Jiangling county, the ancient city of Jingzhou, is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin and is a famous historical and cultural city in southern China. It is "connected to Sichuan in the west, illuminated by astronomy in the north, flying in the wind and smoke, and controlled by boats", and its geographical position is very superior. Coupled with Jingzhou's fertile land and rich people, there has been a saying since ancient times that "military strategists have attached great importance to Jingzhou".
Military strategists in past dynasties emphasized Jingzhou.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, this was the palace of the King of Chu. Jingzhou City was built here in the Han Dynasty. According to legend, Guan Yu, the general of Shu State, built a new city on the edge of the old city during the Three Kingdoms period. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Huan Wen was the commander of Jingzhou Town. In preparation for the Northern Expedition, the new and old cities were merged into one city. During the Five Dynasties, an outer city and a sub-city were built, both of which were earthen cities. Brick city was built in the Southern Song Dynasty and was destroyed many times. After the foundation was rebuilt in the third year of Qing Shunzhi (1646), it has been intact after many repairs.
The ancient city wall is nearly 9m high, with a thickness of10m and a circumference of10km. Polygon, ups and downs, like Youlong, magnificent. Stone foundation is used under the city wall, and the shell is made of big city bricks, filled with loess and compacted. The blue brick is made of lime and sticky rice juice, which is extremely strong. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the Yangtze River burst and floods hit Jingzhou. Because of the strong walls and closed gates, the whole city is intact. Therefore, it has the reputation of "Jingzhou made of iron".
The six doors of the city wall are arched doorways made of masonry, which are opened and closed with wooden doors. There are towers on the door, and the ancestral building at the north gate is the best preserved. The most famous place in the South Gate is Qujiang Tower. It turns out that there is a floor on the east side of this building. Zhang Jiuling (Qujiang Gong), a sage in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was relegated to Jingzhou as a secretariat because he was excluded by Li. He often goes upstairs overlooking the river, drinks and writes poems. After the original building was destroyed, the South Gate Building was renamed Qujiang Tower to commemorate Zhang Jiuling. In addition, the "Zhong Xuan Tower" in the southeast corner of the city wall is also famous, which was named in memory of RoyceWong, a scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, in order to avoid chaos, RoyceWong went south to Jingzhou and attached himself to Liu Biao, but he could not be reused. So he boarded the balcony and watched the surrounding scenery, and wrote the famous Ode to the Building. The first part describes the tower like this:
The origin of the ancient poem "I smell the Three Kingdoms, and I want to go to Jingzhou": Looking at the place where Sri Lanka is, it is really empty and bitter. With the help of Zhang Qing, you can go through Puxi and rely on Changzhou. You are bent. The back grave is a vast land, near the high tide. Peach trees in the north and Zhao Qiu in the west. Petrochemical recovery, millet full territory. It shows that the terrain where this building lives is clear and bright, and you can enjoy the beautiful scenery around you when you climb the building. This lyric poem expresses the author's yearning for talents and homesickness by writing scenery, which has a great influence on later generations, so that "Wang can climb the building" has become a common allusion for Luo Tuo literati to express homesickness; This tower is also famous for it. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were "homesickness, Wang can ascend the building". After Zhang ascended the building, the prime minister of the Ming Dynasty wrote two poems "Xuan Lou". The existing building has been destroyed and the base site still exists.
Jingzhou ancient city guards the Yangtze River and meets the rivers and lakes, which is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. Some famous wars in history took place here. During the Three Kingdoms period, all powerful people wanted Jingzhou, and then plotted the world. In order to seize the ancient city of Jingzhou and the land of Jingchu, the three countries fought in secret and bloody battles. Around Jingzhou's occupation, borrowing, begging, seizing and defending, Cao Wei, Wu Dong and Han Shu factions, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Quan, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and other people of the hour all derived thrilling live dramas here, so that there is a saying that "every time you hear about the Three Kingdoms, you must go to Jingzhou"
Liu Bei skillfully borrowed Jingzhou.
Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou, which was an important historical event in the Three Kingdoms period. According to historical records, Jingzhou was occupied by Liu Biao before the Chibi War. On the eve of Battle of Red Cliffs (208), Liu Biao died, and his second son Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao, so Jingzhou was owned by Cao Cao. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao retreated to Xuchang, and Jingzhou was guarded by Coss. At this time, Liu Bei cooperated with Zhou Yu to advance. After a year of hard work, he defeated Cao Ren and captured Jingzhou. Cao Jun retreated to Xiangyang and Fancheng, and Jingzhou fell into the hands of Sun Quan. Sun Quan appointed Zhou Yu as the prefect of Nanjun, sitting in Jingzhou City, but told Liu Bei to camp at the oil port on the south bank of the Yangtze River. Liu Bei took the opportunity to go south and captured Jingzhou Wuling and other four counties.
