2. There are four interpretations of the word Kazakh: Nehmed Mongani points out that it is a different translation of Chae Yeon, and this word also means white swan, kaz is a swan, and ak is white. They described themselves as a beautiful woman incarnated as the offspring of a swan and a man. Russian Lavrov pointed out that Hassog in Yevpeni's works in the eighth century was Kazakhstan, and Ding Qian pointed out in the late Qing Dynasty that Hassog was a variant translation of the Kossa people.
3. A brief history of the development of major nationalities and regimes in Kazakhstan:
From the 3rd century BC to 1 century BC, society appeared in Kazakhstan.
Around A.D., there were nomadic regimes such as Wusun, Kangju, Alan, Fan Yue and Dawan.
From the 6th century to the 8th century, the Turkic Khanate, Tuqishi, Grolu and other countries were established.
During the 8th century-12nd century, the west and southwest, south and southeast successively joined the countries such as Kesahan, oguz Yehu, Kemakhan and Qincha Union. The Chincha language influenced Europe, Arabia and Egypt during the Chincha League.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, he joined the Golden Account Khanate with the Tatars;
/kloc-In the 5th century, the Kazakh nation was formed by breaking away from the Golden Account khanate and establishing the Kazakh khanate.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, Kazakhstan was divided into three khanates: Dayu, Zhongyu and Xiaoyu.
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, a powerful nomadic nation-Junggar khanate appeared in Central Asia. Under the invasion of Junggar khanate, Xiaoyu sent a mission to ask Russia to accept joining Russia in September 1730;
1735,65438+In February, Zhongyuzi also joined Russia, while Dayuzi was annexed by Junggar Khanate. However, the Junggar khanate died in the more powerful Qing Empire in 1757, so Da Yuzi became a vassal of the Qing Empire.
19th century, after the Opium War, the Qing Empire declined, so Russia took the opportunity to seize the land of Dayu Zi in 1864, and the whole territory of Kazakhstan was owned by Russia.
4. Most foreign scholars believe that the name "Kazak" first appeared in/kloc-0 in the early 5th century. According to the folklore about white goose, Kazakh is considered to mean "white goose". Others interpret Kazakhstan as a "warrior" and a "free man".
/kloc-In the first half of the 3rd century, Shu Chi, a Mongolian, divided the Qincha grassland and established the Golden Horde. Soon, due to the enfeoffment of tenant farmers, a new separatist situation emerged. Volodo was divided into today's eastern Kazakhstan, and a "white tent khanate" was established, which was once powerful in the14th century and unified the whole golden tent khanate.
5./kloc-In the 1920s of 0/5, the Uzbek Khanate appeared in the east of the Golden Account Khanate, with the lower reaches of the Syr Darya River as the center, the Pu River in the north and the Irtysh River in the northeast, with vast land and a large population. King Albray of Khan vigorously pursued the policy of aggression and expansion abroad, ruled cruelly at home, and aroused contradictions within the ruling group.
The sons of Barak Khan, the last Khan in the White Account Khanate, Kelie and Gary Baker (Jilai and Za Nibecker) and Sultan (Sultan) are increasingly dissatisfied with Khan Wang Yue in Arbour Sea, even reaching the level of open confrontation. 1456 (the seventh year of Jingtai in Ming Dynasty), Kelie and Ganibek fled eastward with the tribe and entered the East Chagatai khanate.
The East Chagatai khanate gave them the Xiqi River area in the Chu River and Talas River basins to go nomadic to enhance their own strength. These people who left the Uzbek khanate were called Kazakhs, meaning "asylum seekers" or "deserters". It was at this time that the Kazakh nation was formed. The Kazakhs established the Kazakh khanate and lived a peaceful and peaceful life, thus attracting a large number of nomadic tribes from neighboring countries to join in.
With the growth of the khanate, by the end of 15, a stable Kazakh nation with the same name, language, region, economic life and psychological quality was finally formed.
