1. Expression: narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation.
Second, writing skills.
1. Rhetoric: metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, repetition, metonymy, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, quotation and comparison.
2. Contrast and contrast the positive description, profile description, environment description and character description (appearance description, action description, manner description, evaluation description and psychological description), first restrain and then promote, see the big with the small, express the ambition with things, compare things with people, express feelings with scenes, and blend scenes.
3. Interpretation method
Third, the key sentences:
1, indicating the title of the topic; 2. Descriptive, argumentative and lyrical sentences. Sentences summarizing the full text; 4. Sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following (such as sentences that take care of each other and transitional sentences that serve as a link between the preceding and the following); 5. Sentences using various rhetorical devices (such as metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, irony, rhetorical questions, especially quotation).
Grasping key sentences can help you grasp the center, understand the author's feelings and summarize the full text.
Four, the typical topic of actual combat art of war
Narrative reading
The expressive function of language in narrative reading (generally speaking, consider the content and structure, and master it flexibly according to the actual situation)
★ Three kinds: the expression function of braille, the expression function of underlined sentences and the function of paragraphs.
1, the expressive function of adding words
Basic question type: What is the expressive function of the added words in the following sentences?
Ideas and methods of answering questions (regardless of structure); The word-it is written like this-(combining the characteristics of this word, summarizing the content). Show-(pay attention to the contact center, writing purpose and thoughts and feelings) [content]
2. The expressive function of underlined sentences
Basic question type: What is the expressive function of the sentence … (description of …) in the text?
Thinking and way of answering questions (write if the structure and function are obvious, but don't be forced if it is not obvious): write-(accurately summarize the content). Expression-(pay attention to the contact center, writing purpose and thoughts and feelings) [content]; Pave the way for (and) the upper (lower) text (comparison), or connect the preceding with the following (introduction), etc. [Structure].
3, the role of paragraphs
Basic question type: What is the function of paragraphs … in the article?
Thinking and way of answering questions (both content and structure should be written): writing-(accurately summarizing the content), showing-(paying attention to the contact center, writing purpose and thoughts and feelings) [content], and the structural function is flexibly determined according to the position of the paragraph.
Expression skills of narrative reading and writing.
Basic question types: this paper adopts the method of comparison (continuous rhetorical question, rhetorical question, quotation, etc. ) is used. What kind of function does it have?
Thinking and way of answering questions: Write-(use this writing method to find relevant sentences and accurately summarize their contents), show-(pay attention to the contact center, writing purpose and thoughts and feelings) ▲ The role of sentences or paragraphs in the text structure of the article:
Beginning: always start from the full text, causing the following, bedding, and topics. (additional: stimulate interest and set suspense)
Middle: paving the way, connecting the preceding with the following (transition)
Conclusion: Take care of before and after, echo from beginning to end, summarize the full text, point out the topic, point out the center, deepen the center, sublimate the center and so on.
Comments and appreciation in narrative reading
Basic question type: The description of … in the text is vivid. Please choose two examples from the following examples for specific appreciation.
Ideas and methods of answering questions:
Four elements: writing method+quoting key words+summary of sentence meaning+writing purpose, author's emotion (center)
Form: use-(technique), describe-(key words), write-(sentence summary) and express-(purpose, emotion).
When summarizing the writing purpose and emotion, we can flexibly summarize the writing purpose and emotion with "expressed-"and "expressed … told … appealed … praised … exposed … flayed … satirized … exposed … reflected ……" according to the actual situation of the article.
● Character evaluation questions and theme appreciation questions
Four elements:
Viewpoint+material+structure+literary talent
Personality assessment questions:
Basic question:
Please comment (appreciate) the characters in the analysis of … (what kind of person is … in the text), please analyze and summarize.
Ideas and methods of answering questions:
In this article, … is a person (viewpoint) of …. From-(example 1 material) What-embodies the spirit (quality) (analysis) of ... [in the analysis, you should emphasize the consistency of the materials you quoted with your point of view]. He really is-(concluding sentence).
