Yongdian, also called "Yongshi", is a commonly used method of expression in poetry, music and poetry. Its main feature is to express certain wishes with the help of some historical figures, myths and legends, fables, etc. or emotion. Allusions, used appropriately, can achieve good rhetorical effects. It can appear elegant, interesting, and subtle, making the language more concise, concise, and concise.
Using allusions is a commonly used expression method in ancient poetry. For example, Xin Qiji successfully used five allusions in "Yongyu Le? Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Nostalgic for the Past": Sun Quan, Liu Yu, Liu Yilong, Foli and Lianpo. These allusions are all historical anecdotes of Jingkou. The poet used these historical facts to implicitly, naturally and fully express his thoughts and feelings.
There are two types of using allusions and quoting previous poems. Yongshi refers to the use of historical stories to express the author's thoughts and feelings, including the position and attitude towards certain issues in real life, personal thoughts and wishes, etc. It is a kind of expression of feelings through ancient times. Quoting or adapting previous poems and songs is also a kind of allusion. The purpose is to deepen the artistic conception in the poem and encourage people to associate and find the meaning behind the words. For example, Wang Bo used allusions in almost every sentence in "Preface to Tengwang Pavilion", which enhanced the cultural heritage of the article; Jiang Kui used allusions explicitly, covertly, or adapted Du Mu's poems in "Yangzhou Man", forming a contrast between virtual and actual, expressing Things have changed, people have changed, and the present is not as desolate as it used to be.
Used appropriately, allusions can achieve good artistic effects. The use of allusions in poetry can not only refine the language of the poem, but also increase the richness of the content, enhance the vividness and implicitness of expression, achieve the effect of being concise, meaningful and thought-provoking, and enhance the expressiveness and appeal of the work.
There are four types of ancient poetry dictionaries
1. Mingyong. Directly quoting the original allusion, the poet's feelings are consistent with the allusion used.
For example: Cao Cao's "Dan Ge Xing" ends with the sentence "The mountains never get too high, and the sea never gets too deep. The Duke of Zhou spits out food, and the world returns to its heart." "The Duke of Zhou spits out food, and the world returns to its heart." The original poem refers to Zhou Gong Ji Dan's assistance in becoming a king at a young age. It says that Duke Zhou "vomits food three times a meal, and he is afraid of losing the world's scholars." Cao Cao used this allusion to express the idea of ??recruiting talents and recruiting talents. Sincerity to treat talents all over the world.
2. Use secretly. Indirect quotation of allusions means melting allusions into poetry, which is implicit and meaningful, natural and pure, without any decoration. The writing is smooth and coherent, and the words are as if they were written by oneself. Even if one does not know the allusion, one can still understand the meaning of the poem; if one knows the allusion, the meaning will be even more profound. Therefore, secret use is also called transformed use.
For example: Lu Xun's famous line "With a cold eyebrow and a thousand fingers, he bows his head and is willing to be Ru Ziniu" contains the allusion of "Ru Ziniu". The word "Ru Ziniu" comes from "Zuo Zhuan". It is said that Duke Jinggong of Qi doted on his young son Tu in his later years, and Tu was also called Ruzi. The boy acted coquettishly and asked his father to pretend to be a cow and let him play with him. Jinggong agreed. He held the rope in his mouth, put his hands on the ground, and kept imitating the braying of a cow. Qi Jinggong was old. He accidentally fell to the ground and knocked out one of his front teeth. As a result, the story of "Ru Ziniu" became widely circulated.
3． Side use. It refers to taking the allusion from the side meaning of the allusion, that is, deliberately avoiding the positive and negative meanings of the allusion, and selecting a certain aspect of the allusion to make use of events, making insinuations, and showing the author's own intentions. It can be to the point, concise and concise.
For example: The poem "Tian Jia" written by Yaochen of the Song Dynasty goes like this: "When I try to sow beans in Nanshan, the pods are broken and fall into the wind and rain; I harvest a bunch of pods in vain, and there is nothing to fill the frying cauldron." The poem borrows from Cao Zhi's "Seven-Step Poetry" "Cooking beans burns the bean sprouts, and the beans weep in the cauldron. They are born from the same root, so there is no need to fry each other in a hurry." Cao Zhi wrote "Seven Steps Poem", which tells the story of brothers and sisters in the same room fighting each other, fighting each other, and frying each other in a hurry. sorrow. Mei Yaochen used this to describe the hardship of farmers' livelihood.
4. Reverse use. That is to say, the original allusion is used contrary to its meaning, that is, the meaning of the allusion is opposite or opposite to its own intention. Through hints, contrasts, foils and other techniques, the meaning of the allusions is extended, saying one thing and implying the other.
For example: Du Mu's "Climbing the Mountain in Nine Days" contains the line "This has always been the case, why should I be alone in Niushan Mountain?" The poem is superficially about crying, but it is actually an allusion. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Jinggong of Qi climbed Niushan Mountain, looked north at Linzi, the capital of the country, and shed tears, sighing: "How could I go here and die!" Du Mu was rarely happy, so he climbed the mountain with his friends to express his emotion, thinking that there was no need to cry alone like Duke Jinggong of Qi, and sighed. Life is impermanent, it has been like this throughout the ages, who can be spared! Writing this way is completely different from the emotion of Qi Jinggong who cried when he climbed Niu Mountain.
Using allusions has the following functions:
1. Evaluate history and use the past to discuss the present
1. Ancient poets in some poems with the theme of lamenting history. They often express their unique opinions by citing allusions to historical figures or historical stories.
2. In response to some shortcomings in society, when ancient poets were restricted by the surrounding environment and were unable to speak freely, they often cited allusions to allude to current events. To achieve the expression effect of borrowing the past to satirize the present.
2. Lyrical expression of aspirations and feelings
The essential feature of poetry is lyricism, but sometimes the poet's emotions are not directly revealed, but are expressed euphemistically and implicitly with the help of allusions. . From the perspective of the type of emotional expression, we can usually divide it into the following situations:
1. Express praise and praise for beautiful things.
2. Express the enterprising and pursuit of a positive and optimistic attitude towards life.
3． Expressing sadness, indignation and lamentation about the unfulfilled ambition.
3. Trigger associations.
Innovative artistic conception
In poetry, allusions are cited when describing real scenes. You can connect this scene at this time with that scene at that time to create new pictures, deepen the artistic conception of the poem, and prompt people to make associations, thereby enhancing the expressiveness and appeal of the work.
4. Concise, concise and rich in connotation.
Ancient poetry is often limited by the number of words and sentences. How to express rich connotations within a limited space, using allusions is a good means. Because the allusion is a high-level summary of historical stories, etc., it increases the capacity of poetry. You can also receive artistic effects that are simple yet meaningful.