The most common ones are five-character and seven-character sentences. There are also very few four-character and six-character sentences. Among them:
(1) Five-character quatrains (one word refers to one word) and four sentences are called five-character rhythmic quatrains (five-character modern quatrains, five-character modern quatrains, five-character modern quatrains), referred to as five-character quatrains, or five-character quatrains. .
(2) Seven-character quatrains with four sentences are called seven-character rhymed quatrains (seven-character modern quatrains, seven-character modern quatrains), or seven-character quatrains or seven-character quatrains for short.
(3) Five-character poems with eight sentences are called five-character rhymed poems, or five-character poems for short.
(4) Seven-character poems with eight sentences are called seven-character rhymed poems, or Qilv for short.
(5) More than eight sentences are called long rhythm or row rhythm. The sentence patterns of sentences (odd-numbered sentences) and couplets (even-numbered sentences) corresponding to the words and words in the same position in the sentence are called antithesis (originating from the antithesis in the honor guard), also called antithesis. The first couplet and the last couplet (the first sentence and the couplet are a couplet, the first and second sentences of the five- and seven-character poems are called the first couplet, the third and fourth sentences are called the jaw couplet, the fifth and sixth sentences are called the neck couplet, and the seventh and eighth sentences are called the last couplet) You can fight or not fight, and other alliances must fight (except for Touchun Ti. In Touchun Ti, the first alliance is against each other, and the second alliance is not against each other. This form is very rare). Contrast means that concepts of the same type correspond to opposite concepts. First of all, the sentence patterns of the same type are relative, such as: "The cold current is rolling high in the sky" versus "The warm air is blowing slightly on the earth." This is the relative subject-predicate structure of the sentence pattern. Another example: "The monk is a fool but can still be taught" versus "The demon is a ghost and will surely cause disaster." This is the opposite of a compound sentence pattern. Under the premise that the sentence structure is relative, similar characters and words are relative. That is: noun to noun; pronoun to pronoun; numeral to numeral; verb to verb; adverb to adverb; adjective to adjective; locative word to locative word. Different types of characters and words can also be related to each other. etc.
There are many names for antithesis, including: name pairs (also called positive pairs), running water pairs, sentence pairs (also called dang-sentence pairs), borrowed pairs, etc.
(1) Name pair: Generally, words of the same type are opposite each other. Similar words and words with similar categories or opposite meanings are also called "work pairs", such as: sun vs. moon, three vs. five, up vs. down, good vs. evil; flowers and birds vs. insects and fish, mountains vs. sea, unique pairs. What's more, going forward versus succeeding... Those that do not conform to the "work versus" are called "wide versus", such as: "The tiger sits on the dragon's plate and the present is better than the past, and the world is turned upside down." Pan Dui Di Fu"...
(2) Liushui Dui: It means that the sentence and the couplet are originally one sentence (or one meaning) divided into two sentences, or the couplet has explanations and supplements the meaning of the sentence. , such as: "An old friend bid farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower in the West" versus "Fireworks descend to Yangzhou in March", "The Yellow Crane is gone and never comes back" versus "White clouds linger in the sky for thousands of years"...
(3) Correspondence in the sentence : refers to words that are adjacent to each other in a sentence and have corresponding meanings, such as: "Zhu is clear and the sand is white" in "Zhu is clear and the sand is white, and the white birds fly back"; "green mountains and green waters are in vain" are "green mountains and green waters" It's right in the sentence.
