What are the rules and rhymes of Tang poetry?

There are various forms of Tang poetry. There are basically two kinds of ancient poems in Tang Dynasty: five-character poems and seven-character poems. There are also two kinds of modern poems, one is called quatrains, and the other is called metrical poems. Quatrains and metrical poems are five words and seven words respectively. Therefore, there are basically six basic forms of Tang poetry: five-character archaic poetry, seven-character archaic poetry, five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains, five-character rhythmic poems and seven-character rhythmic poems. Classical poetry has a wide range of requirements for rhyme and meter: in a poem, the number of sentences can be more or less, the chapters can be long or short, and the rhyme can be changed. Modern poetry has strict requirements on rhyme and meter: the number of sentences in a poem is limited, that is, four-line quatrains and eight-line meter poems. The words used in each poem have certain rules, and the rhyme cannot be changed; Rhyme also requires that the middle four sentences become antithesis. The style of ancient poetry is handed down from the previous generation, so it is also called ancient style. Modern poetry has strict rules, so some people call it metrical poetry. The forms and styles of Tang poetry are colorful and innovative. It not only inherited the tradition of Han and Wei folk songs and Yuefu, but also greatly developed the singing style. It not only inherited the five-character or seven-character ancient poems of the previous generation, but also developed into a long and huge system of narrative romance; It not only expanded the use of five-character and seven-character styles, but also created modern poems with particularly beautiful and neat styles. Modern poetry was a new style of poetry at that time, and its emergence and maturity was an important event in the history of Tang poetry development. It pushed the artistic features of China's ancient poems with harmonious syllables and refined words to an unprecedented height, and found a typical form for ancient lyric poetry, which has been especially loved by people so far. However, the metrical poems in modern poetry are easy to be bound because of their strict metrical restrictions, which is a major defect brought by their advantages. To appreciate Tang poetry, we must first have a brief understanding of the differences between "modern poetry" and "ancient poetry" and master their respective characteristics, so as to better appreciate their beauty. Classical poetry, also known as ancient poetry or ancient style. This concept is different from the usual "ancient poetry". It is a special term, which refers to a poetic style that was popular before the Tang Dynasty and continued to be popular in the Tang Dynasty, as opposed to modern poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. The characteristics of classical poetry are: the number of sentences is not limited, the number of words in each sentence is not limited, and it can rhyme or not, and it can rhyme or change. It is not required that sentences should be flush with each other, and words should be confronted with each other. In a word, classical poetry is relatively free in meter, which is quite different from modern poetry in meter. Ancient poems can be divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems (or five-character poems and seven-character poems for short). In addition, there are ancient poems with irregular sentence patterns, which are generally classified as seven ancient poems. Some ancient poems are the same in number, number of words and meter, but different in rhyme, level and antithesis, so they are still ancient poems. The Nineteen Ancient Poems mentioned above and the poems of Tao Yuanming and others are all ancient poems. Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry ("modern" and "modern" are Tang Dynasty terms), emphasizes strict meter. Modern poetry has four basic requirements: first, it stipulates the number of sentences and words; The second is to rhyme according to the prescribed rhyme department; Third, the words of the upper sentence and the lower sentence are required to be flat, right and sticky; Fourth, it is stipulated that some sentences should use words, that is, nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, etc. Modern poetry is divided into two categories: (1) regular poetry, which consists of eight sentences, five of which are called five-character regular poetry and seven are called seven-character regular poetry. (2) The quatrains consist of four sentences, five of which are called five-character quatrains and seven are called seven-character quatrains. Here are a few examples. For example, Wang Zhihuan's "Heron Tower": the mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river. Further, this is a five-character quatrain, which must be four sentences and twenty crosses. Secondly, according to the rhyme, it must choose a word with a rhyme part as the rhyme, and the words "Liu" and "Lou" in this poem belong to the rhyme of "Eleven Have". Third, the words it uses must conform to the prescribed plane format, so that it can be read in a harmonious and pleasant way. The flat pattern of this poem is: flat, flat. Flat and light, flat and light. Some words can be flat and even, and the rest can't be flexible. Ping-refers to the word Pingsheng in ancient Chinese; Xu refers to the words "Shangsheng", "Desheng" and "Rusheng" in ancient Chinese. According to modern Chinese, Yin Ping (the first sound) and Yang Ping (the second sound) are flat; The rising sound (the third sound) and the falling sound (the fourth sound) belong to Nuo. A quatrain poem can be antithetical or not. This quatrain is the first antithesis, and the last two sentences are "be poor" to "be good", "a thousand miles" to "the first floor" and "eyes" to "the building". We quote the poem "In the Lodge of Herons" to illustrate the most basic metrical requirements of modern poetry. In addition, there are three flat and even formats of five-character quatrains and four formats of * * * *. Seven-character quatrains, five-character metrical poems and seven-character metrical poems also have four flat patterns. As for the flat format of modern poetry, I only give some hints with the above examples, and I won't introduce them in detail. If you don't want to write this kind of poems, but appreciate the works of predecessors, then it doesn't hurt to have a general understanding of the requirements of metrical rules. Take Meng Haoran's "Send Du Fourteen Visits to the South of the Yangtze River" as an example: Jing and Wu Yi are home with water, and your trip to Chunjiang is just wonderful. When the sun sets, where does the solitary sail anchor? As far as the horizon is concerned, it breaks people's intestines. I expressed nostalgia and disappointment when I saw off my friends who had traveled far away. The whole poem is composed of four sentences and 28 words, with "Seven Yang" as the rhyme, and is even according to the rules. There is no antithesis in this poem because antithesis is not allowed in quatrains. Five-character verse, let's look at Dai Shulun's Except Sleeping in a Stone Hill: Who asked the hotel? The cold lamp is amiable. Tonight is the last night of the year, and I am wandering thousands of miles away. Looking back on the past, it is an insignificant thing, sad and sad; Lonely, I only have a wry smile and acid. Sorrow makes my face old and my hair full of white hair. With a sigh, I ushered in a new year. This is a poem on New Year's Eve. I am far away from my hometown and feel sorry for my own suffering. The whole poem consists of eight sentences and forty words, with the rhyme of "eleven truths", occasionally. One or two lines of metrical poems are called the first couplet, three or four lines are called the platoon couplet, five or six lines are called the neck couplet, and seven or eight lines are called the tail couplet. The antithesis of couplets and the neckline of rhyme must be opposite. For example, this couplet "One Year" is opposite to "Wan Li", "Will Do" is opposite to "Not Return" and "Night" is opposite to "People". The neckline is sparse and disjointed, with a smile of sadness and joy, and the past never forgets the present. Seven-character verse, let's look at Liu Zongyuan's "Don't be a younger brother, Zong Yi": Lonely soul and double sorrow, first frost tears across the river. The treacherous party, because the party did not leave the capital, lived more than 6 thousand miles away; I left Baiyue desolate, gaunt and poor for the rest of my life. Guiling malaria forest, black clouds hanging white; Welcome to the beautiful future of Dongting with spring scenery and water and sky. Want to know the dream of lovesickness after that, just smoke in Jingmen. This is a poem written by Liu Zongyuan when he was demoted to the wild dragon city and went to Jiangling to bid farewell to his cousin Liu. His mood is extremely sad and angry. The whole poem consists of eight sentences and 56 words, with the rhyme "one poem", which is parallel to each other, antithetical sentences and necklaces. The first sentence of the seven-character rhyme uses rhyme, but it doesn't need rhyme. This rhymes. There is also a kind of "extension" of rhyme, which is to extend the rhyme to more than 10 sentences, or even a hundred sentences. Except for the first and last couplets, all the sentences in the middle should be antithetical sentences. The arrangement is usually five words. The style of Tang poetry was complete in the early Tang Dynasty, and the peak of poetry creation appeared in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.