Special Guest: China Arts and Crafts Master Xu.
Z: "The courtyard is getting longer and the roses are just singing." The fragrance is lingering and the sound price is heavy today. Pastel porcelain is known as the "rose of porcelain garden" and is loved by people at home and abroad for its soft and elegant decorative style.
B: I think the most fundamental reason is the nationality and artistry of famille rose. Nationality is manifested in its decorative techniques and implications, and artistry is highlighted in the modeling skills and painting taste of famous artists. This gives pastel porcelain a strong vitality.
Z: No wonder Liu Chen praised pastel porcelain in Tao Ya: "Nothing can make the world more perfect than pastel. In the trend table, there have been generations of famous artists. " We will always remember the pastels in modern history. It is they who walk through thorns and wander on the rose-porcelain road.
Z: I don't think it's easy to apply pastel pigment to the glaze of porcelain and bake it at a certain furnace temperature, so that the pigment and glaze are firmly combined and will not peel off.
B: Europeans in the eighteenth century can be said to know this problem best. 17 12 1722 In Jingdezhen, Yin, a French Jesuit missionary, recovered a large amount of information on porcelain manufacturing technology, and wrote two long letters to report to French priests, in which he introduced the manufacturing methods and painting techniques of pastel porcelain in detail, and also sent samples of pastel porcelain, pastel, brush and other things. The French government immediately conducted analysis and testing in the Royal Laboratory, and painted and baked feldspar porcelain fired in China. The result is that "China pigment can't be coated on European porcelain, because the properties of porcelain glaze are different, and the pigment cracks, falls off and has insufficient adhesion." "French feldspar porcelain can't be well combined with China pastel and enamel glass." This shows that Jingdezhen has created suitable pigments and decorative techniques for porcelain while introducing enamel.
In xu teacher, the emergence of famille rose porcelain was loved and valued by three emperors. I think its development must be very smooth?
B: The development law of everything in the world is a spiral trend, and it can't be smooth sailing. As far as pastel porcelain is concerned, the decorative patterns are all designed by the royal painters of the Gong Yan Ministry of Internal Affairs. After the approval of the emperor, they are handed over to Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory for firing as usual. Only seek perfection, not creativity. From the perspective of aesthetic art, especially the official kiln pastel in the late Qing Dynasty is a blind imitation of the court porcelain in the Gansu period. It not only pursues technical skills unilaterally, but also lacks distinctive characteristics of the times and artistic style.
The upper part of this kind of porcelain bottle can rotate, which is called "heavenly stem", while the fixed bottle body is marked as "earthly branch". With the rotation of the neck, you can get the "earth branch" representing the date, which can be described as painstaking and ingenious, as Tao Ya said: "It is beautifully made and luxurious, and it is supervised by special officials. Mei Zi worships the supreme ruler, that is, the person who completely obeys and serves the emperor.
Z: In the fifth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty, namely 1855, Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory once stopped burning. Just at this time, a kind of pale crimson porcelain prevailed on the porcelain altar, which caused a great sensation and had a wide influence at that time. What happened?
B: Pale crimson is a painting method that imitates the pale crimson landscape of traditional Chinese painting. This kind of pale crimson colored porcelain is characterized by its soft and light color, which is in sharp contrast with the pastel porcelain popular at that time. Pale crimson was first created by Jin Pinqing, a painter who is known as "a pen in imperial kiln". In addition, Wang Shaowei, Cheng Men and other Anhui artists have joined us. They all paint porcelain, using porcelain tires as drawing paper. Their painting themes are not limited by Gong Yan, and they are completely free to give full play to their creativity. They also followed the decorative style of the literati painting school and dared to write their own names on porcelain, the earliest of which was to write inscriptions.
There are many pale crimson landscapes, but figure painting is extremely rare. This porcelain painting of Chengmen shows three heroes in the Tang Dynasty. Their looks and costumes are different, and their gestures and personalities are very distinct, especially the sharp brushstrokes, vivid eyebrows and flowers in the background. A little freehand brushwork makes the theme more prominent. In the blank, the inscription "Book in the Shan Zhinan Window of the Pearl of the Yangtze River, Shirley's Works" touched the painter's attainments, self-restraint, personality and taste.
