Eight Analects of Confucius-eight Analects of Confucius, all related to etiquette, seem to be far away from the present. From the present point of view, Confucius seems to be stubborn and difficult to be flexible. China is known as the country of etiquette, which shows the importance of etiquette. Although with the change of time, many etiquette has been forgotten and become a form, but there is no Fiona Fang without rules, and everything needs etiquette to regulate, so the society will have order. Innovation is good, and all social progress needs constant innovation. It seems that etiquette, that is, form, is contradictory to innovation and cannot be * * *. But innovation can be recognized by the society, and it must conform to the convention, conform to morality and not violate the connotation of etiquette.
It should be noted that the ceremony referred to by Confucius is not a general ceremony, and its meaning is very extensive. It is beyond the scope of the current law, and it regulates the norms between people, such as between father and son, between monarch and minister, between friends, between young and old, and so on. , but also adjust the various systems run by the country.
In this article, how does Confucius answer Fang Lin's question about politeness? What a big problem! Ceremony, not luxury, is quite frugal; Sad, not easy, ning qi? . It can be seen that the ceremony mentioned by Confucius is in line with people's true temperament, not a complicated ceremony, and the appearance of the ceremony is in line with people's true temperament? Culture? Products.
? Zigong wants to tell Crescent about the sheep. Confucius said: Give it to me, I love my sheep, and I love my gifts. ? Zhengshuo was promulgated by the Emperor of Heaven, indicating that there are still monarchs in the world, and the report to Zhengshuo was performed by the princes, indicating that there are still relatives in the world. This is the most important part of the etiquette system. Although there is only one sheep to be slaughtered and only one form, the form can still show the connotation of etiquette, remind people of the connotation of this etiquette and still inspire the world. So the existence of form is still meaningful. We should not be perfunctory because of the form, but should think about the connotation of the form. This ritual, which only exists in form, also conforms to the true nature of human beings and is conducive to social norms.
Therefore, in our study and work, we should do a good job in the form, reflect on the connotation we have learned, and add the real connotation we need to the form.
The Analects of Confucius is called Ji. Dancing in court is tolerable, but what is not? All three families are obedient. Confucius said:? Looked at each other, is the son of heaven Mu Mu? Xi is in Hall 3? The essence of Fang Lin's politeness. Confucius said:? What a big problem! Li, who is extravagant with Qi, is quite frugal; Mourning, and also, Ningqi. ?
At first, Confucius said that Ji danced eight steps in his temple. Is tolerable, and who can't tolerate anything. Because the Bashu etiquette here is only enjoyed by the emperor. Local warlord Ji Shi unexpectedly? The princes sacrificed to each other, and the emperor was at the center of beauty and dignity. ? These are two poems in Yong's article. So Confucius quoted it to reprimand it. So Fang Lin appeared, which led to Confucius' question about? The basis of ceremony? It is better to be frugal than to be extravagant. Sorrow is better than peace. Later, many people named Lin in Fujian called Lin Zu.
What is the third part of The Analects of Confucius mainly about? A gift? problem Our country has always been? State of etiquette? According to the Analects of Confucius, China was very particular in ancient times? A gift? Yes But at the same time, someone is already destroying it? A gift? This man, Ji and his brother, and Shu Suntong, are all great doctors in the state of Lu, known as the three clans. Confucius, a gentle and courteous gentleman, couldn't bear to part with them, which shows the important position of courtesy in China's ancient life. I really want to know Fang Lin's question, but Confucius' answer doesn't seem to define ceremony systematically, so what is ceremony? Here I also express my humble opinion: 1. Specifically, ceremony is the etiquette norm of national politics and people's daily life. The big aspects include national politics, diplomacy and military affairs, as small as the daily life, weddings, funerals and celebrations of the Lebanese people. Can be said to be everywhere? A gift? Always a gift? . 2. In the abstract, politeness is an ethical criterion to regulate the social development of human life. Because people are born with it? Natural? Will take and eat, will not follow the rules, like the primitive impulsive nature of animals. But when people grow up, they will receive education and lessons from family, school and society, thus regulating people's sociality. This is the abstraction of the ceremony.
Of course, the most important thing to learn etiquette is not to start with concepts like me. The most important thing is as Fang Lin asked? The basis of ceremony? . Actually, a standard question is raised here, that is, what is it? A gift? What is this? Indecent assault? . Confucius made it very clear that courtesy, frugality and extravagance; Mourning, and also, Ningqi. ? Don't think that Confucius' talk about funeral is irrelevant. In fact, what did Confucius say? The ceremony should be from the heart? Ning Jian Ning Qi doesn't speak his mind. Can you be frugal? So what should Confucius' etiquette standard be? Filial piety? . Reading Confucius' books is to understand Confucius' political ideal, that is, to preach Wang Dao and benevolent government to the world. After learning this, you can be a little organized. What is the essence of politeness? Filial piety? Specific performance is reflected in the daily code of conduct. At the same time, it is also the social norm of the political goal of kingly way and benevolent government.
With the development of society, the economic foundation has changed, and social customs are also evolving, so the ceremony is also changing. Many scholars believe that the standard of Confucian etiquette is the standard of feudal times, which is not worth advocating because the society is different. In fact, Confucius' standard is filial piety, and his old man likes to talk about family education. Actually, can we analyze it further? The basis of ceremony? It lies in people's filial piety and sincere service to the country. Although Confucius didn't say it clearly, it also jumped to the page. Therefore, Confucian rites can stand the test of time.
Comments on The Analects of Confucius The Analects of Confucius is a recorded prose with 20 articles, including Xueji, Political Comments, Bashu, Liren, Gongye Chang, Yongye, Shuer, Taibo and Zi Han. Yao Yue. The Analects of Confucius is a classic on which Confucianism is based. Confucius (55 BC1? Before 479), his name is Zhong Ni. His father, Congo, also known as Shu Lianggan, used to be a butcher in Qiaoyi (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) and was a "scholar" of the lower class of the aristocratic class.
His mother's surname is Yan and her name is Zheng Zai. When Confucius was 3 years old, his father died and his mother died at the age of 17. When Confucius was young, he was a small official in charge of warehouses (officials) and cattle and sheep (farmers). Later, Confucius was proficient in the "six arts" (ceremony, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and number). Confucius' political proposition is to force people to obey through punishment. His "courtesy" is a political order, and his "benevolence" is the highest moral standard. Of course, this kind of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and righteousness can be divided into upper and lower levels. During the turbulent Spring and Autumn Period, the governors paid attention to strength and profit, so they failed to adopt Confucius' political proposition of "benevolence", and Confucius failed to adopt it. In 484 BC (eleven years), when Confucius returned to Lu, he was 68 years old and had white hair. But Confucius spent his later years concentrating on sorting out ancient books? Six meridians. In 479 BC, Confucius died at the age of 72.
His disciples and disciples compiled his remarks into The Analects of Confucius, with 20 articles and 492 sections, totaling 12700 words. The Analects of Confucius recorded the death of Zeng Shen, a student of Confucius in his later years, and kept important information about Confucius' life, thoughts and theories, especially important information about educational thoughts and teaching activities. It is one of the most important materials in China. It can be said that it is the earliest educational book in the history of China. From the perspective of politics, philosophy and psychology, Confucius believes that the main content of moral education is benevolence and courtesy. Therefore, he advocated "rule by virtue", which reflected the improvement of people's value and the characteristics of the times when slaves demanded liberation. Therefore, Confucius' morality conforms to the trend of the times and has progressive significance. The core of Confucius' so-called "ceremony" is "correcting the name". Words are not smooth, things are not smooth; If you can't do it, you will be happy; If the ceremony and music are not prosperous, the punishment will be lost; If the punishment is wrong, the people will be at a loss. "
Therefore, Confucius put forward "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" (on Yan Yuan) as the specific content of "correcting the name". In other words, the monarch should follow the way of the monarch, the minister should follow the way of the minister, the father should follow the way of the father, and the son should follow the way of shunza. In a hierarchical slave society,
