Nian Nujiao - Chibi Nostalgia
Song Dynasty? Su Shi
The great river goes eastward, and the waves are gone, and the romantic figures of the ages are gone. Therefore, the human road to the west of the fortress is the Chibi of Zhou Lang of the Three Kingdoms. Rocks pierced through the sky, stormy waves crashed onto the shore, and thousands of piles of snow were rolled up. The country is picturesque, and there are so many heroes at one time.
I recall the old days of Gongjin, when Xiao Qiao got married for the first time and looked majestic and handsome. While Yushan Lunjin was chatting and laughing, the rapist was wiped out in ashes. My motherland wanders in my mind, and my affection should be laughed at. I will be born with beautiful hair early. Life is like a dream, a statue returns to the moon.
Yong Yule? Nostalgia for the past in Guting, North of Jingkou
Song Dynasty? On the dance pavilion and singing stage, the wind is always blown away by the wind and the rain. The setting sun, the grass and trees, the ordinary alleys, where the slaves of humanity once lived. I remember those days when we were fierce and powerful, and we could swallow thousands of miles like a tiger.
Yuanjia hastily sealed the wolf in Xu, and won the hasty visit to the north. Forty-three years later, I still remember the beacon fire on Yangzhou Road. But looking back, under the Buddha and Li Temple, there is a sacred crow drum. Who can ask, Lian Po is old, can he still make a living?
The ideological content includes two aspects:
First, the writer’s ambition to resist the enemy and save the country
Second, the writer’s foresight and contribution to the great cause of restoration Loyalty in serving the country
In the third year of Jiatai of Song Ningzong (1203), when Xin Qiji was sixty-four years old, he was summoned to inform Shaoxing Prefecture and serve as the pacification envoy to eastern Zhejiang. Before this, Xin Qiji had been forced to retreat to the countryside of Jiangxi for more than ten years. He was appointed by Han Yuzhou, who was in charge of power. Because Mongolia had already risen behind the Jin regime at that time, the Jin regime was declining day by day and civil strife broke out. Han Yuzhou wanted to make a great contribution to conquer the Jin Dynasty to consolidate his position, so he used Xin Qiji as the banner to call for the Northern Expedition.
In the second year (1204), he was appointed magistrate of Zhenjiang. Zhenjiang was on the verge of the front line of the Anti-Japanese War at that time. Xin Qiji first arrived in Zhenjiang and worked hard to prepare for the Northern Expedition. He clearly asserted that the Jin regime would be in chaos and perish. He also believed that in order for the Southern Song Dynasty to win the battle against the Jin Dynasty, sufficient preparations must be made. He once put forward these opinions to Song Ningzong and Han Yuzhou, and suggested that the important matter of using troops against Jin should be entrusted to senior officials. This undoubtedly includes Xin Qiji. However, Han Yuzhou and his group not only failed to accept it, but were also suspicious and dissatisfied. They used a minor incident to demote him. In the first year of Kaixi (1205), he was simply transferred away from Zhenjiang and was not allowed to participate in the Northern Expedition. Xin Qiji came south from the Shandong uprising at the age of twenty-three. With a passion for serving his country, he stayed in the south for forty-three years. He was initially squeezed out by the capitulationists, and now he was attacked by Han Yuzhou and his group. The desire to contribute to the great cause of restoration has come to nothing. This is the background of the times when Xin Qiji wrote this poem.
This poem is titled "Nostalgia for the Past in Beigu Pavilion, Jingkou", so it starts with the historical figures of Zhenjiang - Sun Quan and Liu Yu. Sun Quan was the emperor of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He established the capital of Wu in Nanjing and was able to defeat the invader Cao Cao's army from the north and defend the country. Xin Qiji went to Beigu Pavilion in Jingkou to reminisce about the past. The first thing he thought of was the heroic figure Sun Zhongmou (also known as Sun Quan) in the Three Kingdoms period, but now he is nowhere to be found. "The romance is always blown away by the rain and the wind." It means that the romance of Sun Zhongmou's heroic career has disappeared. "Jinu" is the diminutive name of Liu Yu, Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. Liu Yu raised troops in Jingkou to attack Huan Xuan and put down the rebellion. The three sentences "Think of those days" praise Liu Yu for leading the Northern Expedition with strong soldiers and horses, galloping across the Central Plains and devouring barbarians. The author uses the heroic deeds of these local historical figures in Jingkou to vaguely express his feelings of resisting the enemy and saving the country.
The sentences in the next film, "Yuan Jia was hasty and sealed the wolf to live in Xu" are also based on historical facts. "Yuanjia" is the reign name of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty Liu Yilong was Liu Yu's son. He could not inherit his father's legacy, he was so happy about his achievements, he listened to Wang Xuanmo's plan for the Northern Expedition, and fought an unprepared battle, which resulted in a complete defeat. The sealing of Langjuxu is the story of how Huo Qubing of the Han Dynasty defeated the Xiongnu and held a ceremony to worship the heaven at Langjuxu Mountain (now part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty heard Wang Xuanmo's grand words and said to his ministers: "Hearing Wang Xuanmo's statement makes people feel like being a wolf and living in a subordinate position." Xin Qiji used the historical fact that Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty "hastily" (meaning hastily) the Northern Expedition and finally failed miserably as a profound warning that the gold expedition at that time must be fully prepared and not be carried out hastily. "Looking north in a hurry" means becoming pale when seeing the enemy chasing from the north. When Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty was defeated, there was a poem saying "Looking north and communicating with tears". Han Yuzhou was defeated in the Northern Expedition in the second year of Kaixi and was executed the following year, fulfilling Xin Qiji's prophecy of "winning the hasty expedition to the north".
The three sentences "Forty-three years", recalling the past from the present, have Qu Fu's emotion of "beauty grows old". In the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), Xin Qiji led his troops back to the south. In the first year of Kaixi, he wrote the poem "Yongyu Le" in his post at Jingkou, exactly forty-three years ago. The two sentences "looking in the middle and still remembering" mean that looking north at Guting, Jingkou, I remember that forty-three years ago, I was participating in the anti-golden struggle in the war-torn area north of Yangzhou. ("Road" is the name of the administrative region in the Song Dynasty, and Yangzhou belongs to Huainan East Road.) Later, he crossed Huainan and returned. He originally wanted to rely on national power to restore the Central Plains. Unexpectedly, the Southern Song Dynasty court was ignorant and incompetent, rendering his hero useless. Now, forty-three years later, I have become an old man, but my ambition is still elusive. Xin Qiji recalled the past and felt overwhelmed by his life experience!
The three sentences "Under the Buddha and Raccoon Temple", from the memory of the past to the present reality, shocked Xin Qiji. There is a Buddha and Raccoon Temple on Guabu Mountain on the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was built by Tuoba Tao, Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty. historical relics left behind.
Tuoba Tao, also known as Foli, belongs to the Xianbei ethnic group. After defeating Wang Xuanmo's army, he led his pursuers directly to Guabu Mountain on the north bank of the Yangtze River and built a palace on the mountain, which later became the Buddha and Li Temple. The local people hold a game to welcome the gods under the Buddha and Li Temple every year. The "sacred crow" is the crow that eats the sacrifices, and the "shegu" is the drum sound used to worship the gods. Xin Qiji wrote three sentences "Under the Buddha and Li Temple" to express his hidden worries: Now that Jiangbei has been occupied for a long time, if we do not seek recovery quickly, the people will be content with the rule of foreigners and forget that they are subjects of the Song Dynasty. This is exactly what Lu You's poem "Looking to the North" said: "The Central Plains has fallen into the dust, and the north is full of haze. The old age has died, and the childish days and nights are long. The sheep's fur is left with its folds, and it is better to remember the past." They have the same meaning.
Xin Qiji's poem ends with Lian Po's story, which is a clear proof that the author's patriotism will not fade even as he grows old. Although Lian Po is old, he still wants to be used by King Zhao. In front of King Zhao's envoy, he ate a bushel of rice, ten pounds of meat, and mounted his horse in armor to show that he still had some courage. Xin Qiji compares himself with integrity at the end of this poem, which also expresses his loyalty and loyalty that he refuses to accept his old age and still hopes to serve his country.
Xin Qiji often uses allusions in his poems - "dropping the book bag". Yue Fei's grandson Yue Ke, who wrote the "History of Qiang", said that "using too many things" was the fault of this poem. This is an inappropriate criticism. We should make a specific analysis: many of Xin Qiji's original poems inevitably used excessive allusions, but this is not the case with this poem. The stories used in it, except for the incident of Lian Po at the end, are all historical facts about Zhenjiang. The scenery in front of him is the proper content of the title "Jingkou Nostalgia", which is different from the household allusions used in ordinary dictionaries. Moreover, the stories he used are closely related to the thoughts and feelings of the poem. In terms of artistic techniques, he used many historical events to surround the ideological content of the work to enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the work. This is rare in Song poetry. Yes, this is the strength of this poem. Yang Shen's "Ci Pin" states that Xin's Ci poems should be ranked first among the nostalgic "Yong Yu Le" written by Bei Guting in Jingkou. This is an insightful comment.
The fragrance of cinnamon branches? Jinling is nostalgic for the past
Song Dynasty﹒ Wang Anshi
came to see him off. It was late autumn in his home country and the weather was beginning to become calm. Thousands of miles of clear river looks like a train, and the green peaks are like clusters. The expedition sails to the setting sun, with the west wind at our back and the wine flag standing slantingly. The clouds are light on the colorful boat, the herons are rising on the stars and rivers, and it is difficult to draw a picture.
Reminiscing about the past, competing for prosperity. Sighing at the top of the building outside the door, sadness and hatred continue. For thousands of years, I have been lamenting the honor and disgrace over this. The old events of the Six Dynasties flow with the flowing water, but the cold smoke fades and the grass turns green. To this day, Shang Nu still sings the remaining song "Back Court" all the time.
Written when the author resigned as Prime Minister again and came to Jiangning Mansion. The poem reveals Wang Anshi's feelings of being in love with the natural scenery when he was frustrated and bored.
The whole poem goes straight to the point. The author was in the resort of Jinling, the ancient capital of the Southern Dynasties. On a late autumn evening, he was sightseeing by the river and enjoying the ancient times. Although his theme is climbing high and looking far, his eyes are on the late autumn of his motherland. The three words "zheng", "chu" and "su" gradually awaken its theme.
The following two sentences borrow the meaning of the famous saying of the Xie family in the Six Dynasties, "The interpretation of 'Chengjiang Jingru Lian' makes people remember Xie Xuanhui for a long time", and the enlightenment seems to have already been made. That is, one is "like practicing" and the other is "like clusters", and the victory of form has come out clearly. Then I wrote about the color of the river. Looking around, I saw countless shadows of sails and rafters crisscrossing the glittering river waves under the setting sun. Looking closely at the place where the eyes are gazing, one can see that the green flag of the wine shop is fluttering high in the west wind. The sails and flags represent a broad scene, while the wine flags represent a detailed scene. However, the poet's intention is guided by scenery and focused on personnel. The word "back" and the word "chu" are used wonderfully to make the riverside scene lifelike, as if there is life in it.
The description of the scene up to this point is all white drawing, with some changes below. The two sentences "caizhou" and "xinghe" in one couplet add to the bright color. However, the lyrics have reached the resting point of the last film, so the pen has been restrained, and the sentence "It is difficult to draw a picture" expresses the feeling of praise and appreciation, which is quite popular. "The colorful boat and the light clouds" describe the sunset over the river and the sky; "The stars and the egrets rise" resemble the setting of the sunset in Zhuzhou.
In the next part, another piece of writing laments the historical fact that the Six Dynasties all fell one after another due to debauchery. What is written is about sorrow, hatred, honor and disgrace, which will be of no use to future generations. There is no trace of the past, only the autumn grass is sad and green, which is shocking. "The building outside the door" is decorated with lines from Du Mu's "Taicheng Song", which is also simple and powerful.
The conclusion of the poem is even more wonderful. The poet writes: Today, the Six Dynasties are far away, but their legacy can still be heard. Allusion here. "The merchant girl did not know the hatred of the country's subjugation, but she still sang "Flowers in the Back Garden" across the river!" This famous line was recited by the Tang Xian Xiaodu when he was "smoke cage, cold water, moon cage cage sand, mooring in Qinhuai at night near the restaurant", the poet reused it, I feel that it is thousands of miles wide, and there are endless emotions and sighs that will last forever.
Qi Jue? Step into Wang Anshi's "Inscription on Wujiang Pavilion"
The cauldron sinks the boat and the spirit is so strong that Yu Zui will not linger until he dies.
Being ashamed and humiliating is what ordinary people want, but Xiang Yu is not a talent for hegemony.
"Ti Wujiang Pavilion"
Wang Anshi
The brave soldiers who are tired from a hundred battles mourn, and the Central Plains will be hard to recover from once defeated.
Although the children of Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to join the emperor in making a comeback?
Summer Quatrains
Li Qingzhao
He was born to be a great man. Death is also a ghost hero. I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong.
Li Qingzhao (1084-1155?), a layman named Yi'an, was born in Zhangqiu, Qizhou (now Jinan, Shandong). He was famous for his poetry and had high artistic attainments. His father, Li Gefei, was a famous scholar at that time, and his husband, Zhao Mingcheng, was an epigraphic expert. In his early days, he lived a prosperous life, and together with Mingcheng, he devoted himself to the collection and arrangement of calligraphy, painting and inscriptions.
Jin soldiers invaded the Central Plains and lived in the south. Mingcheng died of illness and was left alone. The lyrics written in the early stage mostly describe his leisurely life, and in the later stage, he laments his life experience and has a sentimental mood. Some also reveal his longing for the Central Plains. In terms of form, he makes good use of line drawing techniques, creates his own channels, and uses clear and beautiful language. The argument emphasizes the law of association, advocating elegance and emotion, and puts forward the saying "don't be a family" in lyrics, and opposes writing lyrics in the same way as poetry. He was also capable of poetry, but not much remains. Some of his chapters are timely and historical, and his words are generous, which is different from his style of writing. There are "Collected Works of Yi An" and "Yi An's Ci", which have been lost. Later generations have a compilation of "Shu Yu Ci". Nowadays, there is "Li Qingzhao's Collection and Annotations". ("Cihai" 1989 edition)
This poem has a high-pitched tone and clearly puts forward the value orientation of life: when alive, one must be a hero among men and make contributions to the country; when one dies, one must sacrifice for the country. , become a hero among ghosts. The patriotic passion was beyond words and had an inspiring effect at the time. However, the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty did not care about the life or death of the people, and only cared about escaping for their own lives; they abandoned the mountains and rivers of the Central Plains, just to survive. Therefore, the poet thought of Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu broke through the siege and reached Wujiang River. The chief of the Wujiang Pavilion advised him to cross the river quickly and return to the east of the Yangtze River to reunite. Xiang Yu himself felt that he had no face to see Jiangdong's elders, so he turned back and fought hard, killing hundreds of enemy soldiers, and then committed suicide. The poet criticized the shameless behavior of those in power in the Southern Song Dynasty, and used the past to satirize the present, which is righteous and awe-inspiring. There are only twenty words in the whole poem, and three allusions are used in succession, but there is no disadvantage of stacking them up, because these are the poet's inner voice. Such a generous, powerful and powerful poem written by a woman is really overwhelming to men.
