading their wings." (2) An example of "prefix+zhi+postposition attribute+zhe": it means chrysanthemum, with beautiful flowers.
"The flower of the hermit" is the inversion of "the flower of the hermit". It can be translated as "a flower with a reclusive temperament" (3). Quantifiers are used as attributive postpositions. Example: Taste the nuclear boat I, which is the inversion of "a nuclear boat". The attributive "one" can be translated as "a nuclear ship" (4) the preposition "Yu" is used as the preposition in.
Example: What's good for me? The whole sentence is an inverted sentence of "what's good for me", and the object-object structure is put after "what's good for me". What's wrong with me? Complaining to the emperor is an inverted sentence of "complaining to the emperor", and the intermediary object structure is translated as "complaining to the emperor" I devoted myself to Nanyang and died in troubled times. The whole sentence is an inverted sentence of "I devoted myself to Nanyang and died in troubled times", and the Chinese-object structure is "I died in troubled times in Nanyang"
Example: slaughter fear and throw bones at it. The whole sentence is the inversion of "throw it with a bone", and the object-object structure is placed after "bone"
Throw the bones to it, make an alliance for the altar, and sacrifice for the captain. "Priest's order" is an inverted sentence of "Priest's order", and the interface structure "Priest's order" can be translated as "Priest's order".
Narrating by text is an inverted sentence of "narrating by text", and the subject-object structure can be translated into "narrating by words". May your majesty entrust the minister with the effect of bringing the thief back to life "is the inversion of" bringing the thief back to life "and the object-object structure of" bringing the thief back to life "is the inversion. Second, a judgment sentence is a sentence pattern that classifies sentences according to the nature of predicates. Generally, nouns or noun phrases are used as predicates to judge the attributes of things, that is, to explain what something is or is not.
Effect: Make the ideographic text clearer. 1, indicating the generic relationship. "Teng, a small country."
2. Represents equivalence. "In the past, there were three ghosts, Hubei Hou and Wen Wang."
3. Express metaphor. "The monarch, the boat also; Shu Ren, water also.
2. What ancient poems of China say that everything is regular? 1. Everything willows in spring, and the leaves are sad. -Zi Jingyi "Send Gu Qiji to the North"
Spring has come, everything is revived, and autumn leaves are withered.
2. Everything has its ups and downs in the four seasons, but I am moved by sadness-Cai Wenji's Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia.
Everything in the world has its ups and downs, but my pain can't drive it away.
3. Everything is old in spring, and people will return after one year. -Yang Wanli's Two Haitang Plants in My Hometown
At this time, although spring returns to the earth and everything is thriving, people are old; Swallows fly back after social day every year.
4. Everything is complacent when it is quiet, and people enjoy it all the year round. -Cheng Hao's Autumn Occasionally
Everything in the world is born by itself. When you go to Qiu Lai in the spring of the four seasons, you will grow and wither, just like people.
Heaven and earth are still a horse, and everything means the same thing. -Master Song Li's Drunk Song
Heaven and earth are like galloping horses, and everything exists together.
6. When everything is fine, I think my life is over. Tao Yuanming's "Gui Xi Ci"
I have realized that the choice now is correct and the behavior once was lost.
Conventional reduction
The inevitable, essential, stable and circular relationship between natural phenomena and social phenomena.
Rhythm; Not disorderly
The inherent and inevitable connection between things determines the inevitable trend of things' development. The law is objective and independent of human will.
It means neat and regular. Another law in philosophy: also known as law. The essential connection in the development of objective things has a universal form. Law and essence are concepts of the same degree. Objective law: it is objective and can neither be created nor destroyed; Whether people admit it or not, the law always works with its iron inevitability. Law = Truth: Everything in this world is bound by law, which is opposite and interrelated. Law and materialism: basic principle: unify the will of the people of the world through the uniqueness of law, and realize liberation by this means.
3. Language rules of classical Chinese; Classical Chinese translation method
Rules for Translation of Classical Chinese There are two main requirements for students to translate classical Chinese: correctness and fluency (namely, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance). Correctness means that the original intention should be truthfully expressed in the content, and it should not be misinterpreted, omitted or excessively increased; Fluency means that the translation should conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese in expression. When translating ancient Chinese, we should follow two basic principles and master five operating methods.