Theme appreciation questions
Basic question type: There are three opinions about this article. Which one do you agree with? Please briefly explain the reasons.
Ideas and methods of answering questions:
I think the theme of the article is …
(1) The article mainly describes (describes) ... (summarizes the main materials of the article) and shows ... (analyzes).
(2) This theme is expressed in many materials in the article. For example, in section ..., the author wrote "-",which embodies-(analysis); For example, in section ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Another example is section …, where the author wrote "—",which still reflects—. Therefore, the theme of the article is-. (There must be at least three citations, and the consistency of citations and opinions is emphasized everywhere in the analysis. )
● The main functions of natural environment description (scenery description) sentences:
Play up the atmosphere of ...
2. Compare the characters … (or the characters' feelings …);
3. pave the way for the following.
4. Promote the development of the plot
● Main functions of social environment description:
L, explain the background of the work.
2. When you answer, you must combine the local background at that time and point out what kind of social reality is revealed by the relevant statements of environmental description in the text. Explanatory reading
● Explain the center of the full text of the judgment statement.
Answer:
Explain the central content+writing purpose
1. Description of things: This paper explains … (the characteristics of the object) [the description of the central content] and tells us … [the purpose of writing]
Explanatory text: This article explains the truth about … (reasons, methods, principles, etc.). ) and tell us ...
● Explain the role of paragraphs in the text.
Basic question type: What is the function of paragraph …?
Thinking and way of answering questions
Element: Content+Structure
Form: explain … (the central content of paragraph description), and play a role in … (referring to the role of the above structure) on (upper) and (lower) texts.
● Define related nouns according to the context:
Take the definition of "genetically modified crops" as an example.
1, format a: genetically modified crops are …
Format B: A crop of ... is called a transgenic crop.
2. Note: The definition must grasp the essential attributes of things.
● Explain the method of functional analysis and the commonly used answer formats:
List numbers, make comparisons, give examples, make analogies, classify, define, list charts and quote data.
This sentence is interpreted in the way of … (accurate, clear, concrete, vivid, intuitive and well-founded) …
Explain the characteristics of the object or something.
Understanding and analysis of the function of words in expository writing;
There are two main types of problems:
A. What is the function of the word "××"?
★ Answer method: The word "××" points out that … (from the meaning of the word itself) explains the characteristics of … things and embodies the accuracy of the explanation language (in line with the actual situation and scientific).
B. Can the word "××" be deleted?
★ Answer method: ① No, the word ×× points out that … (from the meaning of the word itself) explains the characteristics of … things and reflects the accuracy of the interpretation language. (Front), delete the word "××". It means ... absolutely. (tail)
● Distinguish between right and wrong.
Elements: judging ten cited materials+analyzing consistency.
(3) Appreciation of ancient poems
Common types of length appreciation questions
-homesick, sometimes sad, contributing to the country, loving nature, etc.
2. Summarize the common words of scenery features (artistic conception or picture atmosphere features).
Loneliness and cold, tranquility and beauty, magnificence and bleakness.
3. Language features of common words in poetry: light and tasteful, fresh and simple, concise and bright, subtle and deep, colorful, plain and peculiar.
4. Frequently asked questions
(1) Artistic Conception Test: What artistic conception did this poem create?
Question variant: What kind of picture does this poem depict? What are the characteristics of the scenery in the poem? )
"How" = a high summary of the picture and general atmosphere in the poem.
(2) Thematic question: What kind of thoughts and feelings does this poem express? Theme, philosophy, etc. )
(3) Chinese appreciation test: The word "-"is skillfully used, please analyze its beauty.
Please appreciate the beauty of three or four sentences in the poem.
Thinking of answering questions: refer to the language expression method of prose.
(4) Skillful test: This poem uses the technique of setting off (contrast, etc.). ), please analyze its function.