Sheep on the hillside, Tong cares about ancient times
Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Yanghao
The peaks and mountains are like gatherings, the waves are like angry waves, and the mountains and rivers are on the Tongguan Road inside and outside. Looking at the Western Capital, I hesitated. It is sad that wherever the Qin and Han Dynasties traveled, thousands of palaces and palaces were turned into dirt. When it prospers, the people suffer; when it dies, the people suffer.
Zhang Yanghao (1270-1329), whose courtesy name was Ximeng and whose name was Yunzhuang, was born in Jinan (now Shandong) in the Yuan Dynasty. He once served as a supervisory censor, but was dismissed from office because his criticism of current affairs was frowned upon by the powerful. After being reinstated, he went to the Ministry of Rites to serve as the Secretary of the Book of Rites and consulted with the Secretary to save trouble. Later, because he was offended by his admonishment for putting up lanterns in the inner court on Yuanxi, he resigned and went into seclusion, but failed to attend repeated calls.
In 1329, there was a severe drought in Guanzhong. He was called to serve as the Prime Minister of Taichung in Shaanxi Province. He was busy with disaster relief matters and became ill from overwork. He only served for four months and died in his post.
Zhang Yanghao was good at poetry, especially sanqu, and was a famous sanquist in the Yuan Dynasty. He is the author of a volume called "Residence in Yunzhuang, a Self-Adapted Small Music House", which is mainly composed during his period of seclusion. It reflects his willingness to live in seclusion and sometimes also reveals his dissatisfaction with officialdom. In his later years, he witnessed the suffering of the people and wrote some works with a high style that exposed the darkness of society and sympathized with the people's suffering. This song "Sheep on the Hillside? Tong Cares About the Ancient" is one of them.
"Sheep on the hillside? Tong cares about ancient times" was written by the author when he passed through Tongguan. "History of the Yuan Dynasty? Biography of Zhang Yanghao" says: "In the second year of Tianli, there was a severe drought in Guanzhong and the hungry people ate each other. I specially worshiped Zhang Yanghao as the Prime Minister of Taichung in Shaanxi Province. He went to heaven to help those who were hungry and buried the dead." Zhang Yanghao I wrote this song "Sheep on the Hillside" during the "Severe Drought in Guanzhong".
"Sheep on the Hillside? Tong Cares About the Past" starts from Tongguan Xingsheng, and is titled Nostalgic for the past, but it actually means "hurting the present". Its exposure and criticism pointed at the rulers of successive dynasties in history, especially the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty at that time.
The author starts from Tongguan Xingsheng. The first sentence describes mountains. There is Mount Laoshan to the east of Tongguan, Zhongtiao to the north, and three peaks of Huayue to the west. The situation is so dangerous that the poet only uses "peaks and mountains like a gathering" to describe it vividly. The word "Ju" not only expresses the numerous "peaks", but also gives life and will to the many peaks, thus showing their momentum of gathering towards Tongguan. Those many peaks and mountains seemed to be rushing from different directions for the same purpose to defend Tongguan.
The second sentence writes about the river. The "flood" that Tongguan "looks down" on is the Yellow River. The Yellow River flows straight from Longmen, rushing to the pass, and this is what the poet saw; but he did not use a documentary form of expression, but only used "waves like anger" to describe it vividly. The word "anger" not only summarizes the surging, roaring momentum of the Yellow River, but also gives it life and emotion. Why is it "angry"? This opens up a vast world of imagination for readers.
The third sentence "Mountains and rivers outside and inside Tongguan Road" summarizes mountains and rivers and returns them to "Tongguan". The word "road" indicates that the poet is traveling on "Tongguan Road" at this time. The scenes of "peaks and mountains gathering together", "waves like anger", and "mountains and rivers inside and outside" were all seen by him with his own eyes, so they are all Colored with his emotions. He was traveling on "Tongguan Road", and his destination was the "Western Capital" with Tongguan as the eastern barrier. Therefore, after clearly seeing the beauty of Tongguan in front of us, it is natural to look at the "Western Capital" in the distance. The three words "Tongguan Road" not only summarize the above, but also build a bridge for the transition to "Looking at the Western Capital".
"Zuo Zhuan? The Twenty-Eighth Year of Duke Xi": "The mountains and rivers on the outside will not harm the inside." Note: "There are mountains on the outside of the Jin Dynasty." Outside means outside; inside means inside. . Tongguan is described here as "mountains and rivers inside and outside". It is said that Tongguan has high mountains inside and large rivers outside. The situation is dangerous and must be fought over by military strategists. It is related to the rise and fall of the feudal dynasties that established their capitals in Guanzhong. Therefore, when the poet "looked at the Western Capital" on "Tongguan Road", he naturally thought of the rise and fall of past dynasties.
Guanzhong was once home to ten dynasties, including the Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Former Zhao Dynasty, Former Qin Dynasty, Later Qin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, which lasted for thousands of years. Those capitals can be collectively called "Western Capitals". In this song, Zhang Yanghao only mentions "Qin and Han" to represent all the dynasties that established their capitals there.
When he was "looking at the Western Capital", he felt very heavy because he thought of the suffering that the rise and fall of many dynasties had brought to the people, so he continued to say "hesitation". Here, adding the word "meaning" in front of it vividly expresses the ups and downs of the heart and the depression of not being able to find a way out in thought.
The reason and content of "Hesitation" are written below. The sentence "Sorrowful at the place where the Qin and Han Dynasty Sutras travel" is derived from "Looking to the Western Capital" and "all the palaces and palaces are made of earth". The so-called "place" refers to the "Western Capital". The poet "looked at the Western Capital" from a distance on "Tongguan Road" and thought of the Qin people who "walked" there and saw "ten thousand palaces and palaces"; the Han people "walked" there and saw "ten thousand palaces and palaces" People from the Sui and Tang Dynasties "walked there" and saw "thousands of palaces and palaces". But now? "All the palaces and palaces are made of earth"! This is why it looks "sad".
Of course, the author is not talking about the "ten thousand palaces" seen by the Han people when they "walked", or the "ten thousand palaces" seen by the Qin people when they "walked". Anyone who has read the history of the Qin and Han Dynasties knows that the "ten thousand palaces and palaces" in Xianyang, the capital of Qin, were reduced to scorched earth with the demise of the Qin Dynasty; the "ten thousand palaces and palaces" in Chang'an, the capital of the Han Dynasty, were built after the rise of the Han Dynasty. Since then, dynasties have risen and fallen, palaces have grown and fallen. In Zhang Yanghao's time, the "Ten Thousand Palaces and Palaces" in the "Western Capital" had already been "turned into dust"; while most of the capitals in the Yuan Dynasty had built "Ten Thousands of Palaces and Palaces".
The "Ten Thousands of Palaces" were repaired and destroyed, and destroyed and repaired again, depriving a lot of people of their wealth and anointing, and bringing endless "suffering" to the "common people". The luxurious and domineering dignitaries living in the "thousands of palaces" have caused endless "suffering" to the "common people". The poet figured out this train of thought from the emotional waves aroused by "Looking at the West Capital", and followed this train of thought to pour out a thrilling poem: "When prosperity occurs, the people suffer! When death occurs, the people suffer!" Countless dynasties prospered. Instead, you just finished singing and I came on stage, but the "suffering" of the "common people" remained the same, or even increased. So, how can we dig out the root of "bitterness" of "common people"? Of course, the poet still can't find the answer, but he has pointed out the fundamental opposition between the feudal ruling class and the working people. He dares to speak out for the suffering of the people, which is very commendable.
