Tao Yuanming's main works: "Mingzi No. 3", "Giving Sheep a Long History", "Standing the Clouds No. 1", "Begging", "Miscellaneous Poems No. 3", etc. Font size: "Mr. Wu Liu" with bright characters. Era: Wei and Jin Dynasties. Ethnic group: Han. Birthplace: Chaisang, Xunyang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province). Time of birth: AD 352 (Year of Renzi) or 365 (Year of Yichou). Time of death: AD 427 (Dingmao year). Nickname: Tao Qian. Main achievements: founder of the Pastoral Poetry School and the first poet in the history of literature to write a large number of drinking poems.
We will introduce you to the details of Tao Yuanming from the following aspects:
1. Tao Yuanming’s poems
"The Story of Peach Blossom Spring", "Drinking Drinking" Part Five", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields Part One", "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", "Drinking Part One", "Repaying Liu Chaisang", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields Part Four", "Miscellaneous Poems Part One", "Going Back" "Lai Xi Ci·Bing Preface", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields·Part 3", "Moving to the Garden Part 1", "Miscellaneous Poems Part 3", "He Guo Master Book Part 1", "Ode to Jing Ke", "Drinking in the Fields Part 1", "In the middle of the fifth month of the Gengzi year, I left the capital and still blocked the wind in the forest. Part 2", "Drinking Part 7", "Stop the Clouds Part 1", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields Part 5", "Begin to Compose the Sutra of Suppressing the Army and Joining the Army" Azuo 》.
2. Introduction
Tao Yuanming changed his name to Qian in his later years, with the courtesy name Yuanliang, his nickname "Mr. Wuliu", and his posthumous title "Mr. Jingjie" (named after his death by his friend Liu Song, a famous poet) Yan Yanzhi, posthumous name), was born into a declining official family and was my country's first outstanding landscape and pastoral poet. His name was Yuanming during the Jin Dynasty, but he changed his name to Qian after entering the Liu Song Dynasty. People in the Tang Dynasty avoided the taboo of Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty and called him Tao Shenming or Tao Quanming. Born around 365. He once served as Jiangzhou Jijiu, Jianwei joined the army, Zhenjun joined the army, and was the magistrate of Pengze County. He abandoned his post after more than eighty days as the magistrate of Pengze County and retired to the countryside. He is China's first pastoral poet. There is "Tao Yuanming Collection". It is known as "the hermit sect through the ages". Great-grandfather Tao Kan was the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He had outstanding military exploits and held the rank of Grand Sima, military commander of eight states, governor of Jingzhou and Jiangzhou, and was granted the title of Duke of Changsha. Both his grandfather Tao Mao and his father Tao Yi served as prefects. (The father's name is not recorded in history and is doubtful.)
When he was young, his family declined. He lost his father at the age of nine and lived with his mother and sister. Orphans and widows. His mother is the daughter of Meng Jia, and Meng Jia is Tao Kan's son-in-law. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "He is not a stoic in his behavior, he is not boastful in his years, and he never looks unhappy. He likes to drink heavily, and does not mess up after too much. As for forgetting his pride, he acts as if there is no one else." ("The General of the Former Jin Dynasty in the West") "Shi Mengfu Jun Biography") Yuanming "managed to live in the world with great intentions, and many of them imitated his grandfather." (Lu Qinli said) In the future, his personality and cultivation will all have the legacy of his grandfather. His grandfather had a large collection of books at home, which provided him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty when scholars regarded "Zhuang" and "Lao" as their ancestors and deposed the "Six Classics", he not only studied "Laozi" like ordinary scholar-bureaucrats, ", "Zhuangzi", and also studied the Confucian "Six Classics" and "exotic books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trends of the times and his family environment, he accepted two different ideas, Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different aspirations and interests: "aspirational and far-reaching" and "a natural love for mountains and hills". When Tao Yuanming was a boy, he had the ambition of "flying across the world with strong ambitions, and thinking about far away places" ("Miscellaneous Poems"). In the 18th year of Taiyuan (393 years) of Emperor Xiaowu, with the desire of "greatly benefiting the people", he served as Jiangzhou governor. The governor Wang Ningzhi’s wine offering. At that time, the clan system was very strict. He was born in a common people and was looked down upon by others. He felt that he was "unworthy of his official duties and had to relieve himself after a few days" ("Book of Jin·Biography of Tao Qian"). After he resigned and returned home, the state called him again to be the chief clerk, but he also declined. In the fourth year of Emperor Long'an's reign (400), he went to Jingzhou and worked as a subordinate under Huanxuanmen. At this time, Huanxuan was controlling the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, waiting for the opportunity to usurp the power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Of course, he was unwilling to join the ranks of Huanxuan and become the confidant of this ambitious man. He wrote in his poem: "How can I leave here and go as far away as West Jing." ("Xin Chou went on leave in the seventh month of the year of Xin Chou and returned to Jiangling for a night trip to Tukou"), which showed regret for the official Huanxuan. "Born of long-term travel and love, how can I be drowned in nourishment?" ("Two poems from "The capital is still blocking the wind in Guilin in the fifth month of the Gengzi year") expresses a deep sigh for the official life that depends on people.
