It can be seen from the inscription "Rhone" written on historical relics in ancient northern Europe that ancient Danes were very familiar with the forms of heroic poetry in Scandinavia, but the original forms of Danish heroic poetry were not preserved. Saxon Gramaticus used Latin prose and six-step verse to record the traditional poems spread orally by the people, and further integrated these materials with non-Danish elements. These rewritten poems reflect the spiritual temperament of the ruling class, and their themes are generally war, love, loyalty and so on. Balcamore is a dialogue poem, which gives a magnificent description of the war, and its heroes have also appeared in the Anglo-Saxon poems Weatherside and Beowulf. Another narrative poem, Indo-Geld (about 950), is a monologue of an old soldier, who accused the reigning king of being too timid to avenge his murdered father. What is popular in Denmark is a kind of heroic narrative short poem, which is relatively simple in content and often describes a single plot. After a limited number of characters appear, immediately enter the * * * end. The most commonly used stanza is the object-chanting poem format, which consists of eight lines, each line has two accented beats, and every two lines rhyme.
In the Middle Ages (1100-1500), Danish poetry absorbed the spirit and form of European court poetry. /kloc-French folk songs were introduced to Denmark at the beginning of the 0/2 century, and they were the main immortal works at that time. On the other hand, Danish folk songs present a lively narrative format, and also retain the basic features of China's ancient poems. It reflects the life of the aristocratic class like ancient Danish poetry. The most important poem of this era is the Chronicle of Danish Rhyme (about 1495), probably written by the church monk Niels. In the16th century, poems written in Danish still maintained the spirit and form of the Middle Ages, but the chronicles of folk songs and rhymes were the main stylistic forms, and were obviously influenced by the growing Germanic language. The development of Danish drama works is relatively late. The first outstanding poetic playwright was Helenyi Mas Eustace Ranke (1537- 1607), and his burlesque The Tragic Pagan was a masterpiece of Danish drama before Holburg. The form of the play is a rhyming poem with two lines and four syllables, that is, rhyming two lines with some lyric units in the middle.
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, the Renaissance spread to Denmark, and poets devoted themselves to writing Danish national poems according to the classical model. The most outstanding poet at that time was Anoos Alebo (1587-1637). He wrote a six-step poem (about 1622) based on Du Baltas's Week, one of which used six-step double rhyme and the other used Alexander meter. This style uses images from classical works and myths, which is too artificial. Except for some chapters describing natural scenery, most of them are obscure and puzzling. Hans mikkelsen Laverne (1610-1613), the most famous grammarian at that time, developed a set of Danish temperament theory, which provided the necessary theoretical tools for the poetry creation of two famous poets at that time, Betan and Jin Guo.
Anders Paulding (1619-1677) is a versatile poet. He sang wine, women and poetry, and also wrote beautiful lyrics to praise nature. Occasionally, his classicism will destroy the artistic conception of poetry, and his poem "The Ballad of an Open Carriage" has some defects. Although Thomas Jinguo (1634- 1703) can skillfully use the new rhythm format, making it a subtle means of poetry expression, he is the first great poet to make full use of the new rhythm format. His main work is Ode. 1 and volume 2 (1674, 1678), which are still recited today. The hymn of the Golden State is mainly inspired by the Hebrew prophets in the Old Testament, with obvious baroque style, strong theme contrast and vivid metaphor. But sometimes there are far-fetched and unreasonable places, especially the poems about the crucifixion and death of Jesus. Jin Guo's most successful works are songs praising dawn and dusk, but baroque style is not dominant in these poems. These works express the poet's reverence and love for nature in a simple, simple and solemn style.
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, Danish poetry was mainly influenced by German poetry. 18th century, mainly influenced by neoclassicism advocated by French bulova. This change is the result of Norwegian Luzvi Holberg's active promotion. He occupies an important position in Norwegian and Danish literature. Holberg is famous for writing comedies satirizing the bourgeoisie, but his satirical poem Peter Bao Si (17 19- 1720) is his famous work. The style of this poem is very similar to boileau's satire and Cervantes' Don Quixote, and it is a satire with obvious social significance. In the dispute between ancient and modern literature, Holberg firmly supported modernism and used the heroic poems of Homer and Virgil as a tool to express the feelings of ordinary people. He not only criticized the learned and narrow-minded of dignitaries, but also opposed the ignorance and blind superstition of ordinary people. The publication of this poem established Holberg's position as the first middle-class spokesman in the history of Danish literature.
