Coupled with the hit TV series The Secret History of Xiaozhuang, Kangxi Dynasty, and the artistic interpretation of Dourgen in the lecture room On Dourgen, this topic is getting hotter and hotter.
Stills of The Secret History of Xiaozhuang
The question of "The Queen Mother Xiao Zhuang Marries" has become a famous mystery as early as the early years of the Republic of China. As Professor Meng Sen, a famous scholar in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, said in 1930s, Empress Xiao Zhuang married Regent Dourgen. "There is no north and south, no old and young, no men and women, and all those who love to tell old legends can't say anything." Mr. Meng Sen himself wrote a book called "A Textual Research on the Marriage of the Empress Dowager", which was specially discussed.
Professor Meng Sen's unofficial history in Qing Dynasty
To this end, it also issued a document in the name of the emperor shunzhi, openly declaring that "the Queen Mother is in her prime and the moon is full of flowers. I am the son of heaven, ..., which makes the virgin mother feel worried and depressed because of widowhood. How does she teach filial piety to the world? Uncle Regent is widowed now, and his status and appearance are the first in China. The queen mother is quite willing to marry him. I am kind and respectful, and I will do it respectfully. "
In this way, the empress dowager of the Qing Dynasty openly married a courtier, although the status of this courtier was unusual, so Regent Dourgen became the emperor shunzhi's cheap father. In the imperial edict, it is very straightforward. The young Empress Xiao Zhuang was so empty that she kept the lonely boudoir alone, so she volunteered to marry Dourgen who had just experienced the pain of losing her wife. There are even some rumors or notes that as early as the period of Huang Taiji, two kinds of people, namely, Xiao Zhuang, then a Zhuangfei, and the little prince Dourgen, sneaked into their positions, but they were cut off by Huang Taiji. The marriage at this time finally made their long-cherished wish come true, which is also one of the main creative sources of The Secret History of Xiaozhuang.
In addition, Zhang Huangyan, a famous minister in Nanming Dynasty, wrote "Ci of Manchuria Palace": "Those who live long are called a few bottles, and Cining Palace is full of rotten doors. Yesterday, the Spring Palace entered a new instrument note to prepare for the Queen Mother's wedding. " Most scholars and experts believe that this is Zhang Huangyan's satirical custom of marrying the Regent and the Manchu Nuzhen.
Zhang Huangyan tomb
As it happens, Emperor Qianlong's literary inquisition completely deleted many messy historical materials of Manchu Nuzhen, resulting in very little information about sourdrang dowager's marriage to Dourgen, which further deepened the credibility of the rumor that sourdrang dowager married Dourgen.
Professor Meng Sen also recorded: "When Gan Long met Ji Yun, what was there (the fact that the Queen Mother married Dourgen) to show his ugliness?" Therefore, I asked Yu Hongli to cut it, which is little known. It is also believed that Emperor Qianlong deleted and destroyed the evidence that sourdrang queen married Dourgen and washed away the Qing Dynasty.
Many historians, scholars and professors have their own opinions, and so far there is no conclusion. The reason for this is that whether the Queen Mother Xiaozhuang is married or not is lack of evidence, and most of them are inferences, so it is difficult to reach an agreement.
Stills of Huang taiji and dourgen
In this regard, let's discuss the reasons and records of sourdrang queen's marriage, and draw our own views.
1. According to Jiang's "Donghua Record", Dourgen "claimed to be the regent of the emperor's father, and entered the palace"; After the death of Dourgen, the emperor shunzhi made an exception, and posthumous title was named as "Maode cultivated and planted a wide range of industries, made contributions to the people's government, sincerely respected the emperor, and the temple number was the Sect". Either the emperor pursues respect for the emperor after his death, which is one of the evidences of the queen mother's marriage. In fact, this practice is not the pursuit of being an emperor after death, and it is no exception. Although there is no such example in Qing dynasty, there are many such precedents in previous history.
For example, in the Ming Dynasty, there were two examples of being honored as emperors after death. An example is Zhu Biao, the prince of Zhu Yuanzhang, who died young before he ascended the throne. Zhu Yuanzhang was heartbroken and made Zhu Yunwen, the son of Zhu Biao, his great-grandson. Later, Zhu Biao was honored as a well-off emperor, and the temple name was Xing Zong.
Another example is Zhu Shiyuan, the father of Emperor Jiajing, who was originally a vassal of the Ming Dynasty. After his death, Emperor Jiajing inherited the Great Unity by collateral, first honoring his father as "Emperor Ben Kao Xian", and finally honoring him as "Emperor Hong, knowing how to keep the Heaven, being kind and generous, respecting the text and the temple name". Emperor Jiajing is Zheng De's cousin. After the succession, Empress Dowager Zhang was still alive, and Emperor Jiajing called her the Virgin, but this cannot prove that Xing Xian had any ambiguous relationship with Empress Dowager Cixi before his death.
Moreover, the Qing Dynasty also named Nurhachi as the Qing Taizu, Huang Taiji as the Qing Taizu, and even named Zhao Zu, Xing Zu, Jing Zu and Xian Zu as emperors. Except for Nurhachi and Huang Taiji, other ancestors were neither Khan nor regent, but an ordinary courtier in the Ming Dynasty, and they could be regarded as emperors. As the third largest shareholder of the Qing Dynasty, Duole was regent for many years.
