"Xianyang·Qianxian·Qianling" Introduction to Shaanxi's scenic spots
It is located on Liangshan Mountain, 6 kilometers north of Qianxian County. It is commonly known as Gupoling in the local area. It is more than 80 kilometers away from Xi'an City. This is the joint burial mausoleum of Tang Gaozong Li Zhi and Zetian Emperor Wu Zhao.
Qianling Mausoleum is located in Qian County, which is the ancient Qian Prefecture. Its geographical location is in the northwest of Chang'an (today's Xi'an). The northwest of Bagua is Qian, so the prefecture is named after Qian, and the mausoleum is in Xunzhou County, so it is called Qianling. After the mausoleum was built, the county was called Fengtian in honor of the mausoleum. Qianling Mausoleum is large in scale and majestic, with Cuiwei mountains and rocks. There is Leopard Valley in the east and Mo Valley in the west. Huangchao uprising soldiers once came here, so it is called Huangchao Valley. Three peaks stand tall, and the north peak is the tallest and towering, with an altitude of 1047.9 meters, which is the main body of Qianling Mausoleum. The two small peaks in the south face each other from east to west and become the natural gateway of Qianling Mausoleum. It is commonly known as Naitou Mountain in the local area. According to records in "State Chronicles", two peaks confront each other, with the peak in the direct north being the highest, and the peak in the east being steeper than Jiuwei (the name of the mountain, in Liquan County, where the Zhaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty is located). "Chang'an Picture Chronicles" records that there was originally an ancestral hall for meritorious officials next to Naitou Mountain, with portraits of 60 famous officials including Di Renjie painted inside.
The original ground-level buildings of Qianling Mausoleum imitate the pattern of Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty. It is surrounded by 80 miles and has two layers of city walls, namely the inner city and the outer city. There are four gates in the inner city, namely Zhuque Gate in the south, Xuanwu Gate (one is called Houzai Gate) in the north, Qinglong Gate in the east and Baihu Gate in the west. The four gates are each 2.7 meters wide. The inner city walls are equal in length from north to south and are 1,450 meters long each. The east city wall is 1,582 meters long, the west city wall is 1,438 meters long and the wall thickness is 2.4 meters. The total area of ??the inner city is 2.4 million square meters. The soil for the Qianling Mausoleum was taken from the Wugong Plain. One basket after another was carried manually to the mausoleum. It involved 50,000 civilians and took 33 years to build. The project was huge. There were two major reconstructions in the future. According to "Tang Huiyao", in the 14th year of the Yuan Dynasty (798) of Li Shizhen, Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, 378 houses were built in the Xian, Zhao, Qian, Ding and Tai Wulin Tombs. Regarding the reconstruction of the Jin Dynasty, according to "Jin Du Tong Jing Lue Lang Jun's Travel Notes": "When we arrived at the Qianling Mausoleum, the palace veranda was in ruins and nothing could be seen. I was ordered to have officials, doves and decorations, and cloisters everywhere. I was very happy." However, twice The construction has not caught up with the original scale.
Gaozong Li Zhi succeeded Tang Taizong Li Shimin to the throne. He reigned for 34 years (650-683). During his reign, there was the "Government of Yonghui". In March of the fifth year of Yonghui (654), the talented Wu family of Taizong was appointed as Zhaoyi, and in October of the next year she was established as queen. At first, he was considered a ruling king, but later he became the Wu family, and his political affairs gradually deteriorated. In addition to his belief in Buddhism, he even ignored the political affairs in the end and became a faint king. In December of the first year of Hongdao (683), Gaozong Li Zhi died in Zhenguan Hall in Luoyang. In August of the first year of civilization (684) of Li Dan, Ruizong of the Tang Dynasty, Gaozong was buried in Qianling. According to the "Book of Tang·The Biography of Empress Wu", in the first year of civilization, Gengyin buried the Emperor in Qianling. According to "Geographical Records", in Fengtian County (today's Qianxian County), in the first year of civilization, the Yongshou of Liquan, Shiping, Haoji, Wugong, and Pizhou were analyzed and placed in the Qianling Mausoleum.
In the winter of October of the fifth year of Emperor Yonghui's reign (654), the outer walls of Chang'an City were built. Xue Jingxuan, who joined the army in Yongzhou, came up to stop it. He said: Chang'an City was built during the reign of Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty, and he died soon after. Now if you build a city again, there will be great disaster. Yu Zhining and others reported that Jing Xuan was not going well and asked Gaozong to kill Jing Xuan. Emperor Gaozong Li Zhi said: "No, although Jingxuan's words are a bit arrogant, if he is blamed, he will be afraid that no one will dare to express his opinions anymore." He pardoned Xue Jingxuan and pardoned him. This was an example of Gaozong's wide-ranging speech in the early days of his reign.