/kloc-In the first half of the 8th century, the representative figure of Danish lyric poetry was Ann Brosius Stibu and Hans Adolf Brosson. Stybbe (1705— 1758) has created various works, from religious lyrics to drinking songs. His poems are influenced by Italian opera arias in form, with concise and elegant language, vivid and delicate description and Rococo style. Holberg stands for rationalism, while Brosson expresses religious piety. This sentiment formed a strong cultural trend of thought in Denmark during the reign of Christian IV (1730- 1746). /kloc-In the second half of the 8th century, Norwegian writers who settled in Copenhagen established the "Norwegian Association" in 1772, which inherited the traditions of French neoclassicism and British empiricism. The Danish Literature Association was founded in 1774, and Johannes-ewald is an honorary member. This school pays attention to the expression of emotion and imagination. In this way, the two tendencies of emphasizing rationality and attaching importance to emotion in Danish literature have adopted new and more systematic forms respectively. Ewald (1743— 178 1) was a lyric poet in the early Danish romanticism. German poet klopp Stolc played a key role in his growth. Klobb Stolc was one of the most outstanding writers during the German Enlightenment. His plays and other works based on Nordic Germanic legends foreshadowed the coming of the German Renaissance. He introduced ewald to saxo Glama Ticas. At the same time, ewald also read Maikefeisen's Ossian and Shakespeare's works. His first important poetic drama was Death of Baldness (1773). This play combines French classicism and Crobu Stolc's expression of Nordic tragedy, adopts a free-form format and has a negative ending. Ewald first applied this form to Danish poetry creation. His most mature play is the opera The Fisherman (1780), which shows the life of ordinary people in a brilliant style and is very revolutionary. The Danish national anthem is selected from this opera. Jens Baggesen (1764— 1826) was the only important poet in the last 20 years of the 8th century. His creation has no fixed form, and he writes according to the trend of his personal experience, constantly swinging between rationalism in18th century and romanticism in19th century.
The most outstanding poet in Denmark is Adam Oren Schlayer, whose poem Jinjiao (1802) announced the beginning of the romantic literary movement in Denmark. Oren Schlayer's poetry creation was deeply inspired and influenced by Norwegian writer Henrik Stephens. Stephens expounded the aesthetic theories of Schelling and Schlayer in Copenhagen on 1802, which awakened the sleeping poet in Schlayer, Oren. Oren Schlayer's poem "Jinjiao" denounces rationalism and praises genius, arguing that only genius can gain insight into the mysteries of nature and history and become a link between the past and the present. The form of this poem is an improved ancient Icelandic object-chanting poem. It is a new poem with both Nordic local characteristics and Danish national style, which fully embodies the spirit of the times. Oren Schlayer's works include narrative poems, lyric poems and poetic dramas. His legendary poems are also famous, based on local folk songs, but the format is eight lines or Italian three-rhyme sentences. He also wrote a lyric comedy poem A Midsummer Night's Drama (1803) imitating Shakespeare's style, satirizing the prevailing poetic views at that time with two lines and four tones. Oren Schlayer's drama Aladdin (1805), written in blank poems, shows his romantic philosophy. This poetic drama is full of Shakespeare-style contrast, vividly depicting all kinds of emotional appeal from sublime and heroic to mediocre and plain. After 1806, Oren Schlayer turned to worship Goethe and Schiller and changed his subjective style under the influence of their objectivism. Later, he agreed with Heidelberg's romanticism in Germany to revitalize the national tradition, and his works also changed from expressing universal feelings to expressing national feelings. 1807, he published Poems of the North, including Good Baldness, Tolkien's Travels and Hakenyar, a blank tragedy imitating Schiller's wallenstein. These poems are of great cultural value because they preserve the ancient Scandinavian mythological heritage. At the same time, these poems also have high aesthetic value, even surpassing some famous works in Germany in some aspects. Another romantic poet who inspired the national spirit was Grand Wiig (1783-1872). Although he is mainly a cultural leader rather than a poet, his hymns have erected a monument for Danish literature. These hymns depict the beautiful mountains and rivers in Denmark, narrate the wonderful myths in northern Europe and show his unique poetic talent.
Around 1830, the pure romantic poetry tide became more socially conscious, paid more attention to rational thinking and became more mature in structure. The representative poet of this period is John Ludwig Haibeiya (1791-1860). He is good at writing romantic plays. These light comedies are beautifully written, sometimes in prose, sometimes in poetry, sometimes describing society, and sometimes entering dreams, attracting readers and making people lose interest in Oren Schlayer's works. Although his works, such as A Day for Seven Lazy People, are full of satires on social problems, the main target of his satires is the ignorant and absurd bourgeoisie depicted in Out-of-Body Experience (184 1). The soul of the rich has become accustomed to the "generous and insensitive earthly life" and naturally adapted to the painless hell environment, because there has never been any ideology in hell.