One of the principles: words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from articles.
The words and expressions in the article are all in a specific language environment. In order to translate ancient words and sentences correctly, we must understand their language environment. For example, "A dog sits in front" and (Wolf), it seems that this sentence can be translated as "A dog sits in front", but it is related to "Two wolves on the road" and "When I was a child, a wolf came all the way ..." It can be seen that it is not a dog but another wolf sitting in front. "Dog" means "like a dog" and is used to modify the posture of "sitting". This example shows that the translation of ancient Chinese should first understand the main idea of the whole article, and then closely follow the requirements of "words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from the beginning" for detailed translation.
The second principle: literal translation is the mainstay, while free translation is the supplement.
Literal translation means translating word for word according to the original text, and also requires maintaining the sentence structure and tone of the original sentence. For example, "does it really not know horse evil?" I really don't know horses. " (Ma Shuo), the word "Qi" in the previous sentence should be translated as "Yao" to indicate rhetorical tone, and the word "Qi" in the latter sentence should be translated as "I'm afraid" to indicate speculative tone.
In translation, the meaning of some words is still unclear or even awkward after literal translation, which needs free translation to assist. For example, the literal translation of "living in the height of the temple" (the story of Yueyang Tower) is "living in the height of the ancestral temple and palace", the meaning of which is still unclear, and the free translation of "being an official in the court" can be adopted, which is easy to understand. Free translation is more flexible. After understanding the actual meaning of the original text, the translator can express it in his own language, so that deeper words can be translated easily and clearly, but only the general idea is not as good as literal translation, which is not suitable for middle school students who are gradually cultivating their ability to read ancient Chinese.
Six means of ancient Chinese translation: memorization, interpretation, reasoning, addition, deletion and contraction.
Recording: All proper nouns such as name, place name, dynasty, year number, official name and book title can be copied according to the original text. In addition, the ancient and modern meanings are consistent, and well-known words, such as "mountain", "fire", "car", "question" and "escape", do not need translation.
Interpretation: this is the most used means; Explaining ancient Chinese monosyllabic words with modern Chinese disyllabic words. Special attention should be paid to common words, polysemy, flexible use of parts of speech, and some function words with various uses. We must contact the context and choose its exact explanation.
Li: Adjust and straighten out the word order of the translation. Most classical Chinese words are arranged in the same order as modern Chinese, but there are some classical Chinese sentences, such as "Confucius said tyranny is fiercer than tigers" (snake catchers said). The original order is translated as "brutal rule is fiercer than tigers", which is not in line with modern language habits, so "tiger" should be adjusted before "fierceness".
Addition: where the original text is omitted, add necessary content to make the translation smooth and clear. For example, "stroke the ruler suddenly, and the group will ring to the end" (oral skills), in which the verb "ring" is missing between "stroke the ruler" and "stroke", and translation is needed. Another example is "I tasted a nuclear ship and I want to know why"
Delete: If some words only have grammatical functions and cannot be translated, they can be deleted and not translated. For example, the word "Fu" in The Great Country is Unpredictable (Cao Gui's Argument), the word "Zhi" in What is Modesty (Inscription in a humble room) and the word "Er" in Shi Xue (Analects of Confucius VI) all belong to this category.
Abbreviation: In order to enhance the momentum, some sentences in classical Chinese are deliberately used in many strokes, which can condense their meanings in translation. For example, (Qin) has swept the world, including the whole world, including the meaning of the four seas, and swallowed up the heart of eight shortages. In modern Chinese, it is difficult to find four different expressions to translate the three short sentences of "sweeping the world", "eclectic" and "eclectic", which can be condensed into "Qin has the ambition to annex and unify the world".
In short, we should do a good job in the translation of classical Chinese. Besides mastering the content words, function words and special sentence patterns commonly used in ancient Chinese, we should also know some common sense of ancient Chinese, so as to translate ancient Chinese more accurately, clearly and in line with modern Chinese norms, and achieve "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance".