Xunzi in the Warring States Period: "Heaven and earth combine to create everything, and Yin and Yang change to be born."
Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Heaven and earth are in harmony, and everything is born by itself."
Fan Zhen in the Southern Dynasties: "If the form exists, the god will exist, and if the form is thanked, the god will be destroyed."
Wang Fuzhi of the Ming Dynasty said, "Those who are angry are justified." "There is only instrument in the world", "Tao is the way of instrument" and "Without instrument, there is no way".
Idealism: The essence of the world is consciousness, not matter determines consciousness, but consciousness determines matter (consciousness comes first, matter comes second).
① Subjective idealism: The world is created and decided by human consciousness.
Lu Xiangshan, a philosopher in the Song Dynasty: "The universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe."
Wang Yangming, a philosopher in the Ming Dynasty, said, "There is nothing outside the heart."
Friedrich Engels
British philosopher Becquerel: Being is perceived. Things are "combinations of feelings" and "collections of ideas".
"Eyes are open, flowers are bright, eyes are closed, and flowers are silent."
Objective idealism: The world is created and decided by some kind of god or unpredictable absolute concept.
Zhu, a philosopher in the Song Dynasty, said, "Reason comes first."
Plato: The world is the shadow of "idea".
Hegel: The essence of the world is the "absolute spirit" that exists independently.