This poem has incisive words and vivid images. It bursts out with the brilliance of advanced ideas in its strong lyrical color. It is a rare and excellent work in Yuan Sanqu and even in the entire classical poetry.
"Sheep on the Hillside? Lishan Nostalgia" [Zhonglu]
(Yuan Dynasty) Zhang Yanghao
Looking around Lishan, I saw a torch in Afang. Where is the luxury back then? ? I saw only sparse grass and lingering water, and I still hate the misty trees. The countries of Zhou, Qi, Qin, Han, and Chu all turned into earth when they won; when they lost, they all became earth.
Note:
Lishan Mountain is located in the southeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. Du Mu's "Agong Palace": "Lishan Mountain is built in the north and turns west, going straight to Xianyang."
Afang Yiju: Afang Palace, the name of the Qin Palace, was located in Afang Village, southwest of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province today. "Sanfu Huangtu": "Afang Palace, also known as Acheng, was built by King Huiwen before he died. The first emperor built the palace with a layout of more than 300 miles. There is a villa outside the palace, a mountain and a valley, and two chariots and roads. The pavilion road leads to Lishan Mountain for more than 800 miles. "Historical Records: Anthology of the First Emperor of Qin" says: "The front hall is built first, fifty steps from east to west and fifty feet from north to south. It can accommodate tens of thousands of people at the top and build a flag of five feet below." Later, Xiang Yu led troops to massacre Xianyang and "burned the palaces of Qin, and the fire was not extinguished for three months" (see "Historical Records of Xiang Yu"). Therefore, Du Mu lamented that "the Chu people burned the torch, but the scorched earth was pitiful." ("A Fang Palace Fu").
Yingyu: describes the twists and turns of water.
Countries: Zhou, Qi, Qin, Han, and Chu.
Appreciation:
This song reveals the historical lessons of the demise of feudal rulers due to their extravagance, extravagance and struggle for power. It quotes history as evidence, is emotional and melancholy.
Conclusion
A brief discussion on the cultural connotation of ancient epic poems
The long history and rich cultural heritage of the Chinese nation have given birth to the glorious achievements of ancient poetry. In the ocean of poetry, poetry is associated with historical events and historical figures. Combined with it, an independent poetry genre - epic poems were formed.
It should be said that with the emergence of poetry, epic poems came into being, and many articles in the "Book of Songs" have begun. It has the scale and atmosphere of an epic poem, such as the well-known "Wang Feng Millet Li". It is a poem in which the poet passed by Zongzhou's old capital and saw that millet (millet) and millet (sorghum) were very lush, which aroused infinite emotion and worry. The "Preface to the Poetry" says: "Millet is separated from the Zhou Dynasty of Min Zong. The Zhou Dynasty officials went to Zongzhou for service, and when they passed the ancestral temple and palace, they were all filled with millet. The Min Zhou family was overthrown, and they couldn't bear to leave, so they wrote this poem." "Yuyou "Heaven, who is this?" He chanted repeatedly, which means "the deepness of the pursuit of resentment." According to research, the earliest poet to use "Ode to History" as the title of his poem was Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty. His poem "Ode to History" is based on the girl Ti Ying of the Western Han Dynasty. The theme of writing to save one's father is: "How could a hundred men be so troubled as one Ti Ying?" Through comparison, the image of a girl who was not afraid of imperial power and had the courage to save her father was enthusiastically praised. By the time of the Tang Dynasty, it was not only the golden age for the development of ancient poetry, but also a song of praise. The harvest season of epic poems. It is worth mentioning that in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, due to the specific historical stage and cultural background, the creation of epic poems took on a new look in terms of material selection, conception and writing techniques, and many new styles were produced. After the Tang Dynasty, poets continued to carry forward this poetry tradition, and famous poems appeared in all dynasties, becoming a beautiful scenery in the poetry world.
