1. The importance of learning classical Chinese
The most direct importance is: you have to take the exam. If you don’t study and fail the exam, you will be unlucky. (This is a joke)
Classical Chinese is the carrier of China’s thousands of years of cultural accumulation. By studying classical Chinese, you can broaden your horizons and cultivate your own cultural heritage. Chinese civilization has continuity, and Chinese culture is integrated. Much of the knowledge we need now can be found in ancient classics. If you don't know anything about classical Chinese, you won't be able to study it in depth. Moreover, classical Chinese is not something that only those who study liberal arts need to learn. For example, if you want to be a physicist, there is a lot of physics knowledge in ancient documents, which are recorded in the form of essays or notebook novels. You need to refer to these documents, but no one will help you translate them into modern Chinese. You can only hold ancient books and read ancient texts by yourself. For another example, if you want to be an entrepreneur, there are many management philosophies in ancient times that you can learn from, and you need to learn from ancient books. Isn’t it miserable if you can’t understand classical Chinese?
In terms of personal cultivation, by studying classical Chinese, you can improve your own literacy and deepen your own thoughts, which has an impact on your personal temperament and life attitude.
So, if you are interested, study hard. If you are not interested, at least lay a foundation. It will come in handy one day. 2. The importance of modern classical Chinese
First of all, our standard for measuring a subject or a certain kind of knowledge should not be as simple as usefulness and uselessness. Usefulness and uselessness are only relative and cannot be judged based on our It is not currently needed, disliked, and said to be useless.
Secondly, our current vernacular has evolved from classical Chinese, and its history is only a hundred years old. How can we forget our roots? Third, although we don’t use classical Chinese, many words commonly used in today’s life retain classical Chinese, which is difficult to understand without learning.
For example, how many people know the meaning of “forgiveness”? Seeing means me, the recipient. That means forgive me, that is, forgive me.
Thirdly, it is not difficult for us to find that many ancient poems can still infect us. For example, Encouragement to Learn, Theory of the Six Kingdoms, Preface to the Lanting Collection, and the list goes on and on.
Finally, classical Chinese also plays an important role in cultivating sentiment. At the same time, there are still many people who like classical Chinese.
I hope you can also read more ancient poetry. After all, China is known to be broad and profound. But the current situation is sad.
The foundation of Chinese culture cannot be lost. 3. What is the most important thing to learn ancient Chinese well
How to learn classical Chinese. In the two sets of high school Chinese textbooks recommended by the Ministry of Education’s Basic Education Department, the teaching of classical Chinese accounts for 40% of the entire teaching content, and is relatively Concentrated in the first grade of high school.
Among them, the high school "Chinese Experimental Textbook" for the first grade has 6 units in each of the two semesters, and classical Chinese accounts for 3 units each; the "High School Chinese Experimental Textbook" for the first grade focuses on classical Chinese teaching throughout the year. , the upper and lower volumes each contain 4 units. As the total amount of classical Chinese teaching expands and the requirements increase, this article would like to share some ideas on how to learn classical Chinese well based on the specific requirements of the syllabus.
The newly revised "Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Full-time Ordinary Senior High Schools" puts forward the following requirements for classical Chinese teaching: recite classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and sentences and the ideological content of the works, and recite certain Quantity of famous articles. Focus on mastering the usage of 150 common classical Chinese content words, 18 classical Chinese function words and important classical Chinese sentence patterns in the text.
The requirements of the teaching syllabus have two basic meanings: one is the requirements and methods for reading classical Chinese, and the other is the accumulation and mastery of basic knowledge of classical Chinese. The following examples are explained separately.
First of all, the requirements and methods for reading classical Chinese are, in a nutshell, reading, understanding, and reciting. Reading, understanding, and reciting are the core, the key, and the foothold of classical Chinese learning.