Main works In the winter of the fifth year of Long'an, he resigned and returned home because of the death of his mother. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huanxuan raised his troops to confront the imperial court, invaded Jiankang, and seized the military and political power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan publicly usurped the emperor's position in Jiankang, changed the country to Chu, and imprisoned Emperor An in Xunyang. He farmed in his hometown and financed his own business. He closed his door and sang loudly: "I sleep under the Hengmen, and I am isolated from the world. No one knows that the Jing Fei is always closed during the day." He expressed his disdain for Huan Xuan's proclaimed emperor. In the third year of Yuanxing, Liu Yu, General Wu of the Jianjun Army and Governor of Xiapi, joined forces with Liu Yi, He Wuji and other officials to raise troops from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) to attack Huan and ping the rebellion. Huanxuan was defeated and went west, taking Emperor An, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home and joined the army under Liu Yu's curtain (it is said that Tao Yuanming joined Liu Yu's army after he captured Jiankang). When Liu Yu led his troops to attack Huan Xuan, he imitated the story of Tian Chou who was loyal to the Eastern Han Dynasty and traveled in disguise. He disguised himself and traveled privately. He ventured to Jiankang and told the whole story of Huan Xuan's kidnapping of Emperor An to Jiangling. He reported to Liu Yu and completed his mission. Willingness to fight against usurpers. He was so happy that he wrote a poem to express his ambition: "I am unknown at forty, so I am not afraid of you. I have a famous car and a famous horse."
Although it is thousands of miles away, who dare not reach it! "("Ting Yun Part 4") After Liu Yu entered Jiankang, his style of work was also quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty had long been suffering from the long-standing corruption phenomenon of "hundreds of departments wasted and slackened". After Liu Yu's " "Setting an example for others" (leading by one's own example), first using the rectification of Weiban (imposing a majestic prohibition in advance), "all officials inside and outside were solemnly dedicated to their duties, and customs were changed." His character, talents, and achievements are quite similar to Tao Kan's However, not long after he entered the scene, he saw that Liu Yu killed the whole family of Diao Kui who had contributed to the crusade against Huan Xuan and the innocent Wang Yu and his son, and based on his personal feelings, everyone thought he should be killed. Huanxuan's confidant Wang Shi was appointed to the important official position of Yangzhou Governor. These dark phenomena made him feel disappointed. In the poem "A Zuo of the Beginning of the Zhenjun Joining the Army", he wrote: "Mom. Tired of the different mountains and rivers, I yearn for living in mountains and rivers. "We chatted and changed, and finally returned to Banshenglu." Then he resigned and lived in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he transferred to the Ministry of General Jianwei and Jiangzhou Governor Liu Jingxuan. Ren Jianwei joined the army. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign in place of Liu Jingxuan. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him to the post of Pengze County Magistrate. He took office eighty-one days ago. When he arrived at Xunyang County to supervise the postal service, his subordinates said: "We should tie up our belts to welcome him. He sighed: "How can I bow down to a village boy for five buckets of rice?" "So he was awarded the seal and resigned. Tao Yuanming's thirteen years of official life ended with his resignation as magistrate of Pengze County. These thirteen years were his constant attempts, constant disappointments, and final despair in order to realize his ideal ambition of "helping the common people". Thirteen years later, he wrote the poem "Come Back and Come Back", expressing his determination to break with the upper ruling class and not join the world.
Tao Yuanming resigned from office and returned home to live a life of "self-financing." "The life of Mr. Wu. Because there are five willow trees planted in front of his residence, he is known as Mr. Wuliu. His wife, Zhai, has the same aspirations as him. She lives in poverty and happiness. "The husband plows in front, and the wife hoe in the back."* ** is closely related to labor and living, and is closely related to the working people. When I first returned to the fields, my life was pretty good. "Yuanming loved chrysanthemums and planted chrysanthemums all around his house. "Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing the Nanshan Mountain[1]" ("Drinking") is still popular today. He was addicted to alcohol and would get drunk after drinking. When friends come to visit, no matter how high or low they are, as long as they If there is wine at home, I will drink it with him. He gets drunk first, and then says to the guest: "I'm drunk and want to sleep, please go." "In his "Biography of Mr. Wu Liu", he also wrote: "If you drink all the time, you will get drunk when you expect it; when you are drunk, you will retreat, and you will leave and stay without mercy. ". In the fourth year of Yixi, there was a fire in Shangjing (the foothills of Yujin Mountain in the west of today's Xingzi County) where I lived. I moved to Lili, where life was more difficult. If there is a good harvest, you can also "have a party, drink spring wine, and pick vegetables from my garden." If so, During the disaster years, "you will be hungry in the summer, and you will be sleeping in the cold night." In the last years of Yixi, an old farmer knocked on the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and persuaded him to become an official: "Under the ragged eaves, there is not enough room for a good place." . In this life, everyone is still the same (no distinction between right and wrong), I hope you will gurgling the mud (referring to the same flow). He replied: "I deeply feel what my father said, and my temperament is not harmonious." Slim bridle can be learned, but it is not a mystery? And if you enjoy this drink, I will not be able to return. "("Drinking (Part 5)" has been selected as one of the 30 "Five Poems" in the 8th grade Chinese textbook of the People's Education Press). With a tone of "harmonious but different", he declined the old farmer's advice. In his later years, life He became increasingly poor. Some friends took the initiative to send money to him, and sometimes he would come to ask for a loan. His old friend Yan Yanzhi was appointed as the prefect of Shi'an County in the first year of Jingping, the youngest emperor of Liu Song Dynasty, and passed through Xunyang. , went to his house to drink every day. When he left, he left 20,000 yuan and sent it to the restaurant to drink. However, he was principled in asking for loans or accepting donations. ), Jiangzhou Governor Tan Daoji personally visited his home. At this time, he had been sick and hungry for several days and could not get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "When a sage is alive, if there is no way in the world, he will live in hiding. If there is a way, he will come." In this civilized world, why should we suffer like this? He said: "How can I dare to look for talents? I can't live up to my ambition." " Tan Daoji offered beam meat, but he waved it away. He resigned and returned to his hometown for twenty-two years and lived a poor pastoral life. However, his ambition to be poor and to be honest became stronger with age. In the fourth year of Yuanjia (427) ) In mid-September, when he was still conscious, he wrote three "Elegies" to himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said: "What is the way to die? The body is supported by the same mountain." This shows his understanding of death. It looked so plain and natural. In 427 AD, Tao Yuanming completed his sixty-three-year life course (the date of Tao Yuanming's birth still needs to be verified, so the theory of sixty-three years here also needs to be verified) and he was buried. In the Tao family cemetery at the foot of Nanshan, at the foot of Mianyang Mountain at the junction of Jiujiang County and Xingzi County in Jiangxi Province today, Tao Yuanming's tomb is well preserved. The tombstone consists of three stones, one large, two small and one small, with regular script in the middle. "The tomb of Mr. Tao Gong Jingjie, a soldier of the Jin Dynasty", with an epitaph on the left and a "Come back and a message" on the right, was erected by the descendants of Tao in the first year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty.
