Author: Du Fu era: Tang Dynasty
The original guest went to Xin 'an Road and called for soldiers.
I would like to ask the Xin' an official: "Is there no Ding in the small county?"
"I officially issued a document last night and chose the men's line for the second time."
"China men are absolutely short, why should they guard the city?"
The fat man is from his mother, and the thin man is alone.
White water flows eastward at dusk, and Qingshan is still crying.
Don't let your eyes dry, collect your tears.
You can't see the bones until your eyes are dry, and the world is cold!
Our army takes Xiangzhou and watches it every day.
You never know what a thief is, but a military star will leave the camp.
As far as food is concerned, the soldiers are still in Beijing.
If you can't dig trenches, the horse herding service is also light.
The situation is Wang Shishun, and his upbringing is very clear.
Don't cry when you send me. Servants shoot like fathers and brothers. Writing background The background of this poem is that in the winter of the first year of Gan Yuan (AD 758), An Qingxu surrendered to Xiangzhou (now Anyang, Henan Province), and Su Zong ordered Guo Ziyi, Li Guangbi and other nine people to ride two hundred thousand troops to besiege Xiangzhou. From the solstice of winter to spring, it failed to break through the city. In March of the second year of Gan Yuan, Shi Siming rose from Weizhou (now Hebei) to support An Qingxu and fought loyalists in Anyang and Hebei. The army defeated the south in nine quarters, and An Qingxu and Shi Siming almost occupied Luoyang again. Fortunately, Guo Ziyi led his northern army to break the Heyang Bridge, which prevented Anshi's army from going south. After World War I, the loyalist troops were scattered and died, and the soldiers were in urgent need of replenishment. So the court ordered conscription. Du Fu returned to Huazhou from Luoyang, passed by Xin 'an, saw the conscription, and wrote this poem. Note: Xin 'an: Place name. Xin 'an County, Henan Province. M: Tang Gaozu Wude has been customized for seven years. Sixteen men and women are men and twenty-one are women. After three years in Tianbao, 18 became a middle-aged person and a young person at the age of 22. According to the normal conscription system, middle-aged men should not serve. Loneliness: describes loneliness. Hey: p and pīng.
More: Hehe. Time: in turn. Du Fu was walking on his way to Xin 'an when he heard a noisy sound. It turned out that your official called the roll in the village for conscription. Du Fu asked the officials sent by Xin 'an County: "Xin 'an, a small county, will more young people join the army after years of war?" The official replied, "Last night, the military government issued a document stipulating that middle-aged men aged 18 should be selected to join the army." Du Fu said, "Hey, these people are still young people. How can we let them guard the east capital? "Obese young people are probably not in a bad family, and all have mothers to see them off. Most thin young people come from poor families. They are all alone, without company. It is dusk, the river flows eastward, and there are cries of seeing others off under the green hills. Seeing such a scene, Du Fu felt that he had to comfort those who were crying. He said, put away your tears. Don't cry your eyes for nothing, which will hurt your health. Heaven and earth will always be a heartless thing! The loyalist attacked Xiangzhou, hoping to pacify it in a day or two, but I'm afraid I misjudged the enemy's situation, so that the battle was defeated and the soldiers dispersed. Food is provided near the old camp, and training is also in the suburbs of Dudong. What they are asked to do is to dig trenches. They won't go deep enough to see the water. Grazing horses is also a relatively light task. Besides, this war is a just war, and Julian Waghann is fighting traitors. The Lord is obviously very concerned about raising soldiers. The family who saw you off need not cry very sadly. The servant Shute (Guo Ziyi) is as friendly to the soldiers as his father and brother. In the winter of the first year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (758), Guo Ziyi recovered Chang 'an and Luoyang. Soon, Guo, Li Guangbi, and other nine our time took advantage of it and led an army to attack. In (Xiangzhou, now Anyang, Henan), An Qingxu surrounded the rebels with 200,000 troops. The situation is very satisfactory. However, the fatuous Su Zong did not trust Guo Ziyi, Li Guangbi and other leaders. There is no commander-in-chief in each army, but only eunuchs are sent to comfort Chao En. As a result, the army was not unified and morale was low. The two armies were at loggerheads until the following spring, when Shi Siming reinforcements arrived and Tang Jun was defeated in Yecheng. Guo Ziyi surrendered to Luoyang, the eastern capital, and fled to our town for the rest of the time. In order to supplement the troops, the Tang dynasty smoked heavily. Du Fu is now returning to Huazhou from Luoyang. He personally heard and witnessed the painful scene of people's death after this fiasco, and after artistic refinement, he wrote poems such as Three Officials and Three Farewells. "Three officials": Shi Haoguan, Tongguan official and Xin 'an official say goodbye ":farewell to the wedding, farewell to the old and welcome the new, homeless. Li Xinan is the first poem in a series. Xin 'an, to the west of Luoyang.
