Yuan Haowen
Poetry adds flowers to Zen, and Zen is the poet's jade knife.
I will not hesitate to raise my eyebrows when the canal understands.
This is a literary poem. "Zen guest" is a monk; "Cutting jade" means cutting jade, which means the blade is very sharp. "Heart", Buddhism believes that the heart is the foundation of all laws and can give birth to all laws, so it is satisfactory. In addition, practitioners follow their hearts, so they are careful. No one has ever commented on the sentence "Essays". Mr. Dong Naibin thinks: "Perhaps it is a classic of Meng Haoran's eyebrows falling. The source of this poem quoted in the second volume of Yunxian Miscellanies refers to the formula: "Meng Haoran's eyebrows (a hair) fell off ... so did the bitter poet. Zhu Chengjue's Poems of Storing Fragrant Hall also quoted this passage. "
The first two sentences are about the relationship between poetry and Zen. There is a saying in Buddhist teachings that "what a teacher says is not important". There is a cloud on the volume of Dafang Guangbao Book: "No words, no words." "Bodhisattva Asks for the Sutra of Eliminating Obstacles" (Volume 10) says: "This method is only proved inside, not expressed in written language, and transcends all language realms." This situation has changed since the Tang Dynasty (the peak of poetry art). Zen and poetry are closely related, influencing and complementing each other, and Zen and poetry are integrated.
As far as poetry is concerned, Wang Wei was known as "Shi Fo" in the Tang Dynasty, and his poem "Wang Zhuan Jueju" was called "every word becomes a Buddha" by Wang Yuyang in the Qing Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Zen became more popular, and it became a common practice to express Zen interest in poetry. For example, the Shurangama Sutra says, "Although there is a wonderful sound, if there is no wonderful finger, you should not use it." Perhaps inspired by this, Su Shi wrote the poem Qin Shi: "If there is a piano sound on the piano, why not put it in the box?" If the sound is on your fingers, why not listen to it on your fingers? " In the theory of poetry, there are many views that use Zen as a metaphor for poetry. For example, the poet Jade Chips contains seven unique poems by Wu Ke, Zhao Fan and Gong Xiang. Lu You's "Gift to Wang Bochang's Master Book" says: "Learning poetry is like meditation, and it takes twenty years of hard work." Ge's poem "To Yang Chengzhai" said: "There is no other way to learn poetry, but to practice meditation." Dai Fugu's "On the Seven Wonders" said: "If you want to participate in poetry, such as meditation, you can't tell the joy." Comparing Zen with poetry became a popular mantra in the Southern Song Dynasty.
As far as Zen is concerned, many Zen masters have gradually changed their teaching purposes of "not standing on words" and "pointing to people's hearts", and danced with words and paintings, resulting in the so-called "Zen of words". The Record of Biyan, compiled by Zen master Wu Yuan, a Yang Qi school of Lin Wa School in Song Dynasty, can be regarded as a symbol of the formation of literary Zen. Bai Zi can really preface the poem "Shimen Ci Zen": "Gai Zen is like a spring and Ci is like a flower, but what is the difference between Zen and Ci?" Zen monks express their feelings with poems, and show their Zen state with poems. There are many poems, odes, songs and tactics, all of which are Zen poems in a broad sense. For example, at the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Zen master Yan Hang of Hangzhou said, "The name of the solitary ape falls on the rock and the moon, and the wild guest sings the midnight light. Who is proud of this situation at this time? Sitting in the depths of white clouds. " Another example is the performance of a cloud by the Five Ancestors Method: "The golden wild incense disappears the splendid flowers, and the intoxicating people are happy to return home. A teenager has an affair, and only Xu Jiaren knows. " What about poetry and Zen? Is poetry interesting or Zen interesting? It's hard to say, and it doesn't need to be said.
The combination and blending of poetry and Zen is a wonderful fate in the ancient cultural history of China. Which one has the greater impact, there is no need to make a detailed analysis. What matters is the reason for the combination of the two. Imagination in artistic creation cannot deny the role of intuition and inspiration. The ancient people's evaluation of poetry is that "words do not harm meaning", "words contain infinite meaning" and "poetry does not express meaning" Wu Ke's "Learning Poetry" says: "Learning poetry is like learning Zen, and the bamboo couch futon does not count the years. When you wait for yourself, you will be detached. " "Learning poetry is like learning Zen. How many couplets have there been since ancient times? The sentence "Spring Grass Pond" has been passed down to this day. " Since ancient poetry is half Zen, good poetry often has nothing to do with Taoism, not to mention natural and mellow, "home-made." Zen, on the other hand, is a person who believes in personal intuition and pursues the freedom and liberation of "epiphany" in an instant. The so-called Zen interest is the joy of "epiphany". "Epiphany" is a pure self, which cannot be retrieved in time and space, and a really good poem must be the product of the poet's unique and true feelings. The best thing about Jin Shengtan Ceng Yun's article is that it was seen by Lingshou at this moment, so it is convenient for Lingshou to catch it at this moment. I didn't see it one moment ago, and I didn't see it the next. I just don't know why, but I suddenly saw it at this moment. If I didn't catch it, I couldn't find it. " Intuitive thinking is the fundamental channel for the integration of poetry and Zen. It is along this channel that Zen practitioners express and record the "unspeakable" enlightenment moment in the form of image thinking with the help of poetic language tools, giving it a wonderful artistic shell for people to understand and ponder; With the help of meditation, the poet greatly improved his unique feeling ability and created an unprecedented artistic conception, thus pushing the art of poetry to a new peak. This is the icing on the cake, the treasure knife cuts the jade, brings out the best in each other, and God helps.