3. Main achievements
Pastoral poetry was popular in metaphysical poetry during the Jin Dynasty, and its ideological content was empty, narrow, superficial and boring. However, Tao's poetry suddenly emerged, plain and natural, and brought a refreshing spring breeze to the dull literary world at that time. His poems expressed the simple countryside. The interest in life describes the quiet and beautiful rural scenery, which not only shows the poet's love for pastoral life, but also expresses his determination to break with dirty politics.
His poems describe rural life, eulogize labor and self-sufficiency in farming, which are not found in previous feudal literature, such as "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields", "Harvesting Early Rice in the West Field in the Mid-September of the Gengxu Year" and so on.
Poems about nostalgia and poems describing current events, such as "Drinking", "Miscellaneous Poems", "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas", "Ode to Jing Ke", etc., show Tao Yuanming's concern for politics after he retired to seclusion. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "In poetry, in addition to "Seeing Nanshan leisurely" that the commentator admired, there is also "Jingwei holding a small tree will fill the sea. Xingtian dances with Qi, and the strong will is always there" The kind of vajra glare proves that he is not in a state of wandering all day and night. This person is a person with a strong will and a leisurely mind. Far from reality." ("Qie Jie Ting's Essays, Volume 2, Title Undecided")
Some other poems include the negative thoughts of "happy to fate", "entrusting nature", and passively avoiding the world.
4. Historical evaluation
After the death of Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, his close friend Yan Yanzhi wrote "Tao Zhengshi's Edict" for him and gave him the posthumous title of "Jingjie" . Yan Yanzhi praised Tao Yuanming's character and integrity throughout his life in his memorial essay, but did not fully affirm his literary achievements. Tao Yuanming's status in the history of Chinese literature has not been fully affirmed and recognized in the decades after his death. Xiao Tong, Prince Zhaoming of the Liang Dynasty, attached great importance to Tao Yuanming's poems and couldn't put them down. Xiao Tong personally edited, wrote the preface, and wrote the biography for Tao Yuanming. "The Collection of Tao Yuanming" is the first collection of literati in the history of Chinese literature, which is of great significance. In the preface to "Collected Works of Tao Yuanming", Xiao Tong praised "his articles are unique, brilliant in diction, and full of ups and downs. He is unique and superior to others. He is restrained and hearty, and there is nothing like it in Beijing."
Although Tao Yuanming's literary status in the Southern Dynasties has not received due recognition, his poetry and prose works have become more and more widely circulated and have an increasing influence.
In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, more and more poets liked Tao Yuanming's poems, and their evaluation of Tao Yuanming became higher and higher. Wang Ji in the early Tang Dynasty was a pastoral poet. Like Tao Yuanming, he retired to the countryside many times and entertained himself with gin and wine.
Meng Haoran, a landscape and pastoral poet of the Tang Dynasty, admired Tao Yuanming very much. He wrote in "Returning to the South of Han Dynasty in Midsummer to Send an Old Tour to the Capital City": When reading "The Biography of Gao Shi", Tao Zhengjun is the best, looking at the countryside. Interesting, he calls himself a native of Xihuang.
Li Bai even admired Tao Yuanming's character and poetry. In "A Play Presented to Zheng Liyang", he wrote: Tao Ling is drunk every day and does not know the five willow springs. The plain qin has no strings, and a Ge towel is used to filter the wine. Under the cool breeze of the north window, he calls himself a Xihuang person. When I arrived in Lili, I met my dearest friend. Li Bai's idea of ??"being able to bend one's waist to serve the powerful" and Tao Yuanming's spirit of "not bending one's waist for five buckets of rice" are of the same origin.
After the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu lived a wandering life and regarded Tao Yuanming as a confidant. He wrote in "A Letter to the Father-in-law of Wei Yin in Henan Province": A guest visited He Yin, and when he met someone, he asked Kong Rong: . The green bag is still reclusive, and Zhang Fu is still in the west and east. The key stone is divided into sects, and the Ci field inherits the national style. With honor, I look at the end of the world, and I recall the endless journey. The turbid wine looks for Tao Ling, and the red sand visits Ge Hong. The rivers and lakes are short and brown, covered with frost and snow. The universe is huge, and the Taoism of the Zhou Dynasty is empty. It's ridiculous to know thistle, but it's really timid to laugh at the hero. The gods are afraid of Pan Cuo, and sing the songs of virtue and prosperity. In the remaining earthen houses in Corpse Village, who would say a blessing to the rooster?