As early as 65438+1920s, Sting Stanson Blick (1782- 1848) and Paul M. Moeller (1794- 1838) published poems with realistic tendency. Blick's best work is The Weaving Room (1842). This is a collection of stories mixed with poetry and folk songs. It is not only the first example of Danish regional poetry, but also the first application of dialects in modern Danish poetry. Frazerik PaDan Lu-Miao Lei (1809- 1876) is second only to Oren Schlayer in the field of poetry, and he initiated Danish critical realism poetry. His creation is completely in line with ethics and philosophy. Inspired by Byron's Don Juan, he wrote a lyric narrative poem * * * (1833). This poem still reveals aestheticism; It is written in Italian stereotyped writing, which is both sad and touching, and there is no lack of irony. After writing three mythical poetic dramas, he imitated Byron's style and completed a famous narrative poem "Ancestor Adam" in three volumes, which showed satirical pictures and criticized Danish culture at that time. As Haibeiya described in Soul After Death, he found that Danish culture lacked idealism and was dominated by a potential eclecticism.
While realism and satire are popular, romanticism is still in full bloom. The representative poets are Ludvig Bitca, Emile Aarestrup and Christian Winter. Their poems mainly show the characteristics of aestheticism and the Danish nature of loving beauty. Bitka (1793- 1874) and Al stroop (1806- 1856) are both famous for their love poems. The former is euphemistic, sad and deep, while the latter is emotional, brisk and cheerful. Winter (1796— 1876) is one of the best lyric poets in Denmark. He often combines the beauty of nature with the beauty of love, showing more twists and turns. For example, in the poem "Collecting firewood" (1828), he described the rural customs through ten legendary stories. Winter's more successful works are love poems for someone (1843, 1849) and the legendary poem Running Deer (1855). These medieval pastoral poems adopted the stanza format of Song of Nibelungen, but they did not stick to its form and changed. Language belongs to colloquial style, with a slight color of ancient Danish. Compared with Norwegian and Swedish, Danish has lower loudness, less fluctuation and less homophonic sounds, and glottal stops often lead to intermittent rhythm. Therefore, Danish is generally suitable for creating exquisite and cordial lyric poems, descriptive poems, meditation poems and satirical poems. This is the writing tradition of Danish literature from Holberg to modern times. Winter's lyric poetry, especially his pastoral lyric poetry, is a model of Danish lyric poetry.
From 65438 to 1970s, Danish literature entered a new era under the guidance of critic Georg brandeis. Brandeis advocated realistic creative methods and advocated that literary creation should "ask questions for discussion". The main writers influenced by this theory are Jens Peter Jacobson (1847- 1885), holger Drachman (1840- 1908) and Karl Gellerup (1857-). Inspired by the works of American writer Allan Poe, Jacobson wrote a series of monologue poems with free verse, which he called "vine mode". These poems are strong in color and obscure in tone, which can be seen from the subconscious. 1872, Drachman published his works in Poems and English Socialists, which shows that he is a poet of brandeis School. But later, he gave up his radical views on politics and love and adopted a neo-romantic position. His dramatic works, such as The Past (1885), are mostly based on medieval fairy tales, which also reflects his romantic stance. His poetic drama Welland Smith (1894) is influenced by Shakespeare and Wagner in style, which once again shows that he is a lyric poet. In Drachman's best poetry collection Song of the Sea (1877), he was fascinated, showing the surging and roaring of the sea, and found himself as changeable as Poseidon. He created a flexible and fluent poetic style, with different lengths and free rhythm, which has both fluent poetry and beautiful meter. Drachman's poetic style has distinct personality characteristics, and he is undoubtedly the most outstanding lyric poet in Danish poetry.
19 In the 1990s, the neo-romantic movement rose and naturalism gradually disappeared. Johannes Joensen (1866- 1956), Vigo Stuckenberg (1863- 1905) and Sophos klausen (1865-/kloc-0). Jonson is the editor-in-chief of the monthly magazine. His poem Feeling (1892) introduced the dream and vision of French symbolism into Danish literature. Most of his later works are reflective poems, reflecting his ideological changes of converting to Roman Catholicism from 65438 to 0896. Stuckenberg's lyric poems are mainly love poems, with elegant colors and gloomy tones, just like expressing one's feelings. Klausen's poems are original. He is an unshakable symbolist not only in aesthetic theory but also in metaphysics. This is particularly evident in his love poems: under the theme expressed in these poems, we can see an ontological format, and the contradictory two are opposite to each other and cannot be bridged. His outstanding six-step poem The Rebellion of Atoms (1925) is also full of dualistic views. This work heralds the arrival of the atomic age. The other two neo-romantic poets are Helge Luo Ze (1870- 1937) and Ludwig Helstein (1864- 1943). Luo Ze's lyric poems are light and elegant. His masterpiece Ai Lier (19 14) not only shows elegant style, but also is full of fear of death, which reminds people of Shelley's poems. Hestan was not influenced by symbolism. He insisted that man and nature are one, and from this perspective, he created beautiful and simple lyric poems.