The so-called recitation, Mr. Zhu Ziqing once said: "Recitation is a teaching process, the purpose is to cultivate students' understanding and writing ability. When teaching, the teacher first reads, then the students follow, and then the students read. Students practice reading and sometimes have to recite. In addition to reciting, they can look at the book. It can be seen from this that in recitation teaching, apart from the teacher's model reading, all the students have to do is "read along" and "read along." "Practice reading", "recite" and "look at the book (read)". In other words, recitation is an active inquiry learning process in which students actively participate under the guidance of teachers.
Among them, reading is the key. To read, you must first listen to the teacher's reading.
What should you learn from the teacher's model reading? Please read Mr. Liang Shiqiu's recollection of his teacher Mr. Xu Jincheng's lecture: After Mr. Xu introduced the author, he recited the full text. This recitation was very interesting. ...Whether it is ancient Chinese or vernacular, he recited it word for word, as if an actor was reciting his lines, and he seemed to express all the meaning contained in the words.
He read it with a tone, a clear sense, emotion, momentum, and cadence. After listening to it, we seemed to have understood half of the meaning of the original text. A good article may be too exaggerated to make a sound like a stone, but it must be catchy, which is true.
It can be seen from here that the tone, flatness, emotion, momentum, cadence and hidden meaning of the article must be expressed through recitation. When students listen to the teacher's model reading, they are also about to obtain the first and most intuitive impression and understanding of this aspect of the article, thereby stimulating their own desire to read in order to further "understand the meaning of the words and sentences and the ideological content of the work." purpose.
The tone, flatness, emotion, momentum, cadence and the meaning contained in the words, etc., cannot be read at once. They are students who constantly listen to the model reading, follow the reading, and practice It is gradually realized, comprehended and perceived in the process of reading and reciting. Pay special attention to the following points: First, the pronunciation must be correct.
This is due to the fact that there are many rare characters in classical Chinese, as well as some common characters, polyphonic characters and broken pronunciations. Generally speaking, the pronunciation of these words is indicated in the text annotations, so you must read them carefully according to the phonetic notation.
Here I want to focus on the issue of "broken reading". The so-called "broken reading" is a method of changing the pronunciation of characters (words) to distinguish different meanings or parts of speech.
For example, when "clothing" is used as a noun, it is pronounced yī, and when used as a verb (to dress), it is pronounced yì; when "food" means eating, it is pronounced shí, and when it means giving someone to eat, it is pronounced sì. However, some broken pronunciations have now entered modern Chinese and have been noted in dictionaries. For example, the word "good" (adjective) for beautiful is pronounced hǎo, the word "good" (verb) for hobby is pronounced hào, and the word "good" (verb) for hobby is pronounced hào, and the word "difficult" (difficult) is pronounced in dictionaries. The adjective) is pronounced nán, the "difficulty" of disaster is pronounced nàn, etc.
Some broken pronunciations are no longer distinguished. For example, "Ye" in "Ye Gong Hao Long", which used to be pronounced as "shè", can now be read as "yè". Mastering breaking reading is very necessary to analyze the parts and meanings of words and deepen the understanding of classical Chinese.
Second, pay attention to the pause. Includes mid-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses.
Being able to correctly distinguish mid-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses shows a correct understanding of the sentence level and main idea, which must be achieved through recitation during the training of understanding the meaning of words and sentences. In addition, pay attention to reading the tone, reading the gesture, etc.
In fact, recitation is a learning process in which, on the basis of preliminary understanding, the text is read over and over again, gradually deepening the understanding, until it can be recited. We do not agree with tedious grammatical analysis and mechanical memorization of nouns and terms in the study of classical Chinese, nor do we advocate rigid implementation of the so-called words and sentences.
We advocate that when learning classical Chinese, one should perceive it during recitation, comprehend it during recitation, accumulate language materials during recitation, and finally make classical Chinese a part of one's own language habits. In such a learning process, reading, memorizing, and understanding proceed simultaneously.
What we mean by understanding classical Chinese mainly refers to the overall understanding and grasp of the content of the article. This kind of understanding and grasp should: ① focus on the content of the entire article; ② focus on the communication of textual meaning; ③ focus on the chapters of the article.
As for recitation, this is also determined by the particularity of classical Chinese learning. Memorizing words, understanding the meaning of words and sentences, and grasping the ideological content of works can all be achieved by reciting them thoroughly.
