Bai Juyi (772-846) was born in Lotte, Taiyuan (now Shanxi).
In the third year of Yuanhe (808), he worshipped Zuo to collect the remains, and was later demoted to Jiangzhou (now Jiangxi) Sima, and moved to Zhongzhou (now Sichuan) as the secretariat. Later, it was the secretariat of Hangzhou, and it was also the secretariat of Tongzhou (now Shaanxi) in Suzhou, with the minister of punishments as the official.
He lived in Luoyang at night and was named Mr. Drunk Sound, a Buddhist in Xiangshan. In his early years, his poems were as famous as Yuan Zhen and were called "Bai Yuan". In his later years, he was called "Bai Liu" with Liu Yuxi.
His poems have a wide range of themes, diverse forms and simple and popular language, and are known as "the poet's magic" and "the king of poets". Official to Hanlin bachelor, Zuo Zanshan doctor.
Not many words, but it has a great influence on future generations. There is Bai Changqing Collection.
His representative works include Song of Eternal Sorrow, Charcoal Man, Pipa Travel and so on.
2. Bai Juyi's literary common sense
Bai Juyi (772-846), whose real name is Lotte, was born in Xiayi (Weinan, Shaanxi) and said to be from Taiyuan.
He was born in a small bureaucratic family in Xinzheng County, Henan Province. 12-year-old, avoid chaos in China (Zhejiang).
Later, I went to Chang 'an to find a way out, but there was no result. After my father died, my family was very embarrassed and my family was scattered all over the country. Bai Juyi runs around and has no fixed place to live.
Bai Juyi studied hard since childhood. "Five or six years old, learning poetry.
When I was nine years old, I knew rhyme. 15, 16 years old didn't know there was a scholar, so study hard.
I'm twenty. I have classes during the day, read books at night, and have poems in the middle. I don't want to sleep. As a result, the mouth and tongue become painful and the elbows become shriveled.
It is strong, but its skin is not full, and its teeth turn white prematurely before it gets old. At first glance, it's like a flying fly hanging beads in its eyes and moving tens of thousands of times, which is caused by hard work. "/kloc-When I was 0/6 years old, I wrote Farewell to the Ancient Grass, which was an exercise for the exam.
According to legend, Bai Juyi once took his poems to see Gu Kuang, a senior poet. Although the name Juyi was strange, he joked: "Chang 'an is expensive, but it is not easy to live in a big place! As he spoke, he opened the poem and saw "Farewell to the ancient grass" and "Wildfire will not completely burn them, they will be tall again in the spring breeze". He was amazed and said, "There is a saying that it is not difficult to live in the world! "Under the impetus of Gu Kuang, Bai Juyi became famous. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (AD 800), 29-year-old Bai Juyi entered the official career by winning the fourth place.
At the age of 35 (806), he was a magistrate of Zhouzhi County. In the second year of Xian Zongyuan (807), he wrote "Cutting Wheat" and "Song of Eternal Sorrow". In the same year, he was awarded the Bachelor of Hanlin.
Yuan and three years, was appointed as Zuo Shiyi (808, 37 years old). He wrote many times to get rid of the disadvantages, and accused Tang Xianzong and Chun Li of their mistakes face to face, which caused the emperor's anger. Thanks to Li Jiang's rescue, he didn't get punished.
In the 10th year of Yuanhe (8 15), Prime Minister Wu was stabbed to death by Li Shidao, the envoy of Pinglu. That year, Bai Juyi had been replaced by a doctor who praised the goodness in the East Palace, but he still wrote, "Please catch the thief quickly and report the national humiliation." The authorities hated him for crossing the border and demoted him to Sima Jiangzhou (Jiujiang). The following year, I wrote Pipa Xing.
Sima is a freelancer. During the ten to thirteen years of Yuanhe (815-818), the poet had nothing to do. Due to the influence of Buddhism and Taoism in his early years, he built a thatched cottage beside the Tuolin Temple in Lushan Xianglufeng, and spent most of his time cultivating immortals and learning Buddhism. Later, he was promoted to the ambassador of Zhongzhou. Zhongzhou is a small mountain town, so there is a sigh that "Tianjiao was thrown in the mountains".