Liu Bei stationed troops near Youkou, Douhudi Town, Gongan County, Hubei Province. Gong 'an County was called Yiling County at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it belonged to Wuling County. Because Liu Bei was named General Zuo, he was called "Zuo Gong", so Yiling County was changed to Gong 'an County, which means "Left Gong 'an Camp", and some people said that it was "Left Gong 'an Quiet, Strong in the Future".
Although Liu Bei won four counties of Jingzhou in the south of the Yangtze River, Nanjun, the most important and richest political and economic center at that time, was in the hands of Wu Dong. This strategic position is very important to both Sun and Liu. Sun Quan wanted to use Jingzhou as the western barrier of Dongwu. Liu Bei wants to use it as a base for his westward advance and northward advance. If Jingzhou was captured by force, Liu Bei did not have such strength at that time. So Zhuge Liang gave him a plan to borrow Jingzhou.
At the end of 2009, Liu Bei personally went to Soochow and borrowed Jingzhou from Sun Quan. The reason is: I have given less land, which is not enough for the people. When Zhou Yu heard about this, he resolutely opposed it and suggested: "Move the capital to Wu, build a rich palace, play with beautiful women more, and entertain your eyes and ears." Considering that Cao Cao was eyeing up in the north, Sun Quan was far superior to Sun and Liu and needed to unite with Liu Bei to fight against Cao Cao's attack, so Zhou Yu's suggestion was not adopted.
In order to strengthen the alliance between the two sides, Sun Quan offered to betrothed his sister to Liu Bei, apparently in order to "change Liu Lang's heart". Liu Bei agreed to this marriage and also had his own plans. Chibi won a great victory in the first world war, and its prestige increased greatly, becoming a hero that everyone expected. However, among the top three, it has the smallest territory and the weakest strength. Through marriage, one is to resist Cao Cao, and the other is to "borrow" from my uncle to the dream Jingzhou in the future. In 2009, Liu Bei, who was over 49 years old, married Sun Shangxiang, who was 19 years old and was called "Liu Lang".
In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Sun Liulian's marriage is a consensual "political marriage" with different aims, and it is vividly described in chapters such as "Wu Guotai Buddhist Temple meets the groom, Liu Huangshu's bridal chamber" and "Zhou Lang's ingenious plan to secure the world, losing his wife and losing his soldiers". It is said that in order to get back Jingzhou borrowed by Liu Bei but not returned, Sun Quan adopted Zhou Yu's plan and lied that he would marry his sister Sun Shangxiang to Liu Bei, so as to trick Liu Bei into taking him hostage in Beijing, not returning Jingzhou and not letting Liu Bei go. I didn't want to, but Zhuge Liang saw through the plan. Before he left, he gave Zhao Yun, who was guarding Liu Bei, three tricks up his sleeve, and asked Liu Bei to follow the plan after he arrived in Soochow. According to Zhuge Liang's arrangement, Liu Bei and others publicized Liu Sun's marriage in a big way as soon as they arrived, and at the same time took Bezos to see Joe, through whom the news reached his ears. Hearing this, Wu Guotai called his son Sun Quan, scolded him, and decided to marry him in Kanluoji. Coincidentally, it is easy to make a fool of yourself, which makes Sun Quan "lose his wife and lose his soldiers". The story is vivid and tortuous. Although it is inconsistent with historical facts, it is fascinating and fascinating.
In fact, when Liu Bei got married, Jingzhou was still in the hands of Sun Quan. Zhou Yu died on 2 10, and Lu Su succeeded Zhou Yu. Lu Su persuaded Sun Quan to temporarily lend Jingzhou to Liu Bei from the overall situation that Sun and Liu jointly fought against Cao Cao, so that Liu Bei was lucky enough to borrow Jingzhou. Liu Bei finally got a large piece of land in Jingzhou Nanjun, and took a key step to cross Jing and benefit the world. Sun Liu's marriage played a considerable role in it. Therefore, many beautiful legends have been left here.
