1 the ideological content of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems
In the era when metaphysics prevailed and aestheticism dominated the whole literary world, Li Zhuo, a poem with brand-new ideological content, showed great innovative spirit.
1. 1 lofty ideals and interests
1.2 reflects the content of work and life.
1.3 rural poverty description
1.4 Reflect social life and express one's social thoughts.
2 The artistic features of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems
The poeticization of nature and daily life is not only the purport of Tao Yuanming's life, but also the overall artistic feature of his pastoral poems.
2. 1 Emotion, scenery, things and rationality.
2.2 Simple sees police, simple sees beauty.
Talking about pastoral poetry is inseparable from Tao Yuanming. Speaking of Tao Yuanming, I will naturally think of his famous sentence "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge and seeing Nanshan leisurely". In the history of China literature, Tao Yuanming was the first to write a large number of poems on rural scenery and rural life. His pastoral poems created a new school of classical poetry in China, which was highly praised by poets in past dynasties. From the literal point of view of his pastoral poems, the poet's detachment from things, from things to things, really has a fairy-like infinite charm. However, this is far from the truth, because Tao Yuanming lived in the darkest and most corrupt period in ancient China: frequent regime changes, decadent aristocratic life, naked people, and great differences between the ruling class and the bottom people. In this case, after a few years as an official, Tao Yuanming would rather go back to his hometown to live in seclusion because he didn't want to deal with corrupt bureaucrats. At that time, the poetry circle was still full of works by Xuanwu Zen and Moshan, deliberately pursuing gorgeous words and spreading rust in form, but Tao Yuanming was able to show great innovative spirit in Li Zhuo with brand-new content and form, and finally reached a height that his contemporaries could not reach. As the saying goes, if you are angry with a poet, it means that only those who really have feelings will have content in words. For this reason, although Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are based on pastoral materials and look like pastoral areas, their practical significance has already surpassed the pastoral field and extended to a broad social and political background. Only in this sense can we not only wander about the expression of words and forms, but really go deep into the essence of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems.
1 the ideological content of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems
Tao Yuanming is an important poet in the history of China literature. He lived in an era when formalism prevailed, and the poetry world was full of works of Xuanwu Zen and Moshan flooding, deliberately pursuing gorgeous words and paving the way for the rust of form. Tao Yuanming, on the other hand, has an idyllic life experience that ordinary literati have never had, and has many contacts with working people. It can be said that life has given him great love, which made him show great innovative spirit in the poetry world with the help of Li Zhuo, a poem with brand-new ideological content, in an era when metaphysics prevailed and aestheticism dominated the whole literary world.
Specifically, the ideological content of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems can be roughly summarized as follows:
1. 1 lofty ideals and interests
In the extremely dark society, Tao Yuanming insisted on lofty ideals and interests. Tao Yuanming's interest and personality finally made him completely break away from the ruling class and upper class and return to the countryside. He wrote many pastoral poems. His pastoral poems are full of hatred for dirty society and love for pure countryside. For example, the first song of "Return to the Garden":
Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today.
The poet dismissed the upper class of the ruling class as a "dust net", regarded those who devoted themselves to it as "birds in a cage" and "fish in a pond", and said that retiring from the countryside broke out of the "cage" and returned to "nature", which showed his contempt for ugly society. The poet described the pure and beautiful rural scenery in detail, revealing the author's heartfelt love between the lines. Here, the simple and quiet rural life is in sharp contrast with the hypocrisy, fraud and mutual struggle of the upper class, which has a particularly attractive force.
When the poet has not left his official career, there is always a feeling of "being held for a while", and his mood cannot be calmed down. He is "afraid of the clouds and ashamed to swim in the water." But when he left the dirty reality and returned to the countryside, he felt that he had a home. Such as "drinking" the fifth song:
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely see Nanshan; The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.
The poet avoided the noise of powerful horses and chariots, and gained a free and quiet mind in his leisurely life.
Although the poet's pastoral life is far from the ruling class, it is closer to the lower literati and farmers. Here are like-minded friends who talk about the article and admire: "The neighboring songs come from time to time, and the words have passed; Wonder * * * appreciation, doubt, analysis "; There is a simple peasant saying called Sang Ma: "When the market is revived, the grass is full." There is no miscellaneous words when you meet, and the road in Sang Ma is long "; There is a banquet in the neighborhood: "I am a newly cooked wine, and the local government only invites chickens"; There is also family happiness: "relatives are in the same place, and children and grandchildren still protect each other. "
Therefore, his pastoral poems not only show rich real life content, but also fully show the poet's lofty interest and noble moral integrity. It fully shows the poet's extreme hatred and complete break with the dark officialdom; It fully shows the poet's love for simple pastoral life, his understanding of labor and his friendly feelings for working people. It fully shows the poet's pursuit and yearning for the ideal world, which is one of the reasons why his pastoral poems are moving.
1.2 reflects the content of work and life.
What is particularly commendable is that his pastoral poems also reflect the content of working life. For example, the third song of "Return to the Garden":
I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
We can clearly see the image of a laborer coming back from a grassy path in the moonlight. The poem "Nostalgia for Tian She" said: "Even the plains are far away from the wind, and good seedlings are new; Although I have not measured my service years, I am happy with many things. " There is a feeling of joy in the description of field scenery and farming activities. Because the poet personally participated in agricultural labor and sincerely loved it, labor was fully praised in literary creation for the first time. Some of his pastoral poems also show thoughts and feelings that only laborers can understand. For example, the second song of "Returning to the Garden" says: "Sang Ma is getting longer, and my territory is getting wider. I am always afraid that the frost will come, and so will the grass. " Showing his close attention to the crop harvest. The poem "Harvest Early Rice in the Western Heaven" says: "Life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid. Don't camp at all, for safety? In spring, I try to do business, and my working years are considerable. Be a little diligent in the morning, but still be negative during the day. There are two buildings in the mountains, and the atmosphere is cold first and then hot. Tian Jia is not bitter, and Fu is hard to quit. " It not only shows the idea of relying on labor life, but also forms a sharp contrast with the parasitic view of the exploiting class; But also shows a tenacious attitude of not being afraid of difficulties and persisting in cultivation. These are beyond the ideology of ordinary literati, which makes his pastoral poems shine with progressive ideas.
1.3 rural poverty description
Tao Yuanming also has some pastoral poems describing his rural poverty.
The fourth song of "Returning to the Garden" says: "Wandering between mountains and ridges, I don't want to live in the past. There are remnants in the well, and the mulberry and bamboo rot. Ask people who get paid, this person is different. The wage earners told me that there was no way to die. " "Master Pang Dengzhizhong" said: "The weak crown meets the obstacles of the world, and the first room is out of balance. The fire burns repeatedly, and the moth roars at nakata; Wind and rain come and go, and the convergence is not full. Hungry in summer, sleepless in cold nights; Cocks crow at night and move in the morning. " "Meeting Work" said: "When you are weak, you will be hungry for a long time; How dare you be greedy? " "The End of the Year and Zhang Changshi" said: "People's livelihood is fresh, and Iraq is worrying. I have never been able to enjoy life again and again. If you are poor, you will worry, and if you change, you will move. " "Begging for food" said: "Hunger drove me away, somehow; Go to Sri Lanka and knock on the door. " Rural life has always been so difficult, and pastoral poetry is so bitter. Tao Yuanming is the only one in ancient and modern times.
Although most of these poems only describe his own hunger and cold situation in natural disasters in his later years, we can also imagine the more tragic life scenes of farmers in wars and disasters at that time.
1.4 Reflect social life and express one's social thoughts.
Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems profoundly reflected the social life at that time, and entrusted his social thoughts through these pastoral poems. This is the condensation and generalization of the ideal factors in the poet's pastoral life. This is a protest on behalf of small private producers against the feudal society that caused war and poverty. It reflects the strong desire of farmers to create a peaceful and happy life with their own labor, enlightens people to understand the darkness of feudal society and inspires people to fight against unreasonable reality.
Tao Yuanming is a poet in feudal society. To measure whether a writer in feudal society reflected some essential aspects of social life at that time, we should first see whether his works reflected the main contradiction in feudal society-the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasants. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden is a tortuous reflection of the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class at that time.