(Eight Articles of the Analects of Confucius) Lu Sanhuan sang the poem "Yong" when he sacrificed his ancestors, in which the emperor sacrificed "Tianjun, Tianjun was speechless" and was also criticized by Confucius. The category of Confucius' moral thought is mainly "benevolence". Confucius advocated "benevolence", which has multiple meanings in The Analects. The second is "self-denial and courtesy"; Third, "benevolent people are also." Guo Moruo said in Ten Criticism Books: Confucius' so-called benevolence is obviously in line with the trend of slave liberation. This is a human discovery. "Confucius advocates' benevolence' and Mencius attaches importance to' righteousness', so Confucius' kills himself to be benevolent'
(The Analects of Confucius, Wei Linggong) and his successor Mencius' "Giving Up One's Life for Righteousness" (On Mencius' Gaozi) had a far-reaching influence on later generations with lofty ideals. Confucius was the first educator in China who advocated "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". His different education with Ran can be explained as follows: "What is it?"? "Confucius said," How can I smell and act when my father and brother are around? You Ran asked, "What did you do when you heard this story? Confucius said, "Si Wen did what he did." Gong Xihua said, "I also asked Si Wen to do what he did. Confucius said,' Father and brother are here'; Asked Si Wen to do various things, Confucius said,' Si Wen does various things'. He was also puzzled and dared to ask. Confucius said, "Ask questions, and make progress by retreating;" Lutz and You Ran asked Confucius the same question: When they heard a good idea, should they ask them first? How can they do it at once? On the other hand, I affirmed what You Ran said: You should do it at once. Do it standing up? Confucius gave different answers to different people. He said to Luz: My father and brother are at home. You should ask Confucius why he can't figure it out. Confucius enlightened and said: Ran is afraid of things, so encourage him; Lutz was reckless, so he restrained it. Confucius' teaching thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude has a great influence on the history of education in China. In his view, teachers must master four psychological manifestations that students often appear in their study, namely, being broad-minded but not sophisticated, having narrow knowledge, being too easy to learn and being afraid of difficulties. Only by understanding the psychological characteristics of students can we help and remedy them. In other words, the psychological differences of students and the necessity of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude are certain. In teaching, Confucius also advocated mutual learning, mutual discussion and mutual inspiration between teachers and students, so as to achieve good teaching results. An Analects of Confucius is actually a record of teachers and students asking questions and discussing with each other. For example, Luz, Yan Hui, Zigong and Xia Zi did just that. Lutz, who is straightforward and reckless, loves Lutz out of his love for Confucius and can accept his criticism. When some students didn't respect Lutz, Confucius said to them: Lutz's knowledge is very good, but not deep enough. Yan Hui is Confucius' most proud student, but since Yan Hui never questioned and criticized Confucius, Confucius once said with dissatisfaction: Yan Hui is not a helpful person, and he doesn't resent my words. Zi Gong is high flyers of Confucius Language Department. He often tells me.
Learning the Analects of Confucius is what the Book of Songs says: like bones, horns, teeth and jade, learn it, ponder it and strive for perfection. Confucius said happily, Here you are. Now we can discuss the Book of Songs with you. Xia Zi is the best among the younger generation of Confucius, better than literature. On one occasion, Xia Zi quoted Feng Wei from The Book of Songs.
The eight letters in The Analects of Confucius mean that the Book of Songs says: A dimpled face smiles beautifully, black and white eyes flow beautifully, and flowers are painted on a white background. What do these poems mean? Confucius said: first, there is a white background, and then draw flowers. Xia Zi further clarified: So, did rites and music come into being after benevolence and righteousness? Confucius said happily: Shang Bo, you are really a person who can inspire me. Now I can discuss poetry with you further. Confucius dared to admit that Xia Zi, 44 years younger than him, inspired himself in his study, which showed that Confucius had the courage to learn from the educated and his spirit was admirable! Confucianism later became the orthodoxy of the feudal landlord class, and The Analects became the main classic of Confucianism. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the philosopher Zhu combined The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean into one, which was called the Four Books. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was stipulated that in the imperial examination, the topic of eight-part essay must be selected from four books, and it should be "created by saints"