Three zero outside the customs
As for the earliest record of Dourgen's "going to the palace court", it was two months after Dourgen's death. Suksaha and others reported that Dourgen had rebelled and usurped the throne before his death, which mentioned that Dourgen "once again entered the inner court of the palace to seize the throne of Yizong Wen and coerce the emperor". This is to expose his intention of usurping the throne by slandering Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty in the inner court of the palace and holding the emperor shunzhi hostage.
If Dourgen really officially married Queen Xiao Zhuang, and as Zhang Huangyan said in his poem, "Happy birthday, Cining Palace is full of rotten doors", and invited ministers to celebrate, then Dourgen should be able to live in the palace courtyard anytime and anywhere, and "pro-palace courtyard" would not be exposed as a crime.
Therefore, this paper reflects the evidence that Dourgen did not go to the inner court of the palace under normal circumstances, and the paper written by a person at the same time as Dourgen should belong to authoritative first-hand information.
Moreover, shortly after the Qing dynasty entered the customs, court etiquette was in the primary stage, and it was not as complicated as it was later. When Manchuria Jurchen was still outside the customs, there were not so many rules. Relatives, friends, trusted officials, foreign princes and even their minions can enter the inner court of Manchu Jurchen tribe.
As recorded in Donghua Record, in May of the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), "Zhu Jue Luo people were invited to hold a banquet in the imperial court to celebrate their families". "Records of the Qing Dynasty" also records that "foreign princes came to the DPRK, and Mongolian Bertala Yimuku led Tajitabu, a small town, to hold a banquet in Qingning Palace".
During the Shunzhi period, Dourgen was in charge of the military and political affairs of the whole Qing Dynasty. It was normal for him to enter the inner court of the palace, but this did not mean that he had married sourdrang queen.
Second, according to the postscript of the regent's note, there is a record that "the queen mother married the regent's letter". The postscript said, "At the beginning of Xuantongyuan in the Qing Dynasty, it was recorded in the Cabinet Library. When Jia Junshi (the postscript written by Liu, the author's father), Fang Renge read it and was ordered by the court to check the treasure. When Shunzhi was acquired, the Empress Dowager married her father, the Regent, and later heard about it in North Korea ",which is regarded as strong evidence that sourdrang dowager married Dourgen. This is indeed a strong evidence, but Liu Wenxing's record is not reliable, which is also a point of contention.
Thirdly, according to the relevant records in A Record of the Korean Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty sent envoys to Korea to submit credentials. The credentials have the words "Emperor Taizong, Regent". The king of South Korea was curious, because he used to be "the emperor's uncle, the regent" and asked the envoys what this meant. The envoy of the Qing dynasty said that the word "uncle" needed to be removed this time, and now Dourgen's congratulations are integrated with the Qing emperor. Afterwards, the king of Korea consulted with the near minister. At this time, King Han and the near minister thought, "It seems that there are too many." In other words, Dourgen has become the emperor of the Qing Dynasty. Although there is no mention of sourdrang queen's marriage in this historical record, it is only the doubts of North Korean monarchs and subjects about the formulation of "the emperor's father" that led to the speculation on Dourgen's status.
Fourthly, it is a famous sentence by Zhang Huangyan in Nanming: "How many bottles are called for longevity? The Cining Palace is full of rotten doors. Yesterday, the Spring Palace entered a new instrument note to prepare for the Queen Mother's wedding. " It is true that the Empress Dowager was married, but scholars and experts also hold different views on this poem, and some say it is conclusive evidence that sourdrang dowager was married. Some people say that this is just a poem rather than historical materials. Zhang Huangyan has been rebelling against the Qing Dynasty and recovering his sight. This belongs to the poet's pen and ink and malicious speculation about the Qing Dynasty. In addition, Zhang Huangyan has been living in seclusion in the mountains and coastal areas of eastern Zhejiang to fight the Qing army, so I'm afraid he doesn't know much about the Qing court. This poem probably comes from the word "Tai Shang Huang, Regent", which belittles the Qing court and cannot be used as historical materials.
5. According to the records of the Qing Dynasty, in December of the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), "When the Empress Dowager was seriously ill, someone told me:' Emperor Taizong's life has been peaceful for a long time, so he can't make a move for me. In fact, I love your father deeply and you deeply, and I can't bear to go far away, so I have to choose Ji 'an near Xiaoling. Some scholars believe that sourdrang queen's practice violated the funeral etiquette system of the Doer Empress in Qing Dynasty. It was because she had married Dourgen that it was unreasonable to be buried with Huang Taiji, which eventually led to sourdrang queen's unwillingness to be buried with Huang Taiji.
In fact, the Qing dynasty unified the world for a short time, and the style was simple, the etiquette system was not much, and the funeral etiquette system was not perfect. Moreover, at that time, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the San Francisco rebellion, so we had to keep everything simple. In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), Empress Xiaowen was buried with the cremated Huang Taiji.