(4) Borrowing pairs: It means the sound is opposite to the meaning, such as: "The sun rises in the east and rains in the west" vs. "The road is not sunny but there is sunshine." It's also OK to use clear (instead of green) for purple, and yellow (instead of emperor) for emperor. Rhyme refers to the tone of Chinese characters. In ancient times, the tones of Chinese characters were divided into four tones: Ping tone, Shang tone, Qu tone, and Ru tone (referred to as Ping, Shang, Qu, and Ru). Those with flat tone are called Ping tone rhyme, or "Ping" for short; they are rising tone, falling tone, and entering tone (there is no entering tone in Mandarin, and it is assigned to other tones in Mandarin. The tones of Mandarin Chinese characters are Yinping, Yangping, and Shang) Sound and falling tones (referred to as Yin, Yang, Shang, Lai) are called oblique rhyme (also called blank rhyme), or "oblique" for short. Rhyming means that the rhymes of even-numbered sentences (the last word of the sentence is called the rhyme) have the same pitch, must rhyme flatly, and must rhyme to the end. The rhyme of the first line of a rhythmic poem can be in Ping tone or not. The rhyme of other odd-numbered sentences should be oblique.
Speaking of rhyme, we have to talk about rhyme books. However, rhyme books do not belong to the category of rhythmic poetry forms, so here is only a brief introduction (to learn more, you need to read rhyme books).
Rhyme book is a "reference book" and "tool book" for rhyme in poetry, especially rhythmic poetry. For those whose pronunciation is not accurate, you need to refer to rhyme books to identify or create rhythmic poems.
The rhyme book is compiled according to the old four tones of Chinese characters "ping, shang, qu, ru" and the new four tones of Mandarin Chinese characters "yin, yang, shang, que". There are many types of rhyme books, and different rhyme books appeared in different historical periods. It is said that the earliest rhyme book is "Qie Yun" of the Sui Dynasty, which has been lost. What people can see today is the earliest "Guangyun" compiled by the Northern Song Dynasty, which divides rhymes into 206 parts. People in the Southern Song Dynasty compiled "Pingshui Yun" and identified 106 rhymes. The people of the Yuan Dynasty compiled "Hongwu Zhengyun" based on the pronunciation habits of the Central Plains people, and divided the rhymes into 76 parts. Later there will be "Collection of Poetry and Rhyme", "Combined Poetry and Rhyme", "New Chinese Rhyme", "Chinese Poetry Rhyme", "New Edition of Poetry and Rhyme" and so on. Worth mentioning are "Pingshui Yun" and "New Collection of Poetry Rhymes".
"Pingshui Yun" was compiled by Pingshui people in the late Southern Song Dynasty, so it is called Pingshui Yun. Ping Shuiyun revised the 206 parts of "Guangyun" into 107 parts, and then merged them into 106 parts. This rhyme book has been widely recognized, studied, and used, and has always dominated the poetry world.
"Pingshui Rhyme" includes four categories: flat tone (upper level tone, lower level tone) rhyme, upper tone rhyme, falling tone rhyme and entering tone rhyme.
There are 15 rhymes (rhymes) in Shangping tone in Ping tone, namely: Dong, Dong, Jiang, Zhi, Wei, Yu, Yu, Qi, Jia, Hui, Zhen, Wen, Yuan, Han, Delete .
These characters are the first characters in each rhyme, which are called rhymes. Each rhyme lists many common words that have the same rhymes as the rhyme characters. For example, the characters in "Dongmu" are: Dong, Tong, Tong, Tong, Tong, Tong, Tong... Zhong, Zhong, Zhong... Chong, Chong... Feng, Feng... Gong, Gong... There are 174 words in total. There are many words in other rhymes as well.
There are 15 rhymes in Xiaping tone in Ping tone, namely: Xian, Xiao, Yao, Hao, Ge, Ma, Yang, Geng, Qing, Zheng, You, invade, Qin, Yan, Xian. The characters in "Xianmu": Xian, Qian, Tian, ??Dian, Xian...
Shangsheng 29 rhymes, namely: Dong, Zhuang, Jiao, Zhi, Wei, Yu, Qi, shepherd's purse, crab , bribe, Zhen, kiss, Ruan, Han, 游, millennium, Xiao, Qiao, Hao, 哿, horse, Eryang, stem, Jiong, you, sleep, sense, thrift, 豱
Remove the sound 39 rhymes, namely: send, song, jiang, zhi, wei, yu, meet, ji, tai, hexagram, team, shock, ask, wish, han, admonish, lea, Xiao, effect, hao, Ge, 禡, 澡 , Jing, Jing, You, Qi, Qin, Ba, Kan, Yan, Chen.