In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, Tang Muzong Hengli ascended the throne, and Bai Juyi was recalled to Chang 'an. Seeing the emperor's extravagance, regardless of national politics and bureaucratic conflicts, his performance was not adopted. He didn't want to get involved in the whirlpool of political struggle in the imperial court, so he voluntarily offered to release him.
Later, he was appointed as the magistrate of Hangzhou. In Hangzhou, he built water conservancy projects, diverted Qiantang Lake to irrigate thousands of hectares of fertile land, and did many things to benefit the people.
Tang Jingzong (Li Zhan) In the Yuan Dynasty, Bai Juyi was appointed as the ambassador of Suzhou, and was also loved by the people of Suzhou. Since then, he has served as secretary supervisor, Henan Yin and Prince Shaofu.
In his later years, he settled in Luoyang, where he lived as a minister of punishments, semi-official and semi-secluded, and believed in Buddhism. After becoming an official, he lived in seclusion, built Xiangshan Temple and became a monk in Xiangshan.
Tang Wuzong (Li Mi) died in Huichang for six years at the age of seventy-five, and wrote seventy-one volumes of Bai Changqing Collection. Bai Juyi left nearly 3,000 poems, which was second to none among the poets in the Tang Dynasty.
He divided his poems into four categories: allegorical poems, sentimental poems, leisurely poems and miscellaneous poems. Headed by allegorical poems, there are more than 170 songs that appeal to people's livelihood, such as Selling Charcoal Weng (also in Kugong City) and Du Lingcuo (also hurting farmers); Sentimental poems, such as Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel; Leisure poetry, promoting the negative thought of eating, drinking and having fun in time; Bai Juyi was an advocate of the New Yuefu Movement in Tang Dynasty.
He wrote current affairs in the form of new Yuefu, serving to improve politics. He advocated that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written for things."
"Servants often suffer from the collapse of poetic style (referring to the flood of poetic style), suddenly angry, or eat and eat, sleep at night, and want to help." "There is no definite sentence in the article, and there is no definite word in the sentence. It depends on the meaning, not the text.
The first sentence marks its purpose, the pawn chapter shows its will, and it is poetic. Its rhetoric has quality and path, and it is easy for people who want to see it to distinguish; His words are straightforward, and those who want to hear them are deeply warned; The matter is verification, and those who want to adopt it will send a letter; Its body is smooth and can be played in music and songs.
In short, do it for the monarch, minister, people, things and things, not for the text. "The preface to the new Yuefu" does not seek the rhythm of the high palace and does not make strange words.
Only songs are disgusting, I hope the emperor knows. "To Tang Sheng" Bai Juyi's poems strive to be simple and popular.
Write it out, read it to the illiterate old mother, and take it out when you understand it. His poems are widely circulated.
"From Chang 'an to Jiangxi, there are often poets in rural schools, Buddhist temples, anti-tourism and boating; Scholars, monks, widows and virgins often have servants who sing poems. " "However, in the past twenty years, there have been no books on the walls of forbidden provinces, temples and post offices; The prince, concubines, cowboys and horses all opened their mouths; As for the mole's calligraphy and writing, some people sell it in Shi Jing, or use it as wine and tea. "
Bai's "Preface to Changqing Collection" has spread to ethnic minorities such as Khitan, Uighur, Japan and Korea. "A boy will hate Long song, and Hu Er will play the pipa."
Bai Juyi inherited the realistic tradition from The Book of Songs to Du Fu.
Bai Juyi's literary knowledge will be taught in class tomorrow.
Bai Juyi (772~846) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty, whose name was Lotte, and his name was Xiangshan Jushi.
My ancestral home is Taiyuan, Shanxi, and my ancestral home is Weinan, Shaanxi. In his later years, the official prince was Xiao Fu, and posthumous title was Bai Fu and Bai Wengong.
He was born in a small and medium-sized bureaucratic family of "Shi Dunru" all his life. Born in Xinzheng, Zhengzhou (now Xinzheng County, Henan Province).
Since 1 1 years old, she has been displaced by war for five or six years. I studied hard when I was a teenager.