According to the note in Zi Jian: "Shabu, Shishou County, Jiangling Prefecture, was owned by the former owner of Shu." According to "Shishou County Records", "Embroidered forest mountain was ruled in the north of Shishou County, formerly known as Yang Qi, and Sun Na, the wife of Liu Bei, hung brocade on the mountain and embroidered like a forest, so it was renamed today." According to legend, when Liu Bei returned to Jingzhou from Mrs. Wu Dongsunna, Zhuge Liang led three armies to meet the enemy at Yangqi Mountain, where he hung brocade and embroidery, and set up a tent to hang brocade as a temporary palace for Liu Beihuan's honeymoon. So it was renamed Xiulinshan. He also said that Liu Beixian went ashore from a beach on the other side of Xiulinshan, and then transferred to Upright to Xiulinshan. Therefore, this place originally called Pukou was changed to Langpu Liu.
The article wrote a poem "Langpu Liu", describing Sun Liu's "political marriage": "When you get married, the water gurgles and the pearl steps on the golden road. Who would despise a woman? I want to change Liu Lang's heart. "
In Lin Xiu Town, there are many monuments to commemorate Liu Bei and his wife, such as Zhao Ying Bridge and Wang Mi Mountain. Zhao Ying Bridge was originally a stone arch bridge in the "Pailou Lake" in the ancient town of Lin Xiu. Legend has it that in order to please Liu Bei, Mrs. Sun stood on the small bridge in the arched lake every day and dressed up deliberately in front of the mirror-like lake. Later, people built a "photo bridge" here. This bridge is made of marble, about 3.3 meters high and 9.9 meters long. Wang Yiyuan, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, wrote in the poem "A Mirror on a Shadow Bridge": "The bridge is cleverly decorated from the sky, and the beauty is still concerned. Ling Bo checked the hibiscus noodles and lived up to his feelings. "
Wang Fu, namely Dongyue Mountain, also known as Chuwang Mountain, is located in the northwest of Lin Xiu Town. It was named after Mrs. Sun's farewell to her ancestors and her husband's sacrifice to the river. At the southern tip of Wang Fu, there is a stone platform the size of a table, engraved with a pair of footprints, which are said to have been left by Mrs. Sun looking west at Liu Beishi. Legend has it that Liu Bei went west to Sichuan after he arrived in Jingzhou, and Mrs. Sun stood here every day waiting for her husband to come back. Unexpectedly, this parting turned out to be eternal. After Liu Bei was defeated in Xiaoting, it was widely rumored that he was killed in the army. When Mrs. Sun heard the bad news, she came to the river, looked at the west and began to cry, then threw herself into the river. In fact, Liu Bei was stationed in the oil port shortly after his marriage, while Mrs. Sun lived five or six miles away from the oil port, which was later called "Mrs. Sun City". According to the records of Yuanhe County in Tang Dynasty, "Mrs. Sun's city is fifty miles east of Liling, and Mrs. Han Zhaolie is suspicious and doesn't build this city to live in." Mrs. Sun's jumping into the river is also fictional. After Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou, he decided to introduce his teacher to Sichuan in the second year. When Liu Bei was on the Western Expedition, Sun Quan took the opportunity to marry his sister and return to Wu. Mrs. Sun not only wanted to go back in person, but also took it as a hostage, but it failed because of Zhao's interception.
Jingzhou, as the foundation of Shu, is harder to borrow and harder to keep. Therefore, when Liu Bei led the army to the Western Expedition, Zhuge Liang, a military strategist, decided without hesitation to cooperate with Guan Yu in guarding it in order to be foolproof. A few years later, because Pang Tong, Liu Bei's deputy strategist, was killed in Sichuan, Zhuge Liang sent a letter to the West. Therefore, the important task of guarding Jingzhou falls on the shoulders of Guan Yu and others. The struggle around Jingzhou did not end, which led to two famous historical events: the sneak attack and Guan Yu's careless loss of Jingzhou.
Ji Ming ling tuo shopping guide Mao huanzhong
Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang "borrowed Jingzhou", which was originally the idea of "borrowing only and not returning it". At first, they promised to return Yizhou, but after arriving in Yizhou, Sun Quan came to ask for it, but Liu Bei said, "If you want Liangzhou, you should take Jingzhou as the phase." Sun Quan was furious and sent Monroe to capture Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang counties. Liu Bei also posed. At this time, Cao was in Hanzhong, and Zhang Lu fled to Brazil. After Liu Bei learned of this situation, he made peace with Sun Quan, changed Changsha and Guiyang counties east of Xiangshui into a county in Nanjun, and sent Guan Yu, his most capable general, to guard Jingzhou.