There are 17 rhymes in the entering tone, namely: house, Wo, Jue, Zhi, Wu, Yue, Huo, 黠, crumb, medicine, Mo, Xi, Zhi, Ji, He, Ye, Qia.
"Poetry Rhythm New Edition" is based on the new four tones of Mandarin Chinese characters (yin, yang, up, and go), taking into account the old four tones of Chinese characters (ping, up, going, and entering), refer to Compiled by "Chinese New Rhyme" and "Chinese Poetry Rhythm", published in 1978. Its main contents and characteristics are as follows:
(1) The rhymes are divided into 18 parts. The rhymes of these rhymes are: Ma, Bo, Ge, Jie, Zhi, Er, Qi, Wei, Kai, Mo, Yu, Hou, Hao, Han, Hen, Tang, Geng, Dong. Each rhyme part uses a character to represent other words with the same final and similar finals (such as: a, ia, ua), and runs through it to the end, such as: A, Ba, Hua, Jia in Mabu... big, dad, Words, price... Each rhyme is arranged in order according to the four tones of the old and new.
(2) Each rhyme part can be divided into two categories: flat and oblique. Ping: includes Yingping, Yangping (new pronunciation) and Hepingsheng (old pronunciation); Ping: includes rising tone, falling tone and entering tone (old pronunciation).
(3) The use of rhyme is more flexible. There is no "Rusheng" in Mandarin, and the "Rusheng" assigned to Mandarin can still be treated as the original "Rusheng".
(4) It not only retains the old four tones of Chinese, but also adds the new four tones of Chinese. By referring to this rhyme book, we can not only use the old four tones to identify and create old-style rhythmic poems, but also provide convenience and basis for using the new four tones to identify and create new-style rhythmic poems. The combination of oblique and oblique arrangements is called rhythm. The arrangement and combination of levels and obliques is very strict in rhythmic poetry. The four basic formats are as follows:
Quatrain type
Five-character quatrain and seven-character quatrain
The first type
廄仄廄平平, Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping. 廄廄平廄廄平.
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, ping-ping-ping-ping-ping. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
The second type
廄廄平廄, 平平仄仄平平仄,
平平仄廄平. 廄廄平廄廄平.
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, ping-ping-ping-ping-ping. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
The third type
Pingping, leveling, leveling, leveling, leveling,
Pingping, leveling, leveling. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
Eagle, even, even, even, even, equal, equal, equal. 廄廄平廄廄平.
The fourth type
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, 任仄平平仄仄,
仄仄仄平平. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
Eagle, even, even, even, even, equal, equal, equal. 廄廄平廄廄平.
Mediocre, equal, equal. 廄廄平廄廄平.
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, ping-ping-ping-ping-ping. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
Eagle, even, even, even, even, equal, equal, equal. 廄廄平廄廄平.
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, ping-ping-ping-ping-ping. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
The second type
廄廄平廄, 平平仄仄平平仄,
平平仄廄平. 廄廄平廄廄平.
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, ping-ping-ping-ping-ping. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
Eagle, even, even, even, even, equal, equal, equal. 廄廄平廄廄平.
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, ping-ping-ping-ping-ping. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
The third type
Pingping, leveling, leveling, leveling, leveling,
Eating, leveling, leveling. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
廄廄平廄, 平平仄廄平仄,
平平仄廄平. 廄廄平廄廄平.
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, ping-ping-ping-ping-ping. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
Eagle, even, even, even, even, equal, equal, equal. 廄廄平廄廄平.
The fourth type
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, 任仄平平仄仄,
仄仄仄平平. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
Eagle, even, even, even, even, equal, equal, equal. 廄廄平廄廄平.
Ping-ping-ping-ping-ping, ping-ping-ping-ping-ping. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping.