"The guest is on the new road, clamoring for some soldiers." These two sentences are the beginning of the whole article. "Guest", Du Fu refers to himself. All the following descriptions are based on the poet's five words "Shout for soldiers".
"Excuse me, Xin 'anli:" Is the county town even smaller? "This is Du Fu's problem. Tang Gaozu Wude Seven Years (624) Customization: Sixteen men and women, 21 women. In the third year of Tianbao (744), it was changed to Gong 18 and Ding 22. According to the normal conscription system, middle-aged men should not serve. Du Fu's question is very acute. Obviously, many people were taken away as able-bodied men, but they skipped the first floor and asked, "Xin 'an County is small, aren't there any more men?" "Maybe he thinks that by asking, he can stop the new security officials. "The official post went down last night, and I chose the male line for the second time." The official was very cunning. He skipped a floor and replied that the military post issued by the state government last night would draw down the male soldiers one by one. It seems that the authorities are still very sensitive. Knowing that Du Fu made it difficult for him to refuse military service for middle-aged men, he immediately took out official posts to oppress the people. It seems that the king's method is no longer feasible, so Du Fu further questioned the practical problems and reasons: "China men are short and small, how can they guard Luoyang, the eastern capital?" "This city refers to Luoyang. In the Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi was called a city. This is another step of Du Fu's efforts, but there is no answer. Perhaps the official is tongue-tied, but it is more likely that the official doesn't want to talk to Du Fu any more. This shows that the official is tired of Du Fu, Du Fu sympathizes with the people, and the poet is pedantic.
"Fat people have a mother to send, thin people alone. White water flows eastward, and Qingshan is still crying. " And officials have nothing to say, Du Fu turned his eyes to the escorted people. With deep feelings, he looked at these China men carefully and looked at them again. He found that those boys who looked stronger were taken care of by their mothers and were seeing them off. Of course young men can't have wives. But why didn't father come? There was a saying that "the county is small and there is no ding". Is it necessary to catch children if you have a father? Therefore, in addition to the words of "mother", we can see another tragic scene. The thinness of the "thin man" and the word "loneliness" are even more obvious. Infinite pain, nothing to say, this is the feeling of the word "loneliness". How long did Du Fu stand in front of this wailing crowd? I just think it's dusk. White water flows silently in the dusk, and Qingshan seems to be crying. Here, with the word "Jude", you will be in a trance. After people left, the crying was still in my ears, as if even the green hills and white water were sobbing. It seems unreal and true, and it is thrilling to read. The above four sentences are the poet's subjective feelings. It plays a transitional role in the development of words and feelings between the dialogue with officials in front and the comforting words behind.