Moreover, concepts and rules are not the most important in language learning. Memorizing the rules does not mean that you can speak, write, and read; language learning is about practicing, applying, and then understanding. Therefore, Chinese language learning requires recitation, while classical Chinese learning emphasizes recitation.
Being able to "read classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, and understand the meaning of words and sentences and the ideological content of works" mainly relies on the continuous accumulation of recitation. Therefore, the newly revised Chinese teaching syllabus for primary schools, junior high schools, and high schools all have quantitative provisions on recitation.
Among them, primary school recited 80 ancient poems, junior high school recited 20 classical Chinese poems and 50 ancient poems, and high school recited 20 ancient poems and 50 poems. All these passages must be recited until they are memorized, and they must be thoroughly understood by heart to achieve the above-mentioned reading of classical Chinese. 4. The classical Chinese passage about communicating with rich people, leaders, friends, and smart people in urgent need
"Guiguzi" Zhuanwan ① Thirteenth
Original text:
The one who speaks ② is the one who speaks; the one who speaks is the one who qualifies for ③. Those who make excuses ④ are false ⑤; those who are false are losses ⑥. Those who deal with ⑦ are eloquent in ⑧; those who are eloquent are those who treat ⑨ lightly. Those who become righteous are those who understand; those who understand are those who understand. Those who are hard to describe are just talking about it; those who are talking about it are just fishing. Those who flatter are more loyal than others; those who flatter are more knowledgeable than others; those who speak plainly are more decisive than brave; those who speak calmly are more powerful than others; those who speak quietly are more likely to win. The person who conveys the desire in advance is flattery; the person who is traditionally known as Wenci is Bo; the person who chooses and plans for advancement is Quan. Those who are willing to give up and have no doubts will be determined; those who first distinguish insufficiently and stifle what is not are wrong. Therefore, the mouth is a mechanism, so it closes the affection. The ears and eyes are the Sasuke of the heart, so they can spy on evil spirits. Therefore, it is said: "Response through coordination, and move by benefiting the Tao." Therefore, those who speak complicated words without confusion, soar without confusion, change without danger, should observe the truth. Therefore, a person without eyes cannot show the five colors. Those who have no ears cannot tell the five tones. Therefore, if you cannot go there, there will be nothing to open; if you cannot come, there will be nothing to receive. There are things that cannot be understood, so nothing can be done. There is a saying from the ancients: "You can eat with your mouth, but you cannot speak." There are taboos in words; Human feelings mean that when you speak, you want to be heard, and when you act, you want to achieve success.
Therefore, the wise does not use his shortcomings, but uses the fool's strengths; he does not use his weaknesses, but uses the fool's skills, so he is not trapped. If you say it is beneficial, follow its strengths; if you say it is harmful, avoid its shortcomings. Therefore, the defense against insects must be strong and thick. The movement of stinging insects will inevitably sting them with poison. Therefore, animals know how to use their strengths, and talkers know how to use them.
Therefore, it is said: "The five words are disease, fear, worry, anger, and joy." A sick person feels weak and lacks energy; a fearful person has an intestinal tract and no control. Also; when one is worried, it is blocked but not released; when one is angry, it acts rashly but not treated; when one is happy, it is released but has no main point. These five, use them carefully and practice them with benefit. Therefore, speaking to the wise depends on knowledge; speaking to the knowledgeable depends on discernment; speaking to the discerning depends on the essentials; speaking to the noble depends on power; speaking to the rich depends on generosity; speaking to the poor depends on generosity. Rely on profit; speak to the humble, rely on humility; speak to the brave, rely on courage; speak to the fool, rely on sharpness. This is the trick, but people often do the opposite. Therefore, if you talk to the wise, you can understand this; if you talk to the unwise, you can teach them this; it is very difficult to do. Therefore, there are many kinds of words, and things are ever-changing, so the words are spoken all day long without losing their kinds, and the stories are not confused. It changes all the time without losing its master, so wisdom is valuable and is not arrogant. Listening is valuable, wisdom is valuable, and words are valuable.