In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800 years), he was a scholar, and in the 18th year, he got an excellent degree with Yuan Zhen. Two people are engaged.
In the future, Bai Yuan was also famous for his poems. In the spring of nineteen years, he was awarded the provincial school secretary.
In the first year of Yuanhe (806), he dismissed the proofreader, wrote 75 pieces of "Ce Lin", and was awarded the title of "knowing talents, knowing body and function". Shoot "Watching Wheat Cutting" and "Song of Eternal Sorrow".
Yuanhe returned to Korea in the second year, awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin in November, and served as a left gleaning in the following year. In four years, he launched the New Yuefu Movement with Yuan Zhen and Li Shen.
In five years, Cao, a native of Jingzhao County, joined the army. At this time, he was still a bachelor of Hanlin, drafting letters and participating in state affairs.
He can talk openly about things without being afraid of powerful people. In six years, Yuanhe was sent back to Beijing to serve because his mother was at home and had served her full term.
In ten years, he was demoted to Sima Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) for taking the lead in catching the murderer of Wu. The following year, I wrote Pipa Travel.
He began to "be an official in seclusion" and built a thatched cottage in Lushan. His thought has changed from "saving the world" to "being immune to the world", and more and more leisurely and sentimental poems have appeared. In the thirteenth year of Yuanhe, he changed to Zhongzhou Secretariat, returned to Beijing in the fifteenth year, and moved to Zhongshu Sheren.
Due to the feud between the cronies of the DPRK and China, Yu Changqing requested to be released in the second year (822), and he was the secretariat of Hangzhou and Suzhou successively, which won the hearts of the people. In the first year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (827), he was supervised by the secretary, transferred to assistant minister of punishments the following year and settled in Luoyang for four years.
Later, he served as the guest of the Prince, Henan Yin and Shaofu Prince. In the second year of Huichang (842), he became an official with the minister of punishments.
In Luoyang, he entertained himself with poetry, wine, Zen, Qin and mountains and rivers, and often sang with Liu Yuxi, who was called Liu Yuxi. In Huichang four years, eight stone beaches were dug in Longmen for the benefit of boat people.
At the age of 75, he was buried at Pipa Peak in Xiangshan, Longmen, Luoyang. Li Shangyin wrote an epitaph for him. Bai Juyi's poetry theory integrates Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.
Self-reliance, with Confucianism as the guiding ideology, "wealth will help the world, and poverty will be immune to it." His ambition of "helping the world and the people" is mainly based on Confucian benevolent policies, including the theory of Huang Lao, the technique of treating filial piety and the method of applying Korea; His mind of "being alone" absorbed the concepts of contentment, uniformity and freedom of Laozi and Zhuangzi and the Buddhist thought of "liberation".
The two are roughly bounded by Bai's demotion of Jiangzhou Sima. Bai Juyi not only left nearly 3000 poems, but also put forward a whole set of poetry theory.
He compared poetry to a fruit tree and put forward the viewpoint of "root feeling, Miao character, Watson and true meaning" (nine books are the same). He believes that "emotion" is the fundamental condition for the emergence of poetry, "those who touch people's hearts should not care about emotion first" (ibid.), and the emergence of emotion is related to current politics because of emotion. Therefore, poetry creation cannot be divorced from reality, but must be based on various events in real life and reflect the social and political situation of an era.
He inherited the tradition of "beauty and beauty" since the Book of Songs and attached importance to the realistic content and social function of poetry. Emphasize the role of poetry in exposing and criticizing political abuses.
He put forward a series of principles in the method of poetry expression: "consistency in words and quality", concise and straightforward expression; "Call a spade a spade, cut to the chase", express one's mind directly and be close to the facts; "Things are true", the content is true and well documented; "The body is smooth and smooth" and the words are smooth and easy to sing (Preface to New Yuefu). His poetic theory is of progressive significance for urging poets to face up to reality and care about people's livelihood.
It also has an important influence on the poetic style that has gradually emphasized form since Dali (766~779). However, overemphasizing the subordination of poetry creation to the needs of real politics will inevitably constrain the artistic creation of poetry and the diversification of poetry styles.