Wu Zetian, named Zhao, was born in Wenshui, Bingzhou (now Wenshui, Shanxi). She was the daughter of the governor of Lizhou and the warrior Xun of Yingguogong. When she was 14 years old, she was selected into the palace by Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty. people. When Li Zhi was the prince, he served Taizong and was pleased to see the talented martial artist. After Taizong's death, Wu Cai and other concubines went to Ganye Temple to become nuns. On the anniversary of his death in the fifth year after Taizong's death, Gaozong went to the temple to offer incense and saw Wu Cai weeping for him. When the queen heard about it, she ordered Wu Zhao to grow up. Fauna harem. The Wu family was clever and powerful. When she first entered the palace, she condescended to serve as the queen. The queen praised her for her beauty, and she was very lucky soon. In the second year, she was appointed empress, participated in government affairs, and was known as the Queen of Heaven. Together with Gaozong, she was also called the Two Saints. In the first year of Hongdao, Zhongzong Li Xian ascended the throne. He was deposed as King of Luling by Empress Wu only for three months and moved to Fangzhou and Junzhou. Li Dan was established as Emperor Ruizong, and political affairs depended on Empress Wu. In March of the first year of Ruizong's civilization (684), he killed Prince Li Xian (Prince Zhang Huai, after Wu Zetian's death, Zhaoxue was rehabilitated and buried in the Qianling mausoleum). In September of this year, the civilization era was changed to the chronology of Empress Wu Guangzhai. Later, it was changed to the chronology of Chui Gong, Yongchang, Zaichu, and Tianshou. In September of the first year of Tianshu (690), the country's name was changed from Tang to Zhou, and the emperor's title was called Sheng. The Divine Emperor took Li Dan, King of Yu, as his heir, changed his surname to Wu, established the Wu family ancestral temple in Chang'an, the sacred capital, made Wu Chengsi the King of Wei, Wu Sansi the King of Liang, and the other 12 members of the Wu family were all county princes. He has been in power for 21 years. She created the palace examination system and personally examined the tributes. She appointed cruel officials and repeatedly set up large prisons. Many members of the clan and court officials were unjustly killed. Among the clan members were Li Xian (Prince Zhanghuai), Li Chongrun (Prince Yide), Li Xianhui (Princess Yongtai), and the princes Li Shangjin, Li Sujie, etc. In his later years, Wu Zhao became even more extravagant and tyrannical, and his bad governance became even more serious. In the first month of the first year of Shenlong (705), Wu Zhao was ill. Zuo, You Yulin General Yang Yuanyan, Zuo Weiwei General Xue Sixing and others launched a coup. Zhongzong Li Xian was restored to power, and Wu Zhao was respected as the Zetian Great Sage Emperor. He moved to Shangyang Palace and the restoration of the country was named Tang.
In November of this year, the Great Sage Emperor Wu Zhao died in Shangyang Palace at the age of 82. In May of the second year of Shenlong (706), he was buried in Qianling.
In addition to the main mausoleum, the Qianling Mausoleum also has 17 accompanying tombs, including two princes (Li Xian, the second son of Wu Zetian and Prince Zhanghuai, and Li Chongrun, the grandson of Wu Zetian and Prince Yide); the four princesses are Emperor Gaozong and Li Zhichang Princess Yiyang, Princess Yongtai, the granddaughter of Wu Zetian, Princess Xindu, the eldest daughter of Zhongzong Li Xian, and Princess Anxing, the third daughter of Ruizong Li Dan; the three kings were born to Emperor Zetian Li Shangjin, Emperor Gaozong and Concubine Xiao. Xu Wang Li Sujie and Wu Zetian's grandson Bin Wang Li Shouli; the eight courtiers are Shangshu Zuopushe Liu Rengui, school inspector Zuowei General Liu Shenli, Zhongshu Ling Xue Yuanchao, Longyou Dao Chijie Chief Supervisor Gao Kan, Shangshu Zuopshe Doulu Qinwang, Prime Minister Yang Zaisi, Zuo Wei General Li Jinxing, Zuo Xiang Wang Jishan. There are also two attached tombs, namely Liu Rui, the third son of Liu Rengui, and Liu Tingjing, the son of Liu Shenli. Most of the above 2 princes, 3 kings and 4 princesses were killed by Wu Zetian and were not allowed to be buried with Qianling at that time. After Wu Zetian's death, Zhaoxue was rehabilitated by Zhongzong Li Xian, Ruizong Li Dan and Xuanzong Li Longji. , before entering the burial area of ??Qianling Mausoleum. Li Jinxing was originally from a minority group. Because of his meritorious service in guarding the northeast and north, he was given the surname Li and the name Jinxing, and he entered the burial area.
No buildings and buildings on the ground of Qianling Mausoleum have been left. However, the stone carvings are very amazing, with lifelike shapes, vivid expressions, powerful and exquisite sword techniques. They are mainly distributed on both sides of the Imperial Road and the Zhuque Gate. In front, outside Xuanwu Gate. On both sides of the imperial road, starting from Nantuque Naitou Mountain and arranged in order to the north, there are a pair of octagonal prism-shaped Chinese watches, a pair of double-winged Pegasus with cirrus pattern, a pair of Suzaku (ostrich), and 5 horses with saddles and stirrups. Yes, there are 10 pairs of civil and military ministers, including generals and guards, wearing crowns, belts, and swords. Outside the Zhuque Gate, there are 61 stone statues of foreign envoys and minority leaders who attended the funeral of Li Zhi, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, each with their backs on their backs. Engraved with the name of the country, official position, name, etc., there are Sichaile, the king of Mujuhan; Jiedajian, the prince of Tochara; Belus, the king of Persia; Bai Suji, the king of Qiuci; Yuchizhu of Khotan, etc. In addition, there are 6 stone horses outside Xuanwu Gate, known as the Six Dragons. There is a pair of stone lions outside each of the four gates to guard the entrance. On the east and west sides of the Zhuque Gate, there are also the stele of Shusheng written by Wu Zetian herself and the famous stele without words.