According to the Water Classic Note, Guan Yu built an unusually strong earth wall in Jingzhou to ensure the safety of the ancient city. According to legend, the area around Jingzhou Hospital in the center of Jingzhou ancient city today is the place where Guan Yu set up a tiger tent when guarding Jingzhou, and the famous Guan Gong scraped bones and treated poison here. Chapter 75 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms vividly describes this story. The biography of the Three Kingdoms Guan Yu said: "Feather tastes like an arrow leaving the string, penetrating its left arm. Although the wound has healed, the bone often hurts every time it rains. The doctor said:' sagittarius is poisonous, and it is poisonous to the bone. Scraping the broken arm to remove the poison, and then removing the disease. The feather stuck out of his arm and let the doctor chop it up. When the feather was smooth, the general was invited to eat and drink relatively, and the blood flowed from his arm, filling a plate, and the feather cut the wine and laughed. "This resolute and strong spirit has been celebrated for thousands of years.
Guan Yu is skilled in martial arts and keeps practicing. There is a story about Guan Yu practicing martial arts in Jingmen, not far from the ancient city of Jingzhou. A hillside in the north of the city is called "Jiming Ridge". Legend has it that when Guan Yu was stationed in Jingmen, he crowed at dawn every day, galloped and practiced martial arts, and never slacked off. Once, the land god played a little joke on Guan Yu, deliberately letting the chicken crow in advance, and Guan Yu heard the chicken crow as usual. Until now, the roosters in Jimingling crow earlier than other chickens. Because Guan Yu often practices martial arts, he draws a deep ditch where he drags his knife back and forth, which is called "dragging knife ditch". Guanpo, a few miles south of Jingmen, is Guan Yu's Happy Valley. Legend has it that Guan Yu comes here on a red hare at the first cock crow every day. Red hare wears a bronze bell around his neck, and the crisp * * * haunts the hillside, so people also call Happy Valley "Xiangmaling".
In Jingzhou City, there are countless legends about Guan Yu guarding the city. Bama Mountain, 3 miles outside the north gate, is said to be named after Guan Yu taught Liu Bei's righteous son Liu Feng to practice martial arts. There is a tall dome five or six miles northwest of the city, which is said to be Guan Yu's commanding height here. There is a grave on Baling Mountain with a height of14m and a diameter of about100m. The top is even, like a knife, called a flat-headed tomb. Legend has it that Guan Yu was very happy after he got the dragon crescent moon blade. He leaped to his feet, waving a knife, and when he ran past the tomb, he cut it off with one knife and cut off the tomb. Now there is a small mound near Pingtou Tomb. The top of the mound rises high, and its feet are just the same as the top of Pingtou Tomb. It is said that this is the top of the flat-headed tomb. In addition, there are tombs with hats off and tombs with hats changed. The hat-falling mound was named after Guan Yu's hat was blown off by the wind and turned into a mound when he passed by. The hat-changing tomb was named after Guan Yu once changed his hat and rested here.
There are stone pots and marching pots of Shu army in Jingzhou Museum, which are said to be used by Guan Yu to feed horses. There is a horse washing pool near the north wall, which is said to be the place where Guan Yu washes horses.
Guan Yu was careless in Jingzhou.
Although Guan Yu has improper courage, he has a fatal shortcoming-pride and conceit. While Guan Yu was guarding Jingzhou, Sun Quan sent messengers to recruit Guan Yu's daughter for his son. Guan Yu not only refused to get married, but also insulted Sun Quan, adding new cracks to the already unstable alliance between Sun and Liu. The reflection of Guan Yu Chuan also recorded that "Mi Fang, the satrap of Nanjun County, was in Jiangling, and Fu Shiren, the general, was in charge of public security, all of whom thought that his feathers were self-deprecating". This became an important reason for the later loss of Jingzhou. It is said that Guan Yu's conceit made him dissatisfied with Zhuge Liang's esteem for Liu Bei. In order to vent his dissatisfaction, he once took advantage of Zhuge Liang's inspection outside the city to tear down the suspension bridge on the moat and embarrass Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang knew Guan Yu's arrogant temperament, ignored it and built a bridge overnight, which made Guan Yu regret it and apologize.