Bai Juyi once divided his poems into four categories: satire, leisure, sentimentality and miscellaneous methods. Generally speaking, the first three categories are ancient bodies, and the latter category is near bodies.
The first three categories are roughly divided by content, but they overlap. Among these four types of poems, Bai himself pays more attention to the first two types, and thinks that satirical poems embody the "ambition to be satisfactory to both sides"; Leisure poems show the meaning of "being independent"; It is a direct embodiment of his life goals.
Sentimental poems and miscellaneous poems are "either seduced by one thing or sent by a smile, born spontaneously, not in life" (Yuan Zaju "Nine Books"). Satire is the essence of white poetry.
There are 50 representative works of New Yuefu and Qin Zhongyin 10. They widely reflect the major issues in all aspects of social life in the middle Tang Dynasty, and focus on describing the darkness of reality and the suffering of the people.
These poems are fiercely worded and have no scruples, breaking through the tradition of "gentle and honest" poetry teaching, and are very prominent in ancient poems criticizing current politics. Satire is more direct in form.
The narrative is complete, the plot is vivid, and the plot of the characters is meticulous and vivid. The other part of satirical poetry uses allegory to support things and natural images to support political feelings.
These two kinds of works have profound and broad generalizations, concentrated themes, vivid images and clear language. Some "new Yuefu" also adopt the sentence pattern of "337", which has traces of folk popular literature and art.
Leisure poems mostly express the yearning for quiet pastoral life and the interest of leading an honest and clean life. Many poems also promote the idea of contentment, peace and happiness.
However, some poems show dissatisfaction with reality from the side, which shows that his pursuit of leisure is only a helpless relief. The most famous sentimental poems are the narrative poems "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Xing".
Song of Eternal Sorrow is a story about the marriage and love between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei, which contains both an earth-shattering satire on China's lust for beauty and endless sympathy and regret for this endless sorrow. Pipa has a sense of "returning to the world" and has made outstanding language achievements.
These two poems are full of twists and turns in narrative, meticulous in writing, good at parallelism, smooth and harmonious in sound and rhyme, and widely circulated. Bai also has many gifts for relatives and friends, sincere and sincere, simple and moving.
However, in this kind of poems, there are many sad colors that lament the old people's illness and death, and Buddhist thoughts that get rid of the hubbub. Miscellaneous poems are the most in white poems, and some intriguing lyric landscape poems are very famous, with a few strokes and a lot of business.
In addition, there are some long sentences and poems that tell the truth and contrast the melody. There is a glass of light, wine shadow and amorous feelings, which is quite imitated by people at that time. White poetry was widely spread at that time, from the court to the folk, and its reputation spread far and wide in Xinjiang, Korea and Japan.
White poetry had a great influence on later literature, including Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng, Nie and Luo in the late Tang Dynasty.
4. About Bai Juyi's literary knowledge, hurry up
Among ancient Shanxi poets, Bai Juyi is the most famous.
He is another great poet after Li Bai and Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty, and he is also known as the three great poets in the Tang Dynasty with Li Du. Bai Juyi, a native of Taiyuan, was born in an official family. His great-grandfather, great-grandfather and grandfather are all officials. My father is a doctor in Chaofeng, a driver in Xiangzhou and a young girl in Dali. He is a gift to the servant of the minister of punishment.
Because his ancestors were officials in Henan, he lived in Henan. Bai Juyi was born on the 20th day of the first month of the seventh year in Dali, Tang Daizong (AD 772), from Dongguofu, Xinzheng County, Henan Province.
Wu Zonghui Chang died in Luoyang in August in the sixth year (846) at the age of 75. When Bai Juyi was born, Li Bai had died 10 years, and Du Fu had died for 2 years.
The times need great poets, and Bai Juyi came at the right time. He came from a scholarly family and was extremely clever since childhood. He learned to write poetry at the age of five or six, and he could distinguish rhyme at the age of nine. In addition, his family and society gave him great encouragement and supervision. He studied very hard when he was young.
Later, recalling the reading situation at that time, he said, "I study at night and sometimes I study poetry." I haven't slept for a long time, so that my mouth is sour and my elbow is sore. " When I was a teenager, I once lived a life of refuge, and I knew all aspects of society.