From 65438 to 0589, Kazakhs and their distribution areas have been divided into three Yu Zi (tribal alliances), namely, the right, left and west in the literature of Qing Dynasty.
Among them, Zhongyuzi (central Kazakhstan) and Dayuzi (Syr Darya River Basin) surrendered to Junggar. 173 1 year, Xiaoyuzi (West Kazakhstan) requested the protection of Russia. However, in the war with Junggar Khanate, Kazakh ministries suffered serious losses.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, the Qing Dynasty unified the Junggar Department, which relieved Kazakhstan's threat to Junggar. Da Yuzi and Zhong Yuzi became vassal states with the Qing Dynasty;
6./kloc-From the middle of the 8th century, Russia invaded China, occupied the grasslands in Central Asia and the areas to the east and south of Lake Balkhash, which were originally under the jurisdiction of General Qing Yili. 1864 to 1883, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties by blackmail, military threats and other means, and according to the provisions of the treaties, "people go everywhere" occupied the area south of the east of Lake Balkhash, which originally belonged to China.
1864 12 The nomadic Kazakhs in Zhasang Lake area left their original pasture and moved to Altai Mountain area because they could not bear the rule and oppression of Russia. 1883, more than 3,000 families of Kazak Heizai tribe moved into Yili and Bortala areas. After demarcation, many Kazakhs moved to China.
By the middle of19th century, Kazakhs accounted for the majority of Yili residents. They have rich experience in animal husbandry and contributed to the economic development of the border areas of the motherland. After the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), Xinjiang was established as a province, and the tribes of Yili, Tacheng, Mongolia and Kazak were subordinate to General Yili.
Altay in the north originally belonged to Counsellor Cobdo and later to Le Tai District (19 19). 19 1 1 After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty over the Kazakh people ended. 19 12 Zagrea and Baimula of Altay led a Kazakh delegation to Beijing;
7. The establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) has enabled the Kazakh people in China and the people of all ethnic groups in China to enter a new era of development and prosperity. 195 1 year 1 month, Dunhuang county, Gansu province, established the "resettlement work Committee for Kazakh diaspora".
1953 In March, the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee and the Northwest Administrative Committee held the "Kazakh Chiefs' Friendship Association and National Unity Conference on the Border of Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang Provinces" in Lanzhou. At the meeting, the division of Kazakh pastoral areas, the establishment of ethnic autonomous regime, the development of ethnic economy and culture and other issues were discussed, and the "Agreement Opinions of Representatives of All Ethnic Groups on Strengthening Ethnic Unity and Resettling Kazakhs on the Border" was drafted.
Provisions: Gansu is centered on Haizi, east to Tuoxunbao at the eastern end of Halten, west to Annanba, south to the southern end of Haizi, and north to Ertu and Yan Dou. These areas are places where Kazakhs live and graze. In Dulan, Qinghai, with Golmud as the center, Datun in the east, Wutumeiren in the west, Gurbanyaji in the south and Ru Ru in the north, it is the place where Kazaks live and graze.
Since then, Kazakhs in the border areas of Gansu, Qinghai and New Zealand have completely ended their long-term wandering and turbulent life, and have their own fixed residences and grazing grasslands. 1952 to 1953, with the approval of the people's government of Xinjiang province, 300 Kazakh herders brought to the west of the town by bandits in usman moved back to Altay.
Since then, Kazakhs in Balkun have lived a peaceful and stable life. From 1954 to 1984, with the help of the people's government, groups of Kazakh herders moved back to Xinjiang from Gansu and Qinghai. 1954165438+1On October 27th, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Region was officially proclaimed in Yining City, consisting of Ili, Tacheng and Altay. It was entrusted by Xinjiang Provincial People's Government to manage Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Region (later renamed as Autonomous Prefecture).
1955165438+10. In October, according to the provisions of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) on administrative division, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture was renamed Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture.