We know Confucius died at the age of 73. From the content point of view, this chapter should be based on the later years of Confucius' life, and it is the course of Confucius' review of his life in entering Germany, studying and politics. If we compare the life of Confucius, we can better understand the original intention of this chapter of Confucius. Looking at it from another angle, if the whole Analects of Confucius records the age of each sentence when editing, then referring to this chapter will better understand the artistic conception of each sentence of Confucius. As far as the content of this chapter is concerned, besides the life of Confucius, there are two points worthy of attention: first, the meaning of the word "ear"; The second is related to the nature of good and evil. Finally, this chapter has another extended meaning. The following will be introduced one by one.
Referring to Confucius' life:
Five out of ten people are determined to study. Confucius lost his father at the age of three. When I was a child, I lived a poor life with my mother. In fact, he likes reading and studying since he was a child. /kloc-After 0/5 years old, he became a Confucian scholar in order to help his family. At that time, Confucianism was used by nobles to play music and pray in occasions requiring etiquette, such as weddings, funerals and sacrifices. Later, because Confucius' mother objected that this was a humble profession, Confucius picked up the book again. After his mother died, young Confucius was frustrated in his job search and strengthened his determination to study.
Stand at thirty. After more than ten years of hard study, I have been working in Ji's home. At the age of 30, he became more and more famous. He started a private school and began to educate the children of nobles, civilians and even slaves with the spirit of teaching without distinction. At the age of thirty-five, civil strife broke out in Lu, defeated by the Third Ring Road and fled to Qi. Confucius also went to the State of Qi and became a courtier of Gao, hoping to serve wholeheartedly, but he was blocked by Yan Ying of the State of Qi.
Forty without confusion. After living in Qi for three years, Confucius returned to Lu to teach again in disappointment. Learning and teaching make up for political frustration, and I have learned more from it.
At fifty, you know your destiny, and at sixty, you are suitable. At the age of 50, there was a riot in Lu, and at the age of 5 1, he resumed his status as an official and was all killed. Confucius wiped out thieves, gamblers and vagrants in three months. Because of his outstanding performance, he was promoted to the position of chief inspector (the highest judicial official) within one year to enforce the law fairly. Later, Confucius won a diplomatic victory at the Oracle-bone Qilu Conference, reduced the number of residents around the Third Ring Road, quelled the civil strife among ministers and killed Shao Zhengmao. Among them, Shao Zhengmao's murder is controversial. In addition, the saying that "Lu ruled in March" also refers to this time. Unfortunately, at the age of 56, Qi people dedicated female music to Lu Junchen, while Heji sacrificed meat and Confucius in the suburbs. This is the way to remove incompetent and unwilling officials. Confucius had to leave Shandong and travel around the world with his students. This process is very difficult.
Others think he is the Analects of Confucius, the man who knows what he can't do (that is, the man who knows what he can't do, but still has to do it)? By his own admission, The Analects of Confucius is a gentleman's official position and acts according to justice. As we all know, Tao is not good (a gentleman goes into politics as an official, only hoping to follow what he has learned and do what he likes). As for the fact that heaven cannot be realized, it is already very clear).
Two of them were dying, and Confucius immediately appealed to heaven. In the Analects of Confucius, Confucius said, "I was born with virtue, so I will give it to you." Confucius said, "Heaven is the source of virtue in my life. How can I use it?" )? Although Xiu De is his own business, Confucius thinks that the reason why he Xiu De actually knows and obeys the destiny, so his virtue really comes from heaven. Therefore, although Huan Xuan wanted to harm Confucius, he should be helpless. The Analects of Confucius is rare, but Confucius is afraid of being broad, saying: there is no king of literature, and literature is not here. The day will be lost, and the deceased will not be with Sven; If things don't work out, what will Kuang people do? (Confucius said when he was besieged in Kuang: After death, didn't all the cultural traditions stay with me? If god wants to abandon this cultural tradition, then future generations will have no chance to learn again; What can these Kuang people do to me if I don't abandon this cultural tradition?
Do what you want at seventy without overstepping the rules. Later, with the help of student Ran, he was called up to rebel against Lu. Confucius was sixty-eight years old. After that, Confucius focused on sorting out classics and lagging behind in education until his death.
The meaning of the word ear. The word "ear" has two interpretations: first, the word "ear" is a derivative. The six stages of this chapter are mainly verbs, and obedience to destiny is consistent with Confucius' life. The version of Dunhuang Shijing is Sixty Rushun. Second, everything that is in the ear. This solution can be found in the extended meaning part of the last chapter.
Good and evil. Confucius died at the age of 73. He studied in Germany all his life, but it was not until he was seventy that he was able to do what he wanted without crossing the line. Alas, he was not only running out of time, but also old. It can be seen that it is actually very difficult to start from what you want and not exceed the rules. From the perspective of goodness, what really comes from the heart should be both truth, goodness and beauty, and of course it should also conform to the norms formed by human society. It can be seen that Confucius' statement vaguely shows that goodness is not the only component of human nature.