廄廄平廄, 平平仄廄平仄,
平平仄廄平. 廄廄平廄廄平.
The "Ping and Ze" arrangements listed above are the standard arrangement formats of five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains, five-character rhymed poems and seven-character rhymed poems (also called "formal pattern"). There are also some special formats (see "declension" below, "135 regardless", "246 strict") "135 regardless" and "246 strict" refer to seven-character sentences. Five The sentences are "one or three, no matter", "two and four, strict" (I won't repeat the description again when encountering this situation below), "biaoshu" and "loss of stickiness"). These permutation and combination formats contain some meanings of rhythmic poetry:
1. The rhymes of even-numbered sentences are all in flat tone (if the last word of the first sentence is in flat tone, it is considered to have rhyme, if it is in oblique tone, it is considered to have no rhyme, and other odd-numbered sentences have no rhyme).
2. The arrangement and combination of "平廄" in each sentence is regular (for special cases, please see the "changes" below, "one, three, five, regardless",
"two, four" Six strict", "rescue" and "loss of adhesion").
3. Relative and oblique: the sentence in a couplet is relative to the oblique and oblique in the same position in the couplet (for special circumstances, please see the "changes" below,
"一三" "Five no matter", "Twenty-four-six strict", "Save" and "Loss of stickiness").
4. Sticking: Two couplets are adjacent to each other. The "平廄" in the same position in the couplet of the upper couplet and the sentence of the second couplet are the same. This is called sticking (see "loss of stickiness" below for special circumstances. ).
In addition, there are some other meanings and situations that need to be explained:
1. Foot: The basic unit of rhythm is called foot.
The syllables of a five-character sentence are: one two ‖ three four ‖ five or one two ‖ three ‖ four five.
For example: during the day, you will lean against the mountain or drive to the ancient plains.
The syllables of a seven-character sentence are: one two ‖ three four ‖ five six ‖ seven or one two ‖ three four ‖ five ‖ six seven.
For example: Hanshi‖Dongfeng‖Yuliu‖Xian or Wang Jun‖Lou Chuan‖Going down‖Yizhou.
2. Rhyme name: the last word of the sentence is in flat tone, which is called flat tone angle, or flat angle for short; the word in oblique tone is called oblique tone, or oblique angle for short. The two characters at the end of the sentence are called Ping Ping Jiao if they are flat; if they are oblique, they are called Zhi Tiao Jiao; if they are flat and oblique, they are called Ping Tiao Jiao;
3. Pingqi style and Pingqi rhyme style: the first step in the first sentence or the second word in the first step is flat, which is called Pingqi style; the rhyme of Pingqi style It has a flat tone, so it is called Ping Qi Ru Yun style.
4. Zeiqi style and Zeqi rhyme style: if the first step in the first sentence or the second character in the first step is a oblique sound, it is called Zeqi style; The rhyme is flat, which is called flat rhyme.
5. Rhyme format: The most basic rhyme format of rhythm poetry is the first and third types of seven-character rhyme poetry. The second type is the repetition of the last four sentences of the first type. The fourth type is the repetition of the last four sentences of the third type. Others are determined on the basis of the rhyme format of the seven-character rhyme poem, that is: the rhyme format of the seven-character rhyme poem is the rhyme format of the five-character rhyme poem by removing the first step of each sentence; the rhyme formats of the five-character quatrain and the seven-character quatrain are respectively The first four lines of the rhyme scheme of five-character poems and seven-character poems. A combination of the middle four sentences, the last four sentences, or the first two sentences and the last two sentences is also possible (it is difficult to remember all the formats. However, if you remember the first and third formats of the seven-character rhyme poem, other formats can be derived) .
6. The rhythm of rhythmic poetry: The four sentences of rhythmic poetry form one rhythm, which means that the "even and oblique" arrangement of the last four sentences is similar to the repetition of the first four sentences (except for quatrains).