Due to the influence of international trends and social politics, Danish poetry in the 20th century produced various thoughts and styles. On the eve of World War I, Danish poets abandoned symbolic lyric poetry characterized by exploring the soul in the 1990s of 19. This is a decade in which Jutland poetry has dominated. The main poets are Jabir Okay (1860- 1930) and Johannes william johnson (1873- 1950). Okay is a follower of Blick and robert burns. He is a fourth-grade poet. He used powerful poems to express the feelings of his class, but his later works contained the feelings of all the people and showed their past and present lives. Zhan Sen's poems cover a wide range of cultural and ethnic issues. Inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution, he wrote an absurd myth about the racial progress from Jutes to English and then to Americans, and saw the epitome of this race in explorer Columbus. Therefore, his poems mainly focus on vitality and desire, and what appears alternately with these themes is the sense of hardship. Jensen's language shows an incongruous combination of imaginative realism and gorgeous aesthetic feeling, and the poet strives to show a dynamic real world in endless changes. This language has a great influence on the language of modern Danish poetry. Another prolific poet is Waldemar Rodham (1872- 1946). His poems can be compared with Drachman's works in vigor and strength.
From World War I to the end of 1920s, Danish poetry was revived. Under the influence of Jensen's works and German expressionism, Emile Bonnaric (1893-1953) and Tom Christensen (born in1893) developed a revolutionary aesthetic theory, aiming at creating new aesthetic forms and social fashions. Christopher Fujimori's Pirate Dream (1920) highlights the manic spirit of jazz age and expresses the violent outbreak of human instinct. This work is full of sound and emotion, full of * * *. In the wonderful contrast, Otto gayles Ted (born in 1888) has a poetic style, and his performance boat (1922) reminds people of T·S· Eliot's The Waste Land. He is an admirer of Zhan Sen. In the years between the two world wars, he still adhered to the radical humanistic tradition of Danish poetry. Also influenced by humanism are Nice Peterson (1897- 1943) and Paul Lacour (1902- 1956), who galloped in the poetry circles in the 1930s. In the poem Europe is Burning (1933), Peterson expressed his worries about western culture in a gloomy tone. Influenced by klausen and Paul éluard, a modern French poet, Lacour, on the basis of emphasizing cultural values, explored the road of personal rebirth with poetry. There are also two important personality poets: Per Langer (born in 190 1) and Jens August Shad (born in 1903). Langer's poems with inscriptions and postscript show high artistic skills. Shedd is a humorous poet full of philosophy, who is good at analyzing the world and human feelings from the perspective of surrealism.
The Second World War and German occupation stimulated the creative vitality of Danish poetry from a special angle. The most touching poem in this period is the work of Gustav Monk Peterson (1912-1938). He is a modernist rebel writer. He took part in Spain's struggle against Franco, and died heroically in the battle, becoming a model of poet warrior. Another creative poet is Modern Nelson (1922-1944), who expressed his love and yearning for life and freedom in a heavy, persistent and simple way. He participated in the underground anti-German movement and was killed by German fascists in 1944. Halvdan Rasmussen (born in 19 15) and Eric Knudsen (born in 1922) are closely related to the above two poets. The second group of young Danish poets first developed with the magazine Herr Retica as the forum. Their works tend to be religious. Ole Savi (born in 192 1) and Euler Vovor (born in 192 1), using the method of Christian symbolism, described in their poems the scene that the world experienced catastrophe and desolation, and mankind was reborn. But in writing style, Savi is closer to the expression of abstract painting; Werwoll is closer to the Austrian poet Rilke. Influenced by Rilke, Solkir Buyoenwei (born in 19 18) is the most important figure among the new generation of poets. Other poets should also be mentioned: Jon Nash (born in 1920), who followed the style of Munk Peterson; Topher Dieterle Jefferson (born in 19 18) is a famous poetess. Overe abir Gao (born in 19 16) has a pre-romantic baroque style in his poems. Frank Ye Yao (born in 1926), he studied under Shedd's humorous brushwork; Robert Coriden (born in 1924), the objectivism of his nature poems is unique. Although prose once again dominated the Danish literary world in 1950s, these poets and contemporary poets earlier than them opened up a bright future for Danish poetry.