The second chapter is XI's poetry and the literary trend of thought in Ming Dynasty.
I. Song Lian, Liu Ji, Gao Qi and Poetry in the Early Ming Dynasty
1, "The First Civil Servant of the People's Republic of China"-Song Lian
Reporter: This sentence comes from Song Lianchuan in the Ming Dynasty.
Song Lian (1310—1381) was born in Qianjiang (now Zhejiang). Generally speaking, his life is divided into early and late periods with the cycle of 1359, that is, from Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Zheng for 19 years. This year, Zhu Yuanzhang captured Wuzhou (Jinhua), called Song Lian as the teacher of the Five Classics, and began to be an official. Previously, Song Lian lived in seclusion, reading, writing and entertaining himself; After that, he became an official, successively serving as a Confucian scholar in Jiangnan, a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy, a bachelor of lecturing, and an official in Zhi Zhi. Hongwu became an official because of illness for ten years. Thirteen years, because his children were involved in the Hu case, he was demoted to Maozhou and died on the way the following year.
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There are two things in Song Lian's life (in terms of cultural value) that deserve special mention:
First, his deeds of studying hard (Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang).
Second, he presided over the compilation of Yuan history (only, Qian Daxin said: "Although the speed of ancient and modern history is not as fast as that of Yuan history, the difference in writing is no less than that of Yuan history." )
The history of Yuan Dynasty ***2 10, which started in February and was completed in August in the second year of Hongwu, lasted for half a year.
Song Lian's literary fame has spread far and wide at home and abroad. The history contains "The scholar built a door to seek literature, and then learned from each other first" and "collected the works of people who went abroad to buy gold from Korea, Annan (Vietnam) and Japan".
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Song Lian's prose represents the highest achievement of prose in the early Ming Dynasty. His prose has several general characteristics: first, it is decorated with red leaves and full of irony; Second, the style of writing is solemn and elegant, euphemistic and implicit, and people say that it is "a profound expression of literary alcohol"; Third, the language is plain and concise, especially some landscape characters, which are quite similar to Ouyang Xiu; Fourth, biographical writing is aboveboard, with distinctive characters and attention to detail description.
Hint: Learning Europe is an important orientation of prose in Ming Dynasty, or Ouyang Xiu hindered at least half of the prose history in Ming Dynasty.
2. Song Lian's famous essays include Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang, Reading the River and Lou Ji, etc.
Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang (an ancient inspirational article): (1) The spirit of learning from others is precious, touching and worth carrying forward; (2) Speak personally with sincere feelings,
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Serious heart (for villagers, for the younger generation, almost ancient); (C) the use of contrast, showing clear pertinence, thought-provoking, enlightening, including endless lessons. In short, this article can move people with "heart", infect people with facts, and inspire people with profound and favorable reasons.
For example, when I was young, I borrowed books, copied books and asked teachers. I am not afraid of difficulties, touching:
"It's cold, the inkstone is hard, fingers can't bend and stretch, lazy."
"Taste thyme, ask township first. ..... or meet the scold duh, the more respectful color, the more to the ceremony, dare not answer a word; As soon as it is happy, please. "
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"I learned from him, and I dragged myself into the mountains and valleys. In poor winter, the wind is fierce, the snow is several feet deep, and the skin is chapped. "
Homework exercise: Recite and copy the Preface to Send Jiang Dongyang Ma Sheng, and taste it repeatedly ("reference").
Lou Ji on the River is no longer a pure literary prose, and its significance lies in: first, it involves a political allusion and literary allusion in the early Ming Dynasty, which has intellectual and classic significance in itself; Second, it involves an important connotation and highlight of Nanjing's famous cultural city. The Yuejiang Tower complex and scenic spot, which cost 50,000 yuan, has the majestic Yuejiang Tower facing the mountains and rivers as its axis, while the Yuejiang Tower has two "Yuejiang Towers" carved on white marble, with Zhu Yuanzhang on the front and Song Lian on the back.