Z: However, the color adhesion of light crimson paint is poor, and the color is easy to wear, so that it is "unsightly to play with" and is not valued by collectors, so the light color has been maintained for decades. However, the concept of literati painting party porcelain did not disappear because of the decline of pale crimson color.
B: That's right. During Guangxu period, ceramic painters represented by Pan and Wang turned to pastel porcelain, which expanded the field of color expression. This kind of "new pastel" became the mainstream of Jingdezhen art ceramics around the 1920s.
Pan was born in a scholarly family, and he was good at observing words and feelings when painting. "Travel Map of Guanshan" is painted in Song Dynasty, with a wide field of vision and a large blank space to show the infinite meaning of Guanshan. It is the most wonderful imitation of Li's "Sketch of a Dead Tree and an Old Tree". The whole painting was painted on a small porcelain plate with little pen and ink, which made people fondle admiringly.
Wang's pastel figure painting is the most famous. Her charming lady painting and graceful figure have won the essence of Gai Coffin Theory and Painting School. In the picture of flower burial, Sister Lin raises her eyebrows with a hoe, accompanied by a lonely crane, which sets off the lonely, confident, proud and sad thoughts and feelings of the people in the painting. There is one person and one crane in the whole picture without background, which adds an elegant and clean atmosphere. In particular, the pursuit of soft and round colors and lines shows Wang's extraordinary skills in porcelain painting.
Zhang: I heard from the artists of the older generation that Wang Yeting, Liu Yucen and Cheng Yiting among the Eight Friends of Zhushan are all students of Pan. Not bad. Even Wang Da is a disciple of Wang. Unfortunately, both Pan and Wang died young, less than forty years old, so there are not many works handed down. However, their influence and role as the founders of Jingdezhen modern pastel is recognized by the porcelain industry.
Z: Besides Eight Friends of Zhushan headed by Wang Qi, who are the famous pastel artists in this period?
B: Many pastel artists became famous in the 1920s. Among them, Wang Dacang, Zhang, Cheng Yunnong and others have great influence. Fang Yunfeng, whose real name was Bi Xia, was a native of Jingdezhen, and was the only famous old artist engaged in porcelain painting at that time. The pastel porcelain painted is full of rhythm, and it works without board. Especially in traditional Chinese painting, western painting sketch techniques are integrated. This painting depicts a mysterious deer and a pine and cypress, meaning that the deer is long and the cypress is evergreen. This is the only surviving masterpiece.
If it is a slender pen, then Zhang's fish and algae are also well drawn. He zoomed with different shades of ink, and the light and dark levels were excellent. Combined with the scenery of algae and the action of swimming fish, the rendering of green materials is discussed through the dynamics of caudal fin and the outline of aquatic plants. His poems and words, humor and painting theory can be described as "water is the spirit of ink and color, from the bottom of the pen to the sketch."
Wang Dacang studied under Pan in his early years and painted pastel landscapes by hand, which is a must. This painting marks the landscape of the river bank in ink, cutting it quickly and fiercely, and dyeing it with green material gives people the feeling of hard rock; Boating in the middle of the river, thatched cottages are set up by the water, and the whole picture is rough with a pen. The scenery of painting mountains and writing water is vast and far-reaching, which is very consistent with the theme, revealing the meaning of "the geese don't answer me, and the rivers and lakes are full of rain".
Z: As far as I know, Anhui, a famous pastel artist in Jingdezhen, has the largest number of students, but besides Fang Yunfeng you just mentioned, who are the outstanding people in Jiangxi?
B: Besides Wang, Pan,,,, Cheng Yunnong, we should also mention Jiangxi's, Hou and Liu Xiren. Their skills are comprehensive, figures, landscapes, flowers and birds are accurate, and their foundation is solid, so they can be called masters in pastel porcelain.
Zou Wen and others painted egrets and lotus flowers, focusing on grasping and capturing the color and state. The color of the whole porcelain brush is very elegant, and the lotus leaf, which should be green, has been splashed with different levels of ink. The introduction of traditional ink painting techniques makes it moist and rich, making it easy for viewers to appreciate the charm. Liu Xiren's characters, however, have exquisite brushwork, light ink rendering of Wang Qi painting style, smooth brushwork, rewriting the spirit, sketching things and skillful work, and occupy a place in the pastel art garden.
