Who was in charge of the ancient emperors? Below is an introduction to this article.
In ancient China, supervision of the country basically referred to the monarch’s supervision of the country. "When the prince travels, the prince will supervise the country while he is alive. If he goes, the king will follow him and the army will care for him." Of course, there are also royal families or ministers who supervise the country. For example, before the British civil fortress was reformed, the younger brother was allowed to supervise the country. During the Xuande period, minister Zhang Xin was allowed to stay in Beijing, but it was more common for the prince to govern the country.
Generally speaking, the crown prince's supervisory status will only appear when the emperor is traveling or unable to serve as supervisor. Supervision by the crown prince was common in all dynasties. Cao Cao invaded Ma Chao from the west, Cao Pi supervised the country, and Sun Quan moved the capital to establish a company. Prince Deng was in charge of Wuchang. After the death of Tang Yuan, Li Shimin mourned for the prince Li Chengqian to supervise the country, Zhu Di conquered Zhu Gaochi to supervise the country, and Emperor Kangxi came to Beijing to let Rang Jia serve as regent under the supervision of Prince Yin Renge. It can be seen that all dynasties have witnessed the state's supervision of the crown prince, so what are the benefits of the state's supervision of the crown prince?
In fact, the benefits of establishing a regulatory state are obvious. On the one hand, it can ensure the normal operation of the country when the emperor is away. In addition, princes can also be trained by familiarizing themselves with the country's political affairs in advance. Later, when the prince becomes king, it will become very convenient. This is fully reflected in Zhu Biao. Zhu Yuanzhang trained Zhu Biao for twenty years. As a result, Zhu Yuanzhang walked away first. If Zhu Biao inherits the throne, he will definitely do better than the baby Zhu Yun_. Therefore, supervising the country is also a good way to cultivate princes.
In the early Ming Dynasty, great emphasis was placed on the cultivation and education of princes and grandsons. For example, when Zhu Houzhao was still a prince, he was taught by college students. But in the later period, especially after Wanli, the training of successors was not so serious. For example, Emperor Wanli didn't like Guangxu, and the prince's government was even more difficult to deal with. Guangzong died long ago, before he had time to train a successor. Emperor Tianqi was almost illiterate and could not understand the memorials of his ministers. He likes carpentry because no one taught him when he was a child. As an emperor, Tyson didn't study because no one cared about him, so he liked it very much.
Although Emperor Chongzhen started learning after his father became emperor for several years, and was not a trained heir, nor did he learn the art of being an emperor, it is normal for him to suddenly rule such a large country, but He can't do it well. From the emperors after Wanli, we can see that it is very necessary to cultivate successors and supervise the national system.
Isn’t it harmful to monitor the state just for good purposes?
In fact, there are advantages and disadvantages to supervising the state. The emperor should train successors and keep power in his own hands. If the power of the surveillance state is too great, things will happen. Even if you are me, he will dare to oppose you, especially when the old emperor is still alive. In addition, the prince's great power will affect the imperial power. It is also a big trouble for the prince to take people to court. So it can be seen that the prince of the Tang Dynasty had great power. They have troops and three guards in the East Palace. Most of the three bodyguards are generals who choose the sons of the emperor or important ministers. Because of this, princelings in the court were a huge force. Because of this, there were many rebellions in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, during the Anshi Rebellion, Li Chengqian rebelled, and Tang Suzong continued to seize the power of Tang Xuanzong. Power is a fascinating thing, and this makes the emperor uneasy about his son. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the monarch did very little to manage the country. So why did the Ming Dynasty's supervision of the princes become customized? This has something to do with Zhu Yuanzhang.
State supervision in the Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang trusted his son Zhu Biao very much and let Zhu Biao manage the country. He has his reasons for doing this.
: "Since ancient times, a ruler who does business has always been diligent, considerate, and healthy. So, he has always done well. If you are a successful monarch, you will become rich and Prosperity. If you can't achieve what you do, there are few people who are not wrong. Therefore, I will listen to the announcements of the ministers in the future. ” >
This sentence is very simple and I can't translate it. It means that only by training the prince well can he become a good emperor in the future.
After Zhu Di arrived, state supervision became more common. The prince oversaw the country six times during his seven years and eight months as president. This is a long time. The longest time was when Chengzu moved the capital. Prince Chengzu lived in Beijing for three years and seven months. Sometimes, although Prince Chengzu went to the north, he was under the supervision of Emperor Taisun. This training method trained successors well and led to Ren Xu'an's later reign, which should be the most powerful period of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Di's supervisory state has close ties with Mao Zedong. Knowing that Zhu Di rebelled and seized his nephew's world, he had to get closer to Zhu Yuanzhang to prove his legitimacy. If he wanted to defend himself, he couldn't.
For example, in southern Shanxi, it is said that Wen Jian's separatist rule of the princes was not in line with Mao Zedong's ideas. There must be villains around Wen Jian who are alienated from the royal family, so Zhu Di's "Jingnan" is in the name of the Qing emperor. When he became emperor, he should also follow the policies set by Mao Zedong. You know, actually more like King of Han. He felt that the King of Han was more like his neutral contribution in the difficult process, but you cannot let the King of Han be the prince, because his eldest son is the ancestral precept set by Mao. This is like wanting to rebel and seize the throne, but he insists on making Li Chengqian the crown prince.
Even if the prince had many faults, he would not let others do it, just because he was the eldest son. It was not until Li Chengqian rebelled that he abolished the prince's position.
Zhu Di is similar to Li Shimin in that he is a rebel and wants to win the world, so he is also wary of his son. Prince Guo Jian does not want to do what he can, nor can he change officials at will to cultivate cronies. Guo Jian does not exercise power like an emperor. For example, in the case of rebellion, border guards can be mobilized, but they must ask for instructions immediately like the emperor. Only the Metropolitan Procuratorate can be appointed, six subordinate officials, and five generals stationed in Beijing are not allowed to be appointed. Therefore, Judy wanted to exercise the power of the prince and did not want to give him too much power, especially power that threatened his status as emperor.
Although Zhu Biao ruled many countries during the Taizu period, these countries were not customized. Zhu Di perfected the nation-building system. There are clear regulations on what kind of power the prince has and what kind of power the clan leader has. Many countries in Zhu Di's Ming Dynasty were among the supervising states, such as Xiang, Zheng, and Ying. In February of the 18th year of Jiajing, Emperor Shizong visited the south.
But by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the system of monitoring the state basically existed in name only. Kangxi's first personal expedition to Gerdan did not establish a supervisory state, but set up inns along the way. All military and political affairs were handled by Kangxi. Although the crown prince was allowed to manage the country during the second personal expedition to Galdan, he had no power at all. The prince cannot rule, everything must be reported to Kangxi immediately, and then rule. Because Qianlong liked Jiangnan, if it was the Ming Dynasty, it would definitely be under state supervision, but Qianlong was not established. The government administrative team will take them all away, and everything will be handled by the emperor. The Qing emperor wanted to hold on to power tightly, the Qing succession was very unstable, and the Ming Dynasty's state supervision system could not continue.