"Don't dry your tears. If the eyes are dry, you will see the bones, and the world will be cold! " This is the first sentence of Du Fu's comfort. It is said that Zhongnan has left. Who should I tell? It seems that what I said to the men in China before has been added here. It seems that Du Fu felt terrible after the men in China passed by. A man talks to himself in the direction of the China man, and his daze shows his vague psychology. It is said that expressing grief and indignation is usually to release feelings, but this seems to be a collection. "Dry eyes" and "dry tears" could have been vividly described, but Du Fu added "Mo" and "Shou". "Don't dry your eyes, put away your tears." Then use "the end of the world is ruthless" to stop it. "Mo" and "Shou" come first, and "the last ruthlessness" comes last, as if someone were going to swallow all the tears. This received the artistic effect of "but since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with a sword". This kind of grief and indignation is deeper, more difficult to control, and "heaven and earth" is more "ruthless".
It is said that Du Fu's writing of "heartless heaven and earth" profoundly exposed the irrationality of the military service system, but the nature of this war is different from that when he wrote "garage shop". When the country's survival was imminent, the poet said some comforting words from the perspective of safeguarding the reunification of the motherland after accusing "the end of heaven and earth is ruthless". Xiangzhou's defeat was originally blamed on the imperial court and Tang Suzong, but Du Fu said that the enemy's situation was unpredictable, so he used such vague words to cover up the root of the failure in order to save face for the imperial court. Originally, I was defeated, but in order not to be too depressed, I said I was "returning to the army." "The situation is Wang Shishun, and his education is very clear." Tang Jun's crusade against Anshi Rebellion can be justified, of course, but where can we care for foot soldiers and raise them clearly? In addition, the so-called trenches are dug shallowly, and the work of herding horses is very light. Guo Ziyi regards foot soldiers as brothers and sisters. This is also a word of comfort. Du Fu said these words to comfort middle-aged men who were forced to join the army. While exposing poetry, it also protected the court. Du Fu's intention is bitter. In fact, the sufferings of the people and the disasters facing the country deeply stimulated his heavy and painful mind. (Another said: It clarified Du Fu's attitude of supporting the war of rehabilitation. Du Fu cares about the fate of the people, and even more about the fate of the country that is inseparable from the fate of the people. )
The contradiction expressed in Du Fu's poems not only has its own ideological roots, but also reflects the contradiction of social reality itself. On the one hand, the Anshi Rebellion burned and looted at that time, which caused unprecedented damage to the productivity and people's lives in the Central Plains. On the other hand, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty exploited and oppressed the people in peacetime, but there was nothing they could do in times of national disaster. They pushed all the disasters caused by the war on the people and donated important people, regardless of their lives. These two contradictions existed sharply in the social reality at that time, but the former was in the main position after all. It can be said that the people and the Tang Dynasty have something in common in counterinsurgency. Therefore, Du Fu's "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" not only exposed the ruling clique's indifference to people's life and death, but also clearly affirmed the counterinsurgency war and even comforted and encouraged the candidates, which is not difficult to understand. Because although the people at that time hated the Tang Dynasty, they finally gritted their teeth and went to the front with tears in their eyes to support the counterinsurgency war. Xiaoshi: This sentence omits the subject. The subject should be the guest, that is, Du Fu himself. White water flows eastward at dusk, and Qingshan is still crying. The meaning of these two poems is that the river flows eastward day and night, and it is dusk, and there are cries of farewell people under the castle peak. This sentence shows that the long-term military career has made the people miserable and separated.
It expresses the author's complex feelings of worrying about the country and the people and his deep sympathy for ordinary people.
The poem that shows the cruelty of officials is: the fat man has a mother to send him, and the thin man is lonely. White water flows eastward at dusk, and Qingshan is still crying. The poem describes the suffering of the people in military service as follows: Take a new road and shout for the soldiers. I would like to ask the official of Xin' an: "Is the county town even smaller? According to the answer from the new security official, the male route and the new security official were selected for the government position last night; Naturally, it will lead to the words of encouragement for active servicemen; This clearly shows the poet's attitude of supporting counterinsurgency. The poet cares about the fate of the people and the country, which reflects the ambivalence that the poet is full of deep sympathy but unwilling to join the army.