Z: After the founding of New China, Jingdezhen Municipal Government awarded the title of ceramic artist to the first batch of 33 ceramic artists on the eve of the 10th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, many of whom were old artists specializing in pastel porcelain creation.
Z: According to my estimation, there are no fewer than ten ceramic artists who specialize in pastel creation, such as Zhang Jingshou, Ye and Gong. These people have their own strengths and different styles of painting. Many people enjoy their wealth at home and abroad, and Yu Wenxiang, the "king of snow", is one of them.
Yu Wenxiang's snow paintings are characterized by "rough and bold, magnificent scenery, tall and straight handwriting, vivid image and strong three-dimensional sense". His paintings are full of naive, frank, simple and solemn artistic conception, and full of rich flavor of life. In addition, Snow White, contrary to the traditional habit of piling up snow-capped mountains and rivers, pioneered the method of "scraping" and lined it with the true colors of porcelain, showing the unique ingenuity in understanding and utilizing materials and adding charm to the style.
Z: Yu Wenxiang's snow scenes are difficult to understand, and Zhao Huimin's beautiful women are outstanding. Zhao Huimin's Chen Meiqi not only has the physical beauty of oriental women, but also deliberately depicts the dynamic beauty of the characters, which endows the vivid line drawing of "Adu" with rich emotional color. In the meantime, the dignified and elegant show of famous families, the graceful show of small jasper, the quiet of lady Leng Yan, and the smiles of fairies are all moving, which can be called pastel "beauty magic pen".
Z: When I was a child, I heard the name "Tiger is the capital of porcelain". 197Z In April, US President Nixon visited China and asked for a porcelain painting of Tiger Roaring Circle by name. Seeing Bi Lao's pastel art has also been recognized by western politicians.
B: Bi Lao is a famous painter who enjoys a good reputation overseas. Even Edith, the former British ambassador to China, visited Chi in Jingdezhen, affectionately calling him "the porcelain capital of Bi Tiger". Bi Yuanming's tiger painting not only pays attention to accurate modeling, but also is good at highlighting the colorful ornamentation on the tiger skin pattern with soft tones. Its skillful methods of tearing, picking, hooking and fainting, and the performance of colorful texture of the tiger body are admirable. This thick velvety dermatoglyphics, lifelike fur color, coupled with the coveted king shape, implied masculine beauty and fierce trend, which became the freshest personality vocabulary of Bi Yuanming's tiger paintings. This porcelain painting adopts the "far-reaching method" composition. Cliff slopes, lakeshore, beaches, winding buildings, red peach forests, weeping willows, clear rivers and shepherd boys on the embankment near the middle scene give people a refreshing feeling of refreshing and intoxicating spring after rain. In the distance, clouds, smoke, deserts, villages and mountains are looming, making the picture composition full and clear. It can be seen that this painter has extraordinary attainments in scenery and commercial location, actual layout and color treatment of materials.
Z: "Talented people have come out of the country for hundreds of years." Jingdezhen powder porcelain relies on the historical precipitation of national culture.