Bai Juyi, a poet of the Mid-Tang Dynasty, admired Tao Yuanming very much. In the tenth year of Tang Yuanhe (815), Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima, which was very close to Tao Yuanming's hometown of Xunyang. I once visited Tao Yuanming's former residence and wrote the poem "Visiting Tao Gong's Old Residence". The poem first uses "dust will not stain the jade, and the spiritual phoenix will not peck the mutton" to praise Tao Yuanming's noble personality: dirt will not stain the jade, and the spiritual phoenix will not peck the mutton. Wuhu Tao Jingjie was born during the Jin and Song Dynasties. The heart is really guarded, but the mouth cannot speak. Forever, there will only be a solitary bamboo, brushing against the Yangshan Mountain. The barbarians and the Qi are all in one body, and they are not in trouble if they are poor or hungry. My husband has five sons who are hungry and cold. There is not enough food in the intestines, and there is not enough clothes on the body. He can't afford to fight continuously. He can be called a true virtuous man. After I gave birth to you, we were separated for five hundred years. Every time I read Wu Liu Zhuan, I think about boxing in my mind and boxing in my heart. In the past, I often chanted the legacy and wrote sixteen chapters. Today I am visiting my former residence, Sen Ruojun is in front of me. Don’t admire the wine in the bottle, don’t admire the harp without strings. I admire you for your beauty and appearance, and will die of old age in this hilly garden. The ancient village of Chaisang and the old mountains and rivers of Lili. There are no chrysanthemums under the fence, but there is smoke in the ruins. Although the descendants are unknown, the family clan has not yet moved. Every time I meet someone with the surname Tao, my heart still remains. Bai Juyi wrote in "Sixteen Poems on the Imitation of Tao Qianti": My husband has been away from me for a long time, and there is a legacy written on paper and ink. Every article persuaded me to drink, but there was nothing else to say. I come from the eldest brother and I admire him as a person. Others cannot reach it, and the effect will be drunk and faint. Ancient Chinese literati were addicted to alcohol, which is inseparable from the influence of Tao Yuanming. This poem by Bai Juyi makes it very clear: "Others cannot reach it, and the effect is drunk."
Tao Yuanming's status in the history of Chinese literature during the Song Dynasty was further consolidated and confirmed. Ouyang Xiu praised "Return and Come Back" and said: "There are no articles in Jin Dynasty, only Tao Yuanming's "Return and Come Back"." Ouyang Xiu also said: "I love Tao Yuanming, I love wine and I love leisure." Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty once said that Tao Yuanming's poem "The house is built in a human environment, without the noise of carriages and horses. When I ask you how you can do it, your heart is far away and you are biased." "There has never been a poet who has said this. However, Yuanming tends to be different from others. , the lyrics are brilliant, and there is only one between the Jin and Song dynasties.” Su Shi said in "Books with Su Che": "I don't have any good friends with poets, but I only like Yuanming's poems. Yuanming didn't write many poems, but his poems are rich in quality, plump in fat, and they are famous since Cao, Liu, and Bao." , Xie, Li, and Du all can't be surpassed." It is unfair for Su Dongpo to place Tao's poems above Li Bai and Du Fu, but he used the eight words "quality but solid and beautiful, fat and solid" to summarize the artistic style of Tao's poems, which is still very accurate.