In the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19), Guan Yu was ordered to transfer troops from Jingzhou to the north to launch the Xiangfan Campaign. Being flooded by the commander of the Seventh Army of the Forbidden City, he was captured alive in the Forbidden City and beheaded Pound, so that Cao Cao considered moving the capital to avoid its edge.
At this time, Lu Xun of Soochow took advantage of Guan Yu's weakness of "great achievements at the beginning, arrogant ambition, but advancing northward" and tried his best to write a letter to Guan Yu:
The source of the ancient poem "I want to go to Jingzhou when I hear about the Three Kingdoms": The past never forgets the teacher of the future, and the teacher of the future. The enemy's defeat benefited from the alliance, and Wen Qing celebrated this festival. I want to sweep everything, and Wang Gang won the * * * award. Close but not sensitive, ordered to come to the west, to spread the light and dust, and to think good is the rule. ..... Yu Jin, etc. Sighed in surprise, thinking that the honor of the general is long enough. Although he was Cheng Pu's teacher, Huaiyin pulled Zhao Zhilve, but he was despised by Shangzi.
Guan Yu, who was proud of himself, was even more defenseless against Dongwu. So, General Monroe of Wu Dong disguised herself as a merchant ship with a warship, and made the rowers put on white clothes, pretending to be businessmen, and quickly attacked Jingzhou. Mufang, who was in charge of public security and Jingzhou, deliberately refused to give full support when Guan Yu sent troops to Xiangfan. Guan Yu was very angry and wanted to settle accounts with them, so he was afraid and uneasy. Sun Wu took the opportunity to surrender to them and won the public security and Jingzhou in one fell swoop. It was too late when Guan Yu was rescued. Guan Yu was so angry that he threw his armor on the heaped-up mountain next to the city wall in the northwest corner of Jingzhou. Guan Yu led the beaten army to retreat to Maicheng to the west, and then fled to Luoyugou in Linju (now in the west of Yuan 'an County), where he was tripped by his subordinate Ma Zhong and killed by Zhang Xiang (now in the Guanling area of Dangyang).
There are many legends about Guan Yu's loss to Jingzhou. Guan Yu withdrew from Xiangfan and headed south of Jingmen, but no reinforcements arrived. He was anxious and annoyed at the thought of his hero. So he raised the dragon crescent moon blade and smashed it on the stone. The broadsword plunged into the stone and could not be pulled out any more. The place name "Duodao Stone" is used here. Now there is a dragon crescent moon blade in Jingzhou Museum, which was of course cast by later generations. There is a mountain in Jingmen, dozens of miles away in Fiona Fang. There are many bluestones on the mountain, and each stone faces north, so it is called "Wangbing Stone". According to legend, the terrain here is relatively flat. Guan Yu is looking forward to the rescue. He once stood on a stone and looked north for help. Because the stone was too low, he shouted, "Look up, stubborn stone!" " This stone really responded, and the other stones looked up and looked north. Jingmen also has a pick-up bridge, and the town is named after the bridge. It is said that Guan Yu anxiously looked forward to reinforcements on the bridge and walked back and forth for a dozen times, hence the name of the bridge.
According to historical records, after Guan Yu was beheaded, Sun Quan was afraid of Liu Bei's singling out, and at the same time dedicated Guan Yu's head to Cao Cao in an attempt to frame others. On the one hand, he buried his body in Dangyang as a vassal. Cao Cao saw through Wu Dong's intention at a glance, and buried Guan Yu's head outside the south gate of Luoyang with a gift from a vassal. Therefore, there is a saying that "the body lies in the sun and the head rests in Luoyang". Guan Yu's body tomb is near Dangyang City. Since the Song Dynasty, many feudal rulers have built it, and it has become a large Guanling with an area of 100 mu. There is a tombstone at the entrance of Guanling. On the high stone tablet, there are 24 majestic Chinese characters engraved with "Loyalty, SHEN WOO, Lingyou, Ren Yong, the tomb of former general Han Shou Hou Ting". Follow Shinto, pass the stone archway of "Han Zhongliang" and enter from Sanyuan Gate. The temple is tight and the cemetery is the last one. The ancient trees here are towering, and the tops of all the big trees are bare. It is said that even the plants and trees "take off their hats" for this mighty god. The two couplets at the head of Guanling Gate express people's nostalgia and mourning for this ancient hero: "The sunset is three points; There is a monument at the end of the ancient road. " "The beach cries at night, and the dragon swallows hate; The whistling sound of trees and grass in Akiyama killed the souls of two thieves. "