Crossing the border of time and space, it is no wonder that Guo Moruo also praised poetry: "It is as precious as a treasure, as bright as a mirror, and the painting is more beautiful than Guan Jing." Lament the thick performance of pastel porcelain-porcelain rhyme. Ancient and modern characters and beasts, according to legend, the more skilled the father and son; There is a faint breeze in autumn, and the house is full of famous pottery, which surprises the guests. -(Japan) Ichirō Fujiyama (visiting the Art Porcelain Factory) Comments: Pastel Porcelain Xu. The pen is loose and unconstrained. "loose"; Painting is beyond the original image, with profound meaning, and the second is "high". It is enough to prove its indifferent and elegant spirituality and broad ethereal mind. -China arts and crafts master Zhang Songmao
Z: The allegorical metaphor in pastel porcelain painting is a common form of imitating literati painting, and it is also a means to express feelings. One thing that happened in the Imperial Kiln Factory during the Tongzhi period not only had an ordinary and simple human touch, but also had a thought-provoking porcelain taste. In the eighth year of Tongzhi, Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory was ordered to copy a batch of Ming Dynasty dragon-pattern tribute porcelain with pastel technique. A painter accidentally painted a dragon with five claws into a dragon with six claws. Porcelain was discovered only after it was baked (Xu Ya). Tao Guan was furious when he heard the news, and martial law was imposed everywhere. In order to find out who did it, a royal painter was determined to save the painter who made a mistake carelessly, so he painted a lotus flower facing the sun, which was bathed in red lotus and covered with lotus leaves. A peach in a peach blossom on the shore appeared under the light. The painter said that this is a pastel tribute porcelain pattern set in the palace, and the designated painter will draw it as usual. When the painter received the draft, he was very confused. How can this lotus flower be painted with peach trees? You Ran, who understood the painter's intention, fled the imperial kiln factory in disguise. It turned out that the painter used homophonic painting language to ask the painter to "escape overnight", thus avoiding a fatal disaster.
Z: A painting conveys a life-threatening message. Zhang Fencai's family, who has worked hard in the porcelain garden for a lifetime, has the same career pursuit and persistent dedication to porcelain. "Songying Waterfall" is a traditional theme with fresh flavor of the times, which injects meaningful picture tension into the idea of harmony between man and nature. The mountains are far away and the valleys are near, so is the water. Gu Song's branches are covered with scales and drums, cast with iron bones, and the leaves are covered with needles, which are restrained in opening and closing and magnificent, which really gives people a visual impact. . Plum blossom is a very popular theme in pastel decoration. Zhang Songmao painted plum blossom piles, so that dry iron branches can be used for modeling, and the branches can be thinned. Plum blossoms are in bud, or in bud, and they are full of charm. They are determined to use "light and clean" colors to see their elegance in prosperity and their plum blossom images in production.
Peony is a common theme in Zhang Songmao's works, and Tian Xiang Tu belongs to his neat and delicate works. The peony in this painting has green branches, lush foliage, full composition and vague outline, which is beyond Chen Xiangyin's meticulous painting. With deep foundation, the painter gives full play to the skeleton role of line drawing in modeling, and accurately shows the complex and multilateral image of fragrant flowers with lines, reflecting the texture and three-dimensional sense of flowers. It draws the strings cast by ink lines, showing the shape, spirit, quality and potential of flowers; Rhythm and state of leaves; Express your inner world and feelings. The edge of the petal is outlined with various curves to show the differences and differences between the front of the petal, the level and direction of the flower, and the suppression and elevation. The leaves are thick and uneven, and Ye Jin's healthy, vivid tip and positive and negative growth are vivid, which is quite natural and interesting. Xu Yafeng, with her unique female aesthetic, endowed her pastel works with a unique life language and artistic taste. He painted orchids and expressed the aesthetic quality and symbolic meaning of orchids, which was completely based on Qu Yuan's Lisao. The Phalaenopsis on this porcelain is overlapping, with elegant leaves and fat as a sword. Petals are beautiful and soft, with elegant color and elegant appearance. It can be seen that she paints orchids with a pen, with a sunny day and a quiet place. What is exciting is that "the god who leads orchids, reaches the nature of orchids and expresses the feelings of orchids" is amazing. Xu Yafeng is good at pastel meticulous flowers, paying attention to simple composition, delicate objects, line drawing of colorful flowers, smooth and elegant brushwork, soft colors and natural level transition. The management position of the picture frame is combined with the modeling layout of the utensils, and the composition is alternately dense and dense, giving people a feeling of being neither fire nor wild, not vulgar nor flattering, but rich and beautiful, bright and elegant, which is quite innovative in Xu's pastel painting style.
Z: "it's been nearly half a century, and then I'll read the article with the green lantern." This poem by Zhang Songmao is a true portrayal of the spiritual world of countless ceramic masters.
B: It should be said that the famous pastel artists we introduced today will inevitably be leaked, but the profoundness of Jingdezhen ceramic culture was created by millions of well-known and unknown artists, who all contributed their life energy and wisdom to the development of Jingdezhen ceramic art. ..