Su Dongpo regarded Tao Yuanming as a good teacher and friend throughout his life. He not only loved his poems, but also admired his personality. He once commented on Tao Yuanming: "If you want to be an official, be an official, and don't think it's a shame to ask for it; if you want to be hidden, be hidden, and don't think it's high to leave. If you're hungry, knock on the door and beg for food; if you're full, beg for food. The wise people of ancient and modern times, People value authenticity, and poetry also values ??authenticity. The authenticity of poetry comes from people’s authenticity. This is the main reason why Tao’s poems have enduring charm. In his later years, Su Shi said in "Books with Su Zhe": "I am deeply ashamed of Yuan Ming, and I want to use Wanjie as a teacher to set an example for him." "To speak louder and to be far away", due to Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi and Su Shi's supreme status in the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty, they strongly praised Tao Yuanming, which undoubtedly played a vital role in further determining Tao Yuanming's position in the history of Chinese literature. Xin Qiji, a patriotic poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, took Tao Yuanming as his confidant when he was frustrated with no way to serve his country and unfulfilled ambition. In the poem "Shui Long Yin", it is said: "It must be believed that this old man is not dead, and he is still alive and awe-inspiring today." Xin Qiji left 626 poems, of which 60 poems chanted, mentioned, explicitly cited, or implicitly quoted Tao poetry and prose. Almost every 10 poems have one related to Tao Yuanming. Xin Qiji said in "Niannujiao": "You must be faithful to pick chrysanthemums on the east fence, and you will be sentimental for thousands of years, only Tao Pengze." He gave Tao Yuanming the highest praise throughout the ages.
The Yuan Dynasty has followed the lofty evaluation of Tao Yuanming from the two Song Dynasties. Mr. Lu Xun once said, "Tao Qian is great precisely because he is not full of 'quietness'." Liang Qichao once said of Tao Yuanming, "Nature is his loving partner and often smiles at him." True to his words, Tao opened a channel between nature and philosophy, and achieved a kind of reconciliation between the hardships of life and the purpose of nature. Even the most ordinary scenes of rural life show an infinite and meaningful beauty in his writing. Tao Yuanming's immortal poems and Tao Yuanming's great character have influenced the thoughts and creations of several generations of literati such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Su Dongpo, and Xin Qiji. He has made immeasurable contributions to the development and prosperity of Chinese literature. Tao Yuanming's poetry focuses on lyricism and expressing aspirations. His language seems simple, but is actually wonderful. The plain and mellow poems contain fiery emotions and rich flavor of life. Tao Yuanming's five poems "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" are the finest or best pastoral poems. Among them, "Shao Wu Sui vulgar rhyme" is compiled in the Chinese textbook for middle school students. The lyrical expression of the poem is refreshing; the description of the scenery is eye-catching. After reading it, you will never forget it. Whenever you read it, it is a beautiful enjoyment. As a hermit in the troubled times of the late Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming often interacted with Taoists in Lushan Mountain in his later years. This is conceivable, but they may not have the same ideas. Anyone who has carefully studied Tao's poems and understood the poet's life knows that Tao Yuanming was an atheist who was calm and quiet on the outside but passionate in his heart. When he was young, he had great ambitions, accepted Confucianism, and hoped to make achievements. However, after serving as an official for a period of time, he was disappointed by the reality. He did not want to join the ranks of those in power, so he chose a path of retirement and return to farming. At this time, he was influenced by the philosophy of Lao and Zhuang. Because he had a pastoral life that many literati had never had before, and he personally participated in labor and had contact with the working people, he inevitably got some new feelings and inspiration in his thoughts. , can create a new form of pastoral poetry with a unique style, and has made a great contribution to the history of the development of Chinese poetry. From his "fierce ambition to travel all over the world" when he was young to his "fierce ambition to always be there" in his old age, he has never forgotten the world. His famous work "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring" is exactly his vision of a "happy and contented" society like the primitive times, in which people are self-reliant, live in harmony, and free from all the turmoil and poverty in reality. Even his seclusion and drinking, when analyzed in the context of the times, also contain a certain degree of dissatisfaction and resistance to the dark rule at that time. Of course, Tao Yuanming was, after all, a scholar-bureaucrat who lived in a feudal society more than a thousand years ago. It is impossible that there would not be many things in his thoughts and poems that contained elements of contentment with poverty, happiness in time, and escapism and negativity. However, literary critics and writers of later generations, out of their own class preference, mostly appreciated and praised his characteristics in this aspect, believing that this is the essence of Tao Yuanming's poetry.