Thinking of answering questions: ... in poetry ... is related to ... (use ... to set off ...), (cite examples of using this writing technique), writing-(accurately summarize the content), and expressing-(pay attention to the contact center, writing purpose and thoughts and feelings).
5. Common images
(1) willow; Farewell, nostalgia, sadness and the beauty of spring. Folding willow: It was borrowed from other customs in the Han Dynasty. Say goodbye
Affectionate, and then use it to convey feelings such as resentment and nostalgia. For example, Liu Yong's "Yulinling" "Where to wake up tonight? "Yang Liuan", "The Twilight of the Morning Wind" and so on.
(2) wine: parting and blessing "advise you to drink one more glass of wine and go out of Yangguan for no reason."
(3) the moon: homesickness, such as Li Bai's "Silent Night Thinking"; "Looking up, I found it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly thought of home."
(4) Running water: it conveys the sadness and sadness that life is short and fate is impermanent.
For example, "but since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with swords, it is even more worrying to raise a glass to eliminate our worries."
(5) Sunset (sunset glow, sunset glow): convey desolate, lost and gloomy feelings, such as "Le Garden Scenic Spot" by Li Shangyin in the Tang Dynasty: "to see the sun, for all his glory was buried in the coming night."
(6) plum blossom: proud of snow, strong and unyielding. Wang Anshi's plum blossom: "It's not snow when you know it from afar, because it has a delicate fragrance."
(7) Red beans: Acacia is Wei's poem Acacia: "Take it home for my sake as a symbol of our love."
(8) Indus: Indus is a symbol of desolation, bitterness and sadness.
(9) Chrysanthemum: quiet, noble and refined.
(10) (Lonely) Goose: Lonely homesickness, homesickness, news, Hongyan: letters-thoughts of relatives.
(1 1) Spring breeze: broad-minded hope for happiness, east wind: beautiful spring.
(12) west wind: loneliness, the decline of tents, wind: the power of the uprising to destroy the old world.
(13) Falling Flowers: The image of "falling flowers" often represents the shortness of life, sadness and injury in spring, and anxiety and sadness about death. The poet lamented the impermanence of life with falling flowers.
(14) Lilacs and plantains are often associated with loneliness and sadness, especially parting.
(15) Bamboo: It often gives the hero a lofty and refined feeling. (4) Other precautions.
The answer to the word limit question:
1, complete and accurate statement according to the topic requirements (don't think too much about the number of words at this time);
2. Simplify according to the number of words: ① Remove irrelevant modifiers; ② Turn disyllabic words into monosyllabic words; ③ Use abbreviations (especially place names).
3. Read the sentences that meet the requirements of meaning and number of words together to see if there are any language diseases. If so, it must be revised. Make sentences concise, complete, smooth and clear.
Answer questions in your own words.
L, such questions are often limited to sentences that cannot be answered directly in the original text. On another level, it means that there are related sentences in your original text, so you should first find out the related sentences in the original text;
What we should consider now is how to turn the sentences in the original into our own words. The following methods can be adopted: ① generalization method, which is suitable for long sentences in the original text; ② Sentence translation method, which is suitable for classical Chinese paragraphs; (3) Explain key words, which are applicable to uncommon words in the original sentence; (4) Sentence conversion method is suitable for the case that the original text uses interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions with ambiguous meanings, and the title requires clear expression.
● Refining center and theme:
Pay attention to the main content of this article, the purpose of the author's writing this article and the thoughts and feelings contained in it. Pay attention to some common words, such as summarizing the main contents, which are generally used as follows: this article describes …, describes …, introduces …, passes through …, and so on. For example, summarizing the writing purpose and thoughts and feelings is generally used as: expressing … expressing … praising … exposing … whipping … satirizing … exposing … reflecting … "and so on.
● Commonly used words for sentence feature evaluation
Accurate, rigorous, vivid, vivid, easy to understand, concise, concise, infectious, rhythmic, euphemistic, meaningful, thought-provoking, profound, stimulating reading interest, thorough reasoning and convincing.