These reasons created Bai Juyi, an outstanding poet. Shortly after Bai Juyi was born, a war broke out in Henan.
Pu Town, where Li is located, is divided into more than ten states by Henan, and this kind of chaos seems to continue. Peng Cheng County magistrate promoted him to be Bai, a special bus driver in Xuzhou, and sent his son Bai Juyi south to avoid chaos. I have taken refuge from home since I was a child, and later I went to the north and south to prepare for hardship.
So when he was 15 years old, he wrote a quatrain that recorded the true feelings at that time; "What do you want from your hometown? Li Yu in Wushan Bay, Chushui. Today, because you went to see your brother, I cried several lines in a book. "
Later, there was the Seven Laws of Sending Brothers and Sisters, which was also well written and has been praised. The poem reads: "My fields and gardens were destroyed by the war, and my flesh and blood became the scum of the street ... * * * When you look at the bright moon, you should cry, because your heart is sick in five places." From these poems, we can see Bai Juyi's living conditions and psychological feelings at that time.
The separation of his family's flesh and blood can also reflect the degree of social unrest and people's displacement at that time. Bai Juyi spent his boyhood in such an environment.
When Bai Juyi was 0/6 years old, he had written many good poems that could be handed down from generation to generation, the most famous of which was the five-character poem Farewell to the Ancient Grass. It is said that Bai Juyi came to Chang 'an for the first time to visit the old poet Gu Kuang.
When Gu Kuang heard that his name was easy to live in, he joked, "Chang 'an is expensive, but it is not easy to live in it. "I read the poem" The Mountain Fire is Unfinished and the Spring Breeze is High "and praised it. It is not difficult to live in Chang 'an with such a style of writing.
This poem really shows Bai Juyi's extraordinary talent. Since arriving in Chang 'an, Gu Kuang has become famous for this. Bai Juyi sometimes lives in Chang 'an and sometimes in other places. He has been to Xuzhou, Xiangzhou, Hangzhou and other places, made friends with some poets and really started his career as a poet.
At the age of 27, he took part in the provincial examination, was appreciated by Cui Yan, the secretariat of Xuanzhou, and was sent to Chang 'an for an examination the following year. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800), he was 29 years old, ranking fourth and being the first scholar. 365-year-old, 438+0, won the top prize in the exam, met Yuan Zhen and others at the same time, and became friends with Yuan Zhen from then on. In the spring of the age of 32, Bai Juyi was awarded the school book lang, which was regarded as a successful career. At the age of 33, he moved from Luoyang to the State of Qin, Bu Juwei, about a hundred miles away from Chang 'an. At the age of 35, he no longer worked as a school book lang, and was later named as a county captain in Zhouzhi.
The following year, Zhouzhi County Commandant was transferred to Jinshi Examiner to supplement Jixian Academy. This winter, he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin. Just before and after he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin, he married his sister Yang Yuqing. In the third year of Yuanhe (808), he worshipped the left and collected the remains.
Li Jifu, the prime minister at that time, was dissatisfied with Niu Monks, Confucians and others who criticized the failure of state affairs. Bai Juyi, who was newly appointed as a scavenger, went as far as "On the Human System" and said that he was arbitrarily relegated, so he offended Li Stepfather and Li Deyu and his son, and unfortunately fell into the whirlpool of political struggle at that time.
Bai Juyi was always pushed out by Li Deyu in the decades-long struggle between Niu and Li, which determined that his life's official career was not smooth. During his ear-picking, he did his duty and repeatedly dissatisfied the emperor or the powerful minister.
In April of the 6th year of Yuanhe (8 1 1), Bai Juyi settled in Wei Village due to his mother's death, and his beloved daughter Jin Luanzi also died in this year. Bai Juyi has lived in Weiwei village for more than three years, suffering from poverty and illness, and his good friend Yuan Zhen often takes out money to help him tide over the difficulties.
In the winter of the ninth year of Yuanhe (8 14), he was named "Doctor Zuo Zan", but later he was hated by the Prime Minister, demanding the urgent arrest of Wu, and was demoted to the state secretariat, and later he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima by Wang Ya, the official of Chinese calligraphy. This continuous relegation is a great blow and lesson to Bai Juyi, which has greatly changed his thoughts.