Notes
① Zhuanwan: flexible and tactful. "Wen Xin Diao Long·Lun Shuo": "Turn pills to gallop his clever words, flying pincers to subdue his fine skills." "Cottage Poems and Notes": "To deal with it is like turning pills to dredge the brief words." This refers to being eloquent and eloquent.
②Speaker: The person who lobbies.
③Funding: supply, funding.
④Modification: Modified language, that is, words that sound nice.
⑤Fake: borrow, which is extended to rely on and rely on.
⑥Profit and loss: means increase or decrease.
⑦Coping: socializing, answering correctly.
8. Sharp words: clever words.
⑨ Frivolous remarks: frivolous and disrespectful remarks. 5. Why did ancient people write in classical Chinese?
Did ancient people also use classical Chinese when speaking? Or should we speak in vernacular?
In ancient times, literature and white were also separated! Except for the pre-Qin period, because classical Chinese evolved from the spoken language at that time. In other words, the ancients spoke in one language and wrote in another language. Speak in spoken language and write in classical Chinese. Do you think it would be too troublesome to do this? Why not combine the two into one and just write in vernacular?
The ancients had already thought of it. The reason why they designed two sets of languages ??was because they discovered that spoken language changes really quickly! Moreover, the spoken language of people in different places varies greatly! So how to communicate across time and space? Of course, it is to design a set of fixed language that connects ancient and modern times and is specially used for writing! Once this language is formed, it remains unchanged for thousands of years, so the descendants of later generations only need to learn it, and then they can read the articles of their ancestors and understand their meaning. It is a communication that spans thousands of years! This is the most important role of classical Chinese!
Don’t you see, 2000 years have passed, and you can still understand Sima Qian’s "Historical Records". This is all thanks to classical Chinese. If there were no classical Chinese texts back then and all were written in vernacular, then Sima Qian would have recorded the oral history and turned it into a book. Now that we have it in our hands, we can’t read anything! Because 2000 has passed, spoken language has changed so much! It’s no different than talking between a chicken and a duck! If you don’t believe me, recall that when you were in middle school, reading Lu Xun’s articles did you feel very humiliated? That's right! Who told them to engage in the vernacular movement and write in vernacular? This is the disadvantage of vernacular. It should be noted that Lu Xun was only a hundred years ago.
It was impossible for the ancients to speak in classical Chinese, because classical Chinese is a writing language, and the words must be carefully considered and used in writing, not spoken. And only scholars can master it after studying. Ordinary people can't talk about it, they don't know how! As for scholars, they definitely speak in vernacular, but if they write too much in classical Chinese, it is inevitable that some words and sentences will pop out of their mouths. Therefore, the scholar's spoken language may contain some nonsense. This is also normal, just like when you meet a cultural person now, you will feel that his speech is refined. 6. In the process of communicating with others, what can you do to praise them for their seriousness or their writing skills?
Wei Feng·Qi Ao
"The Book of Songs·Guo Feng" < /p>
Look at Qi'ao and the green bamboo. There are gangsters and gentlemen who are like quarrels and discussions, like grinding. The sound is seductive, the sound is loud, and the sound is loud. There are bandits and gentlemen, and they cannot be ignored.
Looking at the Qi'ao, the green bamboos are green. There is a bandit gentleman whose ears are clear and his ears are as sharp as stars. The sound is seductive, the sound is loud, and the sound is loud. There are bandits and gentlemen, and they cannot be ignored.
Looking at Qi'ao, the green bamboos are like bamboo rafts. There are bandits and gentlemen, who are as good as gold as tin, as good as jade. It's wide and broad, and heavy. He is good at teasing, not cruel.
Vernacular translation
Look at the curved banks of the Qishui River and the green bamboo forests. Mr. Gao Ya is a gentleman, who is more refined in his knowledge and more refined in his moral character. He has a solemn demeanor and a broad mind, and his status is prominent and majestic. Mr. Elegant is a true gentleman, one who is hard to forget once you see him.