7. The special format of rhythmic poetry: After the rhythmic poetry is finalized, in actual creation, many rhythmic poetry cannot meet the standard format of "level and oblique" arrangement. Therefore, there have been expressions and phenomena such as "changing the pattern"; "ignoring one, three, and five"; "being strict on two, four, and six"; "fighting to save"; "anti-bending" and "loss of cohesion".
(1) Regarding the change of format: "Bian format" refers to changes that do not conform to the standard format of "Ping and Ze". There are three types of changes.
The changes in the five-character sentence are: 1. Ping Ping Ping Ze Ping → Ping Ping Ze Ping Ze; 2. Ping Ping Ping Ping Ze → Ping Ping Ping Ze Ping; 3 Ping Ping Ze Ping Ze Ping → Ping Ping Ping Ze Ping.
The seven-character sentence changes are: 1廄仄平平仄仄→仄仄平仄平仄; 2 平平任仄平仄→平平任仄平仄仄; 3仄仄平仄仄平→仄 Flat flat flat flat flat.
(2) About "一三五不了": It means that the tone of the word in the position of "一三五" in each sentence can be "flat" or "oblique", that is, it should be "flat" It can be "廄"; what should be "廄" can be "ping".
However, "one, three, five, no matter" does not mean that "three evens" and "three evens" cannot appear in the last three characters of each sentence, that is, "pingping" and "廄廄廄". There should be no "lonely flat" or "lonely flat" phenomena in every sentence. What kind of sentence structure can cause such a situation? This situation can occur with the sentence patterns of "square angle" and "square angle". Therefore, the sentence patterns of "square angle" and "square and square angle" are not suitable for "one, three, five, no matter".
(3) Regarding "246 strictness": It means that the arrangement of the characters "平廄" in the position of "246" in each sentence cannot be changed. In fact, the "廄廄" in the position of "246" can also be changed. For example, the standard format "廄廄平平廄仄" can be changed to "廄廄平廄平廄". The word "廄平" in the fifth and sixth positions in the latter sentence does not conform to the standard format of "平廄" in this position. This special format is actually the declension mentioned above. This changed format is called "Aojiu" or "Remedy", and is also listed as the syntax of rhythmic poetry. There are many such situations in rhythmic poetry.
(4) Regarding "reverse": it means that there is a situation in the sentence that requires "remediation" but there is no "remediation", so "三连平" or "三连仄" appears at the end of the sentence. This situation also exists in rhythmic poetry.
(5) Regarding "loss of cohesiveness": In rhythmic poetry, the "Ping and Qi" in the same position of the first couplet and the second line of the sentence should not be called "loss of cohesiveness". The phenomenon of "loss of adhesion" is common in rhythm poetry.
In addition to the above, careful readers may find that there are other situations in rhythmic poetry. Yes, such as: There is no contrast between what should be contrasted. This is caused by improper word choice and careless sentence construction. Some oblique arrangements or rhymes exceed the above standards and do not meet the requirements. This situation may be caused by inaccurate pronunciation, dialect, or lack of reference to rhyme books. Even if the rhyme is used according to the rhyme book, it may not be appropriate. Because there are many types of rhyme books, the rhyme parts are also different, and some characters are not in the same rhyme part. Therefore, using rhyme according to this rhyme book may not meet the requirements of that rhyme book.
The above is selected from books compiled by predecessors on the form of rhythmic poetry. Basically covers the main forms, main elements, main names, main changes, and main discussions of rhythm poetry. After reading this article and other books about rhythmic poetry, readers may feel that: the regulations on rhythmic poetry are very strict, but not so strict; some discussions have a certain truth, but are not so exact. Yes, the arrangement of "Ping and Ze" is very strict, but it allows "changes"; "stick" is very strict, but it allows "loss of stickiness"; "Ignore one, three, five", "Strict two, four, six" is helpful for readers' memory. , but lacks universality. It doesn’t matter if it’s not strict or accurate. It's best not to be rigid. Knowing this is beneficial and harmless to reading, understanding, mastering, and creating rhythmic poetry.