The Shusheng stele is 6.3 meters high, with a top cover on the top and a base on the bottom. The five sections in the middle are the body of the stele, and the whole stele has 7 sections, so it is called the "seven-section stele". The inscription was written by Wu Zetian and written by Tang Zhongzong Li Xian. It contains more than 8,000 words and praises Tang Gaozong's martial arts and martial arts. The strokes are all filled with gold, and some of the characters are still in gold today. The monument was erected in August of the first year of Emperor Ruizong's reign in the Tang Dynasty.
The wordless stele is the same height as the Shusheng stele, 1.8 meters wide and 1.3 meters thick. The forehead of the stele is engraved with 8 intersecting chisels, and the stele is engraved with a cloud and dragon pattern. When the stele was first erected, no word was engraved. , known as the wordless stele in old times. According to "Ch'ang'an Chronicles", 80 miles from the Qianling Mausoleum, there is a monument without the word "The Kingdom of Khotan". There have always been different opinions and speculations about the reason why the above stele has no words. Some say that Wu Zetian's merits are so great that it is difficult to describe them in words. They also cited the words of Confucius in the Analects of Confucius and that the people are not able to get them; some say that Wu Zetian is famous. The Wu family usurped the Tang Dynasty, fearing that the world would eradicate the writing, so they simply did not engrave it, lest future generations would eradicate it again; some say that the Wu family did not talk about their merits and demerits, leaving it for future generations to comment; another theory is who established it and when it was established. Looking for the answer, the rational analysis of this statement is quite logical. The person who erected the wordless monument was Li Xian, Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty, in the second year of Shenlong (706). Shenlong was originally the reign name of Wu Zhao. In the first month of the first year of Shenlong, Wu Zhao fell ill. Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi and others launched a coup to force Wu Zhao, who was old and weak and still ill, to return to power. Under such circumstances, Zhongzong was restored to power. After reset, the dragon will still be used to mark the year. In November of the first year of Shenlong, Wu Zhao died. Zhongzong experienced two changes in seizing power and returning power. He encountered the two processes of Tang changing to Zhou and Zhou changing to Tang. He witnessed Wu's ruthless killing of the Li family, one after another. He knew very well that as a junior, it would be against his will to say she was good, and it would be contrary to human ethics to say she was bad, so he decided to erect a monument without words.
The Qianling Mausoleum is a typical mausoleum among the eighteen tombs of the Tang Dynasty in Guanzhong. The stone gate entrance of the tomb is located on the south slope of Liangshan Mountain. It is sloping and leads into the mountain. It is 63 meters long and 4 meters wide. It is 4000 meters long. It is built with multiple stone strips, divided into 30 layers. Iron rods are used to connect the top and bottom of each three layers. The stone strips are tied with iron bolts and plates, and the gaps are filled with iron juice to form a whole. This is consistent with what is recorded in "Tang Huiyao" "The gate of the Qianling Yuan Palace was closed with stones, and iron was cast into the gaps between the stones to solidify it" is completely consistent.
Before liberation, these monuments and cultural relics did not receive due protection. The buildings on the ground were long gone. Nine out of ten of the remaining stone carvings were destroyed or broken, and some were buried in the soil. , some stone heads were knocked off, and the damage to cultural relics was unbearable to see.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Qianling Cultural Relics Preservation Center was established. In 1975, the Qianling Mausoleum was renovated. The lying stone carvings were uprighted, the tilted ones were straightened, and the incomplete ones were completed. Chinese watches, stone horses, and stone lions were all restored. Return to original position. The Qianling Mausoleum was greened, so that the barren mountains and ridges of the past were covered with green. Some tombs with accompanying burials have newly built exhibition rooms, giving the old Qianling Mausoleum a new look.
Ming Dynasty Liu Bowen's "Qianling Poems" says: The source of the ancient poem "Qianling":
The kings of Bo are standing on every level, and the horses are lined up in a row. .
It’s a great sight when you climb up to Qishan Mountain and look at Zhaoling.
In 1960, Guo Moruo visited the Qianling Mausoleum and wrote a poem: "Qianling Mausoleum" The source of the ancient poem:
The stele is still there without writing, six Ten guests and kings stand in the open air.
Crown Li Tang's cultural relics are prosperous, weighing the empress's wisdom.
Huangchaogou is still alive in the mausoleum, and the record of his virtues will not be passed down for generations to come.
Wait until the day when You Palace is restarted, and we will look forward to reversing the case and continuing a new chapter.
Qianling Mausoleum is a national key cultural relic protection unit.
Qianling Mausoleum is a national 4A-level scenic spot.