Look at the curved banks of the Qishui River and the green bamboos. Mr. Elegant is a true gentleman, with beautiful jade hanging from his ears, and a hat set with gems like stars. The demeanor is solemn and broad-minded, and the status is prominent and majestic. Mr. Elegant is a true gentleman, one who is hard to forget once you see him.
Look at the curved bank of Qishui River and the lush green bamboos.
Mr. Gaoya is a true gentleman. He is as solid as a bronze vessel and as solemn as a jade vessel. Magnanimous and open-minded, relying on the ear of the car to move forward. His conversational humor is really funny, and no one will complain if he makes a joke.
"Guo Feng·Wei Feng·Qi'ao" is a poem praising the image of men in the ancient Chinese realist poetry collection "The Book of Songs". The poem has three chapters, each chapter has nine lines. The poem adopts the technique of borrowing objects to create inspiration. Each chapter is inspired by "green bamboo". It uses the tall, green and dense green bamboo to praise the gentleman's noble character and integrity, which is the first time that bamboo is used as a metaphor for people. This poem uses a lot of metaphors. From the first chapter "like cutting, like discussing, like polishing" to the third chapter, "like gold like tin, like a guide like jade", it shows a change and a process, which symbolizes the beauty of a gentleman. It lies in the acquired knowledge and cultivation and the sharpening of morality.
There are many praises of characters in the Book of Songs, and the objects of praise are also very wide. Among them, an important category of objects of praise are good ministers and generals from various places. "Qi'ao" is a hymn of images, but the time, place, and person are not very referential. Therefore, it can be said that the image in the poem is not an actual reference, but a noble scholar-bureaucrat in the Zhou Dynasty, which has a general meaning. . The whole poem is divided into three chapters, chanted repeatedly. But in terms of content, it is not divided according to chapters, but the content of praise is integrated into three chapters. This is because the poem itself is relatively short and cannot be described in a long way. It cannot be divided into various aspects of the object of praise. It can only be summarized and summarized. At the same time, the content of the three chapters is basically the same, which plays the role of repeated praise, making the listener's impression more profound.
"Qi'ao" repeatedly praises the excellence of scholar-bureaucrats in several aspects: first of all, appearance. This official has a dignified appearance, a dignified appearance, a tall figure, and his clothes are neat and gorgeous. "Ears are as bright as the moon", "Bian is as bright as a star", even the decorations on the crown suit are exquisite. The description of appearance is very important to create the image of an elegant gentleman. This is the first impression on the reader. Next is talent. "It is as thorough as expounding, as thorough as polishing", and the article is very knowledgeable. In fact, this is to praise this gentleman's administrative ability. Because the Qing Dynasty officials are engaged in politics, the drafting and formulation of official documents is the main work content. As for "Yi is heavy on Xi" and "good at joking", they highlight the gentleman's ability in foreign affairs. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many vassal states. It was a test for every scholar-bureaucrat to be able to cope with the vassals without losing the national integrity. It seems that the poem expresses the gentleman's outstanding ability in handling domestic affairs and foreign affairs in terms of writing articles and communicating, and highlights the image of a good minister. Finally, and most importantly, it praises the noble character of this gentleman. "As broad as a jade, as wide as a jade", he is firm-willed, loyal and honest, broad-minded and approachable. He is indeed a wise man. Precisely because he is a wise man and a good minister in politics, coupled with the solemn and luxurious appearance, he is even more respected. Therefore, the two sentences at the end of the first and second chapters are direct praises: "There are gangsters and gentlemen, and they should never be embarrassed!" From the inner world to the external decoration, from internal affairs official documents to foreign affairs negotiations, this scholar-official was the leader of his time. It is inevitable that typical wise men and good ministers will be praised by people. In this way, this poem highlights the image of a gentleman from three aspects, from the outside to the inside. Some sentences in the poem, such as "It's as good as discussing, like polishing" and "It's good at joking, but not cruel" have become words that people will use to praise a certain kind of moral character or character in the future. This shows the far-reaching influence of the poem "Qi'ao" .