Yuan Haowen emphasized intuitive thinking, but did not absolutize it. Therefore, the last two sentences mentioned that you should also work hard to write poetry. This point can not be ignored, it is just another aspect of the communication between poetry and Zen. Just as asceticism is the premise of "epiphany", "and working hard for twenty years" is also the premise of writing like nature. Here I draw Meng Haoran's classic, which may be more meaningful.
Meng Haoran is not good at poetry, but good at understanding. Yuan Haowen's understanding of Meng Haoran's "bitterness" is not the bitterness of Han and Meng's (suburban) poetry schools, nor is it Du Fu's emphasis on "changing new poetry into Long song" and "words are not amazing and endless", but his efforts to "think in and sing out". Ceng Yun Su Shi: "Poetry is high and short, just like a brewer has no ears." It is said that although he is not big enough, he has artistic understanding and poetic charm. Yan said: "Generally speaking, Zen is only in the wonderful realization, and poetry is also in the wonderful realization. Moreover, under Meng Xiangyang's academic ability, Han has retreated far away, and those who retreat on his own are just wonderful enlightenment. " Meng Haoran's academic ability is weak. Although he lacks materials, he suddenly feels something when he comes into contact with scenes in life. When he realized this, his poems poured into his pen. This is the secret of his writing a good poem. Yuan Haowen thinks that the effort to be made is precisely this wonderful enlightenment effort of "getting it in an instant". At the same time, this wonderful realization is closely related to Zen metaphor. That is, to pursue the aesthetic realm of forgetting words and fish and boarding a raft. For poetry creation, the specific scene it depicts is only a tool to hint and symbolize its ideal virtual environment, not the poet's fundamental purpose. When a poet captures an image with profound interest in aesthetic photos, he often gets rid of the concept and is in a state of "forgetting" and "giving up". In this regard, please refer to Yuan Haowen's views on Su and Huang's poems. When he mentioned his poems in Preface to the Ode to a Monk, he said that Su and Huang Zen with books, Su is a word Zen, and Huang is the founder of Zen. Wang said that Su Shi's "interpretation of the principles of the Book of Songs should be based on wisdom and interpreted by words". Su Shi's attitude towards Buddhism is more realistic and practical, emphasizing that Buddhism and Confucianism are consistent, and Buddhism can complement each other with real politics. He once said that "killing officials and practicing secular law, shaman practicing secular law, the world is out of the world, no difference." He doesn't quite understand the so-called "transcendental thinker" in the world, and thinks that a Zen master with a dead heart can't write good poems. Therefore, his meditation is more to rationally absorb the ideas that can be applied in Buddhism, and less to benefit from aesthetic purport. Yuan Haowen probably doesn't appreciate this kind of "word Zen". Huang Tingjian is regarded as the first of the "three families and one ancestor", followed by Chen. These people are against China's poetic style, but they also have the disadvantages of pursuing the origin of all words and singleness. Wang Ruoxu, a contemporary scholar of Yuan Haowen, thoroughly criticized: "Is the article complacent and passed down from generation to generation?" I feel that my ancestors are inferior, so who will be the heir? "(On Poetry) The greatest feature of literary creation is individual uniqueness. It is necessary to learn from our predecessors, but it is not enough to regard them as ancestors like religion. Yuan Haowen called Huang Tingjian "the founder of Zen", which may be from this. He doesn't agree with any blending of poetry and Zen. His likes and dislikes are obvious in this respect. In a word, he even said, "You didn't know who it was until Su Huang, and you didn't know who it was until the passage of time", and highly praised Tao Yuanming. He said, "A word is natural and meaningful, and luxury is exhausted. "
In a word, this short poem with only 28 words, starting from the relationship between poetry and Zen, not only affirmed the complementary role of poetry and Zen, but also made deep and meticulous thinking on how to complement each other, thus expounding the basic theoretical issues such as artistic conception, intuitive thinking and its relationship with daily accumulation and hard training in artistic creation, which can be called the profound and meaningful top grade in literary poetry.