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Reading Jiang Lou Ji is an article that should be done, and it is also an article that reflects the weather and political weather of that period. The article not only expresses the purpose of praising and polishing great achievements, but also contains euphemistic satire. The brushwork is thick and profound, showing a strong national consciousness and the connotation of the times. It specializes in "seeing three and thinking two", starting with what you see in your eyes, and makes the great idea of "governance": first, thinking about "protecting" the width of summer, second, thinking about "softness" and thinking about the "security" of the whole people. The short words show a broad political mind. I hope that the king will make great efforts to govern, the world will be stable for a long time and the people will live and work in peace and contentment.
When the wind is clear and the air is beautiful, the law is happy and the pepper is prosperous. From a distance, I will be leisurely but thinking. Looking at Jianghan's ancestor, the princes' debriefing, the depth of the city and the strictness of Guan E, I said, "This Mu Feng escaped the rain and lost."
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The reason is also. "The midsummer is wide and the interests are guaranteed. I saw the mighty waves, sailing and sailing, and countless ships came to the court, and they paid tribute side by side. They will definitely say, "This is my virtue and my strength, which can be reached both inside and outside. "Four feet away, you can think softly. Seeing that between the two sides of the strait and on the outskirts of the city, farmers have the trouble of licking their skins and feet, and peasant women are diligent in stroking mulberry leaves, they must say, "I have pulled out all kinds of fire and water, and they are also on the mat." "Ten thousand square meters of people are good for thinking and peace. And so on, and so on. I learned about the construction of the fourth floor, so the emperor was relieved. He felt that things had changed, and all this contained his thoughts on governing the country, so he stopped reading the Yangtze River!
"Yes"-protected, soft and secure.
3. "A generation of literati"-Liu Ji
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Liu Ji (1311-1375) was born in Qingtian (now Zhejiang). His life is divided into two periods: in the early stage (1360), he became an official in the Yuan Dynasty, promoted to scholar, promoted to Cheng of Gao 'an County and deputy director of Confucianism in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces, and resigned several times. Later (in his later years), he followed Zhu Yuanzhang and served as a bachelor of Hong Wen Museum, a doctor of Zishan, and an officer of Shanghai Garrison. Hongwu retired for four years and died of jealousy in eight years.
In terms of time, if Liu was from the Yuan Dynasty, his works were concentrated in the Yuan Dynasty, and there were few works since the Ming Dynasty. The famous fable collection Jade Ion was also hidden in Qingtian Mountain at the end of Yuan Dynasty. However, its title was in the Ming Dynasty, and the book "History of the Ming Dynasty" said: "The articles written are magnificent and strange, and Song Lian is a generation of literati." Liu Ji wrote "Sincerity Collection", which is scattered in
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The article is novel in conception, profound in thought, sharp in language and good at satire. Orangeman's Words is his masterpiece (selected from P 168).
Orangeman's words
There is a fruit seller in Hangzhou who is good at storing citrus. After a whole year, it has not rotted. When it is taken out, it is cloudy or sunny, with jade texture and golden color. Put it on the market and sell it for ten times the price. Jia in the city is ten times better, and people compete for it. Give one to trade, cut, if there is smoke in your nose and mouth, consider it one, assuming it is a failure. He asked me strangely, "suppose people in the market will sacrifice real beans to their guests." ? Do you dazzle others to confuse fools? What a bully. "
The seller smiled and said, "My career is very long, and I rely on eating my body." I sold it and people took it. Why do you have words, but you are not alone? Bullies in the world are not widowed, but independent.
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Me too? My son hasn't decided yet. Today, the husband wears a tiger symbol and sits in a high position, which is almost the same as Gancheng. Can you give some to Sun and Wu? I am a big crown, a long gentry, and proud of the temple. Can I do business with Gao in Iraq? Stealing without knowing how to prevent it, people trapped without knowing how to save it, officials raped without knowing how to ban it, and the law shocked without knowing why, shameless people. Watching him ride a horse in a high hall, who is drunk, fat and fresh, and who is not awesome? Why not go beyond the golden jade and lose! I don't look at it today, I look at my oranges! "
I'm speechless. Looking back on this orange, he felt like a Dong Fangshuo, as witty as Dong Fangshuo. Is he a person who hates the evil in the world? So, is it ironic to use citrus as an excuse?