The poet put forward the social ideal of "Peach Blossom Garden" here. What kind of society is this? Life here is rich, harmonious and peaceful: "The land is flat and spacious, the houses are just like it, and there are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees and bamboo;" In the bustling traffic, chickens and dogs heard each other ... yellow hair hung down, and I was very happy. "Everyone here takes part in labor:" I am destined to farm, and I will rest from where I am. "The income from labor also belongs to oneself, without feudal exploitation:" Spring silkworms collect silk and pay taxes in autumn. " The poet pointed out that this is a "desperate situation" of "isolation from outsiders" and a new world opened up by the predecessors of the people in the Peach Blossom Garden in order to escape the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. They "don't know that there are Han people", or even "regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties", which actually shows that this is an ideal world opposite to feudal societies such as Qin, Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties.
We are sure that Peach Blossom Spring is mainly because it is crucial. Here, "Peach Blossom Garden is not only a paradise for hermits, but also a paradise for millions of farmers in Qian Qian, Qian Qian at that time". The utopian society in Peach Blossom Garden itself is a complete denial of the social politics of the Jin Dynasty at that time. Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden has a strong and positive influence on later generations. His bold idea of "king's tax on autumn harvest" is very enlightening for literati in past dynasties to create works that expose feudal exploitation and tax collection. In the early Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi put forward: "It is a great harm to the world, but you are just a gentleman!" Without a monarch, everyone will be selfish, and everyone will be selfish. "(The former king) advocated abolishing the throne for the benefit of the whole people, which was similar to Tao Yuanming's thought.
In a word, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are a true reflection of the poet's rural life. However, this is the rural life seen through the prism of the poet's thought and the externalization of the poet's artistic soul. Tao Yuanming criticized the irrationality of the real society not simply by describing the daily painful life of farmers, but by describing the beautiful pastoral scenery and even the ideal society of "Peach Blossom Garden" opposite to the dark reality to deny and criticize the dark social reality at that time. In other words, he criticized ugliness mainly by describing ugliness in reality, but by describing beauty in the ideal. The poet's unique way of grasping reality is determined by his specific social thought.
2 The artistic features of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems
Tao Yuanming's poems have a unique style and high artistic attainments. His poems give people a striking impression of being plain and natural. This is inseparable from his poetry content and performance characteristics. The main contents of his poems are the simple rural scenery, the daily life in the countryside, and the quiet mind in this life; It is also directly and naturally expressed through simple language and sketching techniques, which makes people feel as if it is "naturally flowing out of the chest" without any trace of axe.
The poeticization of nature and daily life is not only the purport of Tao Yuanming's life, but also the overall artistic feature of his pastoral poems. There is no heart to pray for fame in his poems, and he resorts to pen and ink when he feels in life, without affectation or affectation. He said: "I often amuse myself by writing articles, which shows my ambition." Forget the gains and losses, and it's over. "(1) he said," drunk, I take a few questions to amuse myself, too much paper and ink. "This shows his creative attitude. The sound kiss and rhythm of Tao's poems are slow and calm, giving people a kind feeling. His pastoral poems frankly recorded the subtle waves in his heart with introspective words. They have no overwhelming momentum, no eloquent power, no majestic atmosphere, but they slowly penetrate into readers' hearts like spring rain. His pastoral poetry does not pursue strong stimulation, has no strong color, has no tortuous structure, and is purely natural and magical. However, due to his lofty personality and profound life experience, as long as it is written truly, it is very infectious. As Huang Che, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Those who are profound because of their profound knowledge have no intention to be disrespectful and skillful." ⑶
Although Tao Yuanming's poems are plain, they are not shallow. On the contrary, they only make people feel honest and tasteful. Although his poetic language is only a very common "family language", it is highly refined by art, and in this very refined language, there are rich images and a deep foundation in real life, whether it is natural scenery or social life. For example, "Love the forest in front of the hall, and store the shade in the middle of summer", which is the living environment of the poet. Although the word "storage" is just an ordinary word, it is very vivid and fresh when used here. The quiet and cool shade trees in midsummer are like a pot of clear water that can be stored and taken away. "There is a south wind blowing, and the wings are new seedlings", an ordinary word "wing", also let us clearly see the scene that the warm south wind caresses the thriving seedlings and the business is full.
Specifically, the artistic features of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems can be summarized as follows:
2. 1 Emotion, scenery, things and rationality.
Tao Yuanming's description of scenery does not pursue the shape of the object and the twists and turns of the plot, but expresses feelings higher than the world through what everyone can see and ordinary things, and writes the truth that people may not understand. Tao's poems focus on writing the mind, writing the mind that is integrated with the scenery, and writing through life. He doesn't care if he looks like it, but writes a world in his mind. Shi Tao's poems are based on things, landscapes, emotions and rationality. The new seedlings spreading their wings under the south wind, the moon returning from weeding with him, the smoke curling up, Chun Yan returning to his lair because of his family's four walls, the forest in front of the hall, the piano on the bed, the muddy wine in the pot, and the pine trees, autumn chrysanthemums, lonely clouds and birds that often appear in his works are all unusual things. They are all objective, reflecting the poet's subjective feelings and personality, and they are all concrete. And look at "drinking" article 5:
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. This makes sense. I forgot to say it if I wanted to defend myself.
The first four sentences talk about the relationship between "mind" and "land", that is, the relationship between subjective spirit and objective environment. As long as the mind is far away, no matter where it is, it will not be disturbed by the noise of dust and customs. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan", the first time I saw Nanshan leisurely, seems to be integrated with Nanshan. The mountain breeze and the returning birds that night constitute a wonderful scenery in their hearts, which contains the true meaning of life. This instant induction between the heart and the environment, as well as the joy leading to infinity, can not be ignored. As "A Thousand Girls in Ancient Learning" said, "If there are chrysanthemums in the fence, I will pick them. If I pick it, there will be no chrysanthemums in my heart. Fools, but see the south mountain, and look at the beauty of the late mountain, to welcome birds and return together. Mountain flowers and birds talk, occasionally opposite, a machine, naive. Since there is no name and no explanation, who can tell. "
The third part of Quasi-Elegy is also the masterpiece of the four chronicles: "The weeds are boundless and the poplars are rustling. In mid-September, severe frost sent me out of the outer suburbs. No one lives on all sides, and the high graves wither. The horse cries to the sky, and the wind is depressed. It's not a thousand years since the secluded room was closed. A thousand years later, there is nothing the wise can do. Always send people away and return to their homes. Relatives or sorrows, others have also sung. What is the way to die? "
This poem begins with the funeral of relatives and friends, and "weeds" and "poplars" set off a sad atmosphere. Then it means that everyone will die, and no one can avoid it, and the death of one person has little influence on the living, so there is no need to be too persistent. The last two sentences end with logical words, which dominate the whole poem. Death is a great puzzle of mankind, which was discovered by Tao Yuanming.
The "reason" in Tao Yuanming's poems is not an abstract philosophical sermon, but a personal experience of life, which contains the interest of life. His pastoral poems show his understanding of the universe, history and life, and are the crystallization of exploring its mystery and significance, all of which are expressed in an interesting and rational language like proverbs and have achieved endless results. For example, "life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid." ("Geng Xu wins early rice in Westfield in mid-September") "Since we are brothers, why should we be flesh and blood?" (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "Qi becomes easy to understand, and if you don't sleep, it will last forever." ("Miscellaneous Poems" II) "Encourage in time, and time waits for no one." (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "I don't know if there is me, the governor is more expensive." ("Drinking" Part 14) "Life is illusory, but it is always empty." (Return to the Garden Part IV) "The name behind Xu Wei is like a cloud of smoke to me." ("Complaining Poems and Chu Tunes Showing Pang's Master Book Deng Zhizhong") "Even the people in the forest don't know, so it's strange to be independent." ("Drinking" VIII) These poems are simple, profound and enlightening. Pan Deyu, a Qing Dynasty man, said that Tao Yuanming's statement that "everything can be done in the interior" (Yang Shihua) is pertinent.
2.2 Simple sees police, simple sees beauty.
Predecessors often sum up the style of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems with "plain simplicity", but his pastoral poems are not only plain, but also have the advantage of being plain and warning the world. It is not only simple, but also beautiful in simplicity. The objects described in his pastoral poems are often the most common things, such as cottages, chickens, dogs, bean sprouts, Sang Ma, mean streets and Fei Jing. Everything is described truthfully, and there is nothing unusual. However, once a poet writes, there are often warnings. Tao's poems rarely use flowery rhetoric and exaggerated techniques, but are simple, rough and simple. Such as Planting Beans at the Foot of Nanshan, It's sunny today, Pine and cypress in the East Garden, Autumn Chrysanthemum is stunning, I hate Taiwan and love quiet nights, and Spring and Autumn are many beautiful days. However, beauty can also be seen in the plain. Another example is "antique":
When it rained in mid-spring, it began to thunder in the east corner. Everyone is lurking, and everything is suitable. Yan, the new arrival, both of them came into my house. The first nest is still there, and Xiang will return to his former residence. That door has been abandoned since we broke up. My heart is solid. What's your opinion?
Spring has come, and the swallows have all returned to their huts. Over the past year, my family has become poorer and poorer, but I still insist on living in poverty and seclusion. Some friends don't understand their attitude and persuade them to be officials again and again. However, the swallows came here gracefully, and they didn't dislike their nests and their poor people at all. The swallow seems to ask the poet: My heart is firm, is your heart as firm as mine? This poem is like a beautiful fairy tale, simple but interesting. There are many similar examples, such as: "All birds like to be entrusted, and I love my family." (The first part of "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas") "There is a cross wind in the plain, and good seedlings are also pregnant." (The second part of Tian She in the Spring of Guimao) The word "Yi" is intriguing. Another example is: "The mountain stream is shallow and you can lick my feet." Filter out the new wine at home and cook chicken for the neighbors. It is dark to enter the room during the day and the salary is bright. "("Return to the Garden "Part V) A mountain stream, a chicken and a golden salary. Once these ordinary things are touched by the poet, they have a taste of life, showing his kindness to his neighbors and simple customs in the countryside. "I don't want to listen to anything, but my eyes are clean" ("Gui Mao is old in mid-December, respect my brother"), and the gentle beauty of snow is written in ten plain words. Su Shi summed up this feature of Tao poetry as "quality and reality, wealth and reality" (4), which is very incisive.
His pastoral language is not untrained, but plain and natural, with no trace. As Yuan Haowen said: "A word is natural and eternal, and it is extravagant." For example, "encourage in time, time waits for no one." (The first part of "Miscellaneous Poems") "People voted in the past, and they can't win." ("Miscellaneous Poems" II) "Cherish the forest in front of the hall and store the shade in the middle and summer." The words "Dai", "Throw" and "Save" are all commonly used verbs, which seem plain but wonderful, and it is simple enough.
Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, when read, are dull at first, and then recited, have the feeling of "plain and strange, dry and gorgeous". The poet has achieved high attainments in refining and using language. He integrated his love for nature and rural life into his own poems, which made people feel as if they were there, walking in the natural and quiet countryside and giving people endless reverie. This is the so-called "seemingly extraordinary rise" such as "drinking" V:
"Building a house should be people-oriented, without horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better every day, and the birds are back. There is real meaning in this, and I want to argue. "
This is a portrayal of carefree and happy rural life. Through the text, we see an image of a hermit who "faces the mountain, tucks his knees and sings, picks chrysanthemums under the hedge, smiles proudly and enjoys the moon". Quiet mountains and tired birds ask and answer the poet. At this time, the author's mood cannot be expressed in words.
Descriptable. Poets don't want to go with the flow, and their desire for nature and rural life can also be expressed. At the same time, we can see that the poet's expression of things and the extension of artistic conception are extraordinary. Several figures show people's attitude towards life, their love for nature, their description of things and their contempt for the world.
In the history of China literature, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry created a new school of classical poetry-the school of pastoral poetry, which was highly praised by poets in past dynasties and even regarded as "the fundamental principle of poetry". However, the author thinks that every pastoral poem of Tao Yuanming is his heart song, or he expresses his feelings by borrowing things, or satirizes the world with flowers, or refers to mulberry ... in fact, it is his blood and tears. Although blood did not flow on bamboo slips, his blood and tears flowed in his heart. It was bitterness and sadness, wandering and melancholy, a silent struggle of a generation, and desolate grief. His personality, his ambition and his poetry also have a positive impact on us today!