In order to avoid disaster and suspicion, in Jiangzhou, "no more speaking out", "the world will never speak out again", claiming to be "a person who has fallen to the end of the world" He traveled and wrote poems as his career, longing for Tao Yuanming, hoping to be a recluse poet and turn to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of Buddhism.
In short, being demoted to Jiangzhou Sima is a major turning point in Bai Juyi's life. Bai Juyi lived in Jiangzhou for four years, then moved to Zhongzhou, and was recalled in Yuanhe fifteen years.
Xianzong collapsed, and Mu Zong succeeded to the throne, and he was named the Chinese Book Scheeren. Later, he paid a visit to Dr. Shang Shu, learned the imperial edict, sent the doctor away, and transferred to Zhu Guo. Bai Juyi's spirit is heavy and exciting. In the poem, he said, "If you get water, you can get fish, and riding a crane can also be spiritual."
However, due to the fierce factional disputes at that time, he was not only powerless, but also "worried all the time" and marveled at "the danger of a trap under the high position". Soon I was disappointed again.
Afraid of being a victim of power again, he dared not stay in North Korea for a long time, so he asked to go abroad. In the second year of Changqing (822), he went out to be the secretariat of Hangzhou, avoiding the court that was cruelly wooed by his cronies. Since then, his thoughts have been further depressed. The poem said: "Who knows that fame and fortune are exhausted, and there is no peace." "Dare to speak slowly and be safe."
Let it go, let it go, it's a little forgotten. In order to get rid of the troubles of life, Bai Juyi indulged himself with prostitutes, music, poetry and wine.
He went whoring and drinking until his later years. Tibetan prostitutes began to have fun in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and were common in the Tang Dynasty, especially Bai Juyi.
There are more than a dozen prostitutes whose names are known from his poems. Alcoholic, according to him, "only drunk is the hometown", "often drunk, not awake all day."
Song people counted Bai Juyi's poems and said that he had "2,800 poems and 900 drinkers." So it's all escapism and self-anesthesia.
He further sought spiritual support from Buddhism, sought a way of liberation and used Buddhism.
5. Relevant literary knowledge of Bai Juyi and Yang Wanli
Bai Juyi (772-846), a native of Xinzheng, Henan Province, was born in Taiyuan, Lotte, Xiangshan, and drunk. He was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty and one of the three great poets in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen * * * advocated the new Yuefu movement, and together with Liu Yuxi, they called the world "Bai Yuan" and "Bai Liu".
Bai Juyi's poems have a wide range of themes, various forms and simple and popular language, and are known as "the poet's magic" and "the king of poets". Official to Hanlin bachelor, Zuo Zanshan doctor. In 846 AD, Bai Juyi died in Luoyang and was buried in Xiangshan. Up to now, there are Bai's "Changqing Collection", and the representative works include Song of Eternal Sorrow, Charcoal Man, Pipa Travel and so on.
Yang Wanli (1 127-1206), a native of Jishui, Jizhou (now Jiangxi), was admitted to the middle school as a scholar for 24 years (1 154), was awarded the secretariat of Ganzhou and joined the army. Avenue, known as Fengxin County, is named Dr. Guo Zi, who moved to the doctor too often. He has a right assistant in the official department and will be supervised less. In Xichun, I learned about Changzhou, raised tea and salt in Changping, Guangdong, and moved to Guangdong to raise some prisons. Eleven years (1 184), said the official department yuanwailang. He served as the detail inspector of the Privy Council, the left and right secretaries of ministers, and the secretary with little supervision. Together with You Mao, Fan Chengda and Lu You, they are called the "Four Masters of Zhongxing" in the Southern Song Dynasty. Most of Yang Wanli's poems describe natural scenery and are good at it. There are also many chapters that reflect people's sufferings and express patriotic feelings. The language is simple and clear, fresh and natural, full of humor; It is called "sincere fasting".
Representative works include Lin Zifang from Jingci Temple, Chu Xiao, Xiaochi, Xugongdian, Su Xinshi, Sleeping in Early Summer, Liu Xin, and Boating in Peace.