Orangeman's Words is a satirical masterpiece. writing
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The success of technology lies in: first, seeing the big from the small; Second, take the small as the big.
The so-called "seeing the big from the small" refers to the "golden jade" of oranges and the "showing off wealth and confusing fools" of orange sellers. The irony is "the one who admires the charm of tigers and sits on the big" (martial arts), "the one who is arrogant and slow to gentry" (articles) and their pursuit of fame and wealth.
The so-called "giving up small and taking big" means that the author ignores "oranges" and "selling oranges" and inadvertently condemns and criticizes "liars all over the world", but the pen is directed at those who "admire the charm of tigers and sit big", which can be said to hit the nail on the head. This is the ideological power of this article. (it can be solved by the art of war)
Liu Ji is an outstanding writer in the history of China ancient literature.
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As a writer, his prose achievements are embodied in the book Yu Lun written in the form of fable. Yu Ion *** 195 and then divided into 18 articles. Throughout the book, the character "Li Yu" is used as a party or commentator. Most of the contents are fables, and "Chu people raise spies", "a swift horse" and "an overseas Chinese is a piano" all have profound meanings.
Solve the problems in Li Yu ion;
"Away from fire, the image of civilization, with gloomy words, is the law of prosperity and civilization." -Xu Yikui's Preface to Residual Ions
Chu people nourish intelligence.
Chu has the reputation of being alive, and Chu people call it public. dawn
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In the future, some regiments will be stationed in the imperial court, so that old scouts can lead the way in the mountains, seek the truth of vegetation and give themselves something. Still not giving it, then whip it. All the attacked people are afraid of suffering, but dare to violate it. (Institutional exploitation)
One day, a little sniper said to many snipers, "The fruit of the mountain, the tree of the office?" Said, "No, it's natural." He said, "You can't take it without making it public?" He said, "If you don't want it, you have to get what you want." He said, "Then why should I fight for it?" If you don't say it, everyone will be embarrassed. (Awakening)
It treats everyone in the evening, breaks the rules and destroys the pestle, takes its product and brings it into the forest, and does not return. The dead soldier died of hunger. (revolution)
Li Yu said, "Some people use skills to make people feel helpless. As fair as being killed? Only when he was in a coma, once
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If you open it, your skills will be poor. "("art and Tao, the strategy of governing the country ")
swift horse
Horses that breed ions breed wealth. The man said, "This is a swift horse. Will lead to the stable inside. " Li Yu is happy to follow it. When he arrived in the capital, the son of heaven sent someone to study Gong Fang and said, "Although the horse is good, it is not good for Hebei." Put it out for grazing.
An overseas Chinese worker is a piano.
Workers and overseas Chinese are considerate, playing a piano, a string and a drum, and Jin Shengyu responded. I think the beauty of this world is too ordinary. Let the national workers look at it and say, "Fugu." Give it back.
Overseas Chinese workers returned to China, asking painters to disconnect them; and
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Seek honor and mourn the past. The box is buried in the soil and will be released within the year, so it will be suitable for listing. It is easy for a noble person to see it with a hundred gold and offer it to the DPRK. When the music officer delivered the notice, they all said, "I hope the world is precious."
When the overseas Chinese workers heard this, they sighed, "What a pity the world is! Is this the only piano? Otherwise. "
Dedicated to the piano-lamenting the world.
Liu Ji was also a poet in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and was the representative of the "Yue Poetry School" among the five major poetry schools in the early Ming Dynasty.
4. "The poet is the first in 300 years"-Gao Qi
Gao Qi (1336— 1374) was born in Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). The life story is relatively simple, as follows: Yuan did not hide in Wusong.
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In the clear autumn, Hong Wu (34 years old) called for the revision of the Yuan history, and was awarded editing by Hanlin for the second time. He was appointed as assistant minister of the household department and resigned because he was too young to take on the heavy responsibility.
In the sixth year of Hongwu (at the age of 38), Wei Guan, a Suzhou magistrate, was accused of building a mansion on the site of Zhang Shicheng Palace. Gao Qi wrote "Liang Wen County" for him, keeping the language of "Long Pan Hu Ju" taboo, and was beheaded the following year (at the age of 39). About Gao Qi was killed, there is also a saying that it is related to the poem "Maid-in-waiting":
The slave girl helped her to get drunk and step on the moss, and the Mingyue West Garden held a banquet.
Puppies bark every other flower, who comes to the palace at night?
Gao Qi has a lofty position in the history of literature in Ming Dynasty, especially in the history of poetry.
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Dongyang: "At the beginning of the country, Zhao Gao, Yang, Zhang and Xu, only Ji Di could emphasize the tone, but it was far better than the three. In the past 300 years, I have never seen anyone outstanding. "
Yang Mingshen: "When Emperor Ji changed his style, he was elegant first."
Shen Deqian in the Qing Dynasty: "From the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the poems of assistant ministers were never inconsistent, and they were promoted to hand for a while."
Summary of Si Ku Quan Shu in Qing Dynasty: "The genius of enlightenment is better than the poet of Ming Dynasty."
Modern Chen Tian: "Ji Di's talent is unique, and it is not a moment to let him be the first poet in the next 300 years."
Yu Guanying et al. History of China Literature: "Gao Qi's poems are very
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He is outstanding in talent and appearance, brilliant in talent, but he is not arrogant and impetuous, and his ci style is elegant, but he has attracted great attention at that time and later generations and is regarded as one of the best poets in the Ming Dynasty. "
Exercise: What kind of book is the summary of Sikuquanshu and what is its important value?
give rise to
(1) Gao Qi said that he was heavy-hearted in Ming poetry, and Gao Qi was the first poet in Ming dynasty.
(2) Gao Qi changed the atmosphere of Yuan poetry and opened a new direction of poetry progress;
(3) Gao Qi's poetry inherited and developed the poetry creation since the Han and Wei Dynasties, realized the fusion of many schools and created his own style;
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(4) The overall style characteristics of Gao Qi's poems are: winning with "genius and generosity" and extraordinary tone, being good at imposing manner and elegant language.
Gao Qi wrote more than 2,000 poems, which were included in Gao Qing Qiu Ji. His excellent works are also many, about 30 of which are favored by poets who have never chosen. Among them, Song of Green Qiu Zi, Climbing the Yuhuatai in Jinling, Walking to Gaodong and Nine Plum Blossoms are the representative works that can best express Gao Qi's spirit and poetry, and have inevitable particularity.
Qing Qiu Zi Song
The clear green Qiu Zi turned out to be the immortal of Lord Wuyun. In which year, I was demoted, and I didn't tell anyone my name and surname. I'm tired of traveling, I'm lazy to hoe, my sword is rusty,
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There are books to read. He refused to bend over five measures of rice and put seventy cities under his tongue. But it's easy to find poems, and you can reward yourself with singing. In the wild, dragging the staff with a rope, others can't laugh, it is very light. It is said that Lu Ruru and Chu Kuang were born. Green Qiu Zi didn't care,
Singing and kissing are endless. Singing in the morning forgets its hunger, but singing in the evening is uneven. It's like being stung when you are bitter. Hair tangled, housework is not as good as camping. Children cry without knowing pity, and guests don't welcome fruit. No worries are empty, and no envy is easy to spare. Don't be ashamed of being broad and brown, and don't envy hanging flowers. Don't ask Long Hudou to be cruel, no matter how busy the rabbit is. Sitting alone in the water, walking alone in the forest ...