Epic poems mostly include two parts: historical narrative and sentimental poetry. Most of them use concise words and selected images to integrate feelings about nature, society, and history. There are mainly the following categories in terms of conception: First, the author's meditation after reading all the vicissitudes of life, which contains a deep sense of the past and present, nostalgia for the past and sorrow for the present. For example, Li Bai's "Visiting the Ancients in Yue Zhong" shows the strong contrast between the prosperity of the past and the desolation of today through the sharp contrast between "the soldiers returned home with all their brocade clothes" after Gou Jian destroyed Wu, "the palace maids filled the spring palace with flowers" and "now only partridges are flying". The contrast is presented to the reader. The fact that a poet in a prosperous age could write words expressing the sorrow of death shows the poet's deep concern for the fate of the country. The second is to satirize the debauchery and immorality of those in power to support political ethics. Li Shangyin's "Two Poems of the Northern Qi Dynasty" (Part 1): "The country will perish as soon as you smile, and the thorns will hurt you. The little pity's jade body lay all night long, and it has reported to the Zhou army that they have entered Jinyang." The poet used "advanced and exaggerated" words The technique links the two events of "The Night of the Jade Body" and "Zhou Shi's Entry into Jinyang" for a moment, focusing on the inevitable connection between debauchery and political failure and the loss of the country, which is naturally thought-provoking. The third is to express the author's loneliness and depression of unrecognized talents and unfulfilled ambitions. "The ancients have never been seen before, and the newcomers have never been seen after. Thinking of the long journey of heaven and earth, I shed tears with sadness!" (Chen Zi'ang's "Dengyouzhou Taiwan Song") A poet with political insight and political talent must not meet someone as courteous and virtuous as King Zhao of Yan. A wise monarch cannot help but feel "nostalgic for the past" when he ascends to Youzhou Terrace. Feelings of frustration and dismay, depression and injustice surged out, and there was widespread excitement after reading it.
Wu Qiao, a native of the Qing Dynasty, pointed out in "Poems Around the Fireplace" that the writing of epic poems should "come out with one's own ideas" in terms of ideological content, that is, say what others have not said, and seek innovations and innovations. Therefore, this type of text gives readers stronger appeal and shock with its unique perspective and wise insights. When Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, was defeated, Du Mu said: "The victorious and defeated soldiers have unexpected family affairs, and it is a man's shame and humiliation. The children of Jiangdong are many talented people, and their comeback is unknown." ("Ti Wu Jiang Pavilion") In this poem, Du Mu denies it. He committed suicide after defeat, which is completely opposite to the general praise that he "had no shame to see his elders in Jiangdong" and resolutely committed suicide. However, Wang Anshi reversed the verdict on the basis of Du Mu's article reversing the verdict, saying, "A brave man who is tired from a hundred battles mourns, and the Central Plains will never recover after a defeat. Although the children of Jiangdong are still here, they are willing to fight against the king." ("Wujiang Pavilion") Du Shi advocated "bearing humiliation", while Wang Shi advocated "assessing the situation".
From the writing point of view, epic poems also have some distinctive artistic features and styles. First, the combination of narrative and discussion. This type of poetry generally first highly summarizes and refines historical events, and then adds discussion and commentary to elucidate historical views and express feelings. Du Mu's "Red Cliff" is a typical example of his work. "The broken halberd sinks in the sand, but the iron is not sold. It will be washed away and recognized by the former dynasty. The east wind is not in favor of Zhou Lang, and the bronze bird spring is locked in the two Qiaos." The first two sentences are serious. He found a broken iron halberd in the sand at the bottom of the water. The last two sentences were based on this, and he pretended to be extreme, attributing the reason for Zhou Lang's victory to the east wind. The true meaning of this is nothing more than using historical events to express the injustice of not being able to recognize talents, and to express the difficulties in one's heart. Luo Yin's "Xishi" mainly uses incisive discussions, which is contrary to the traditional theory of blaming the country's decline on "female troubles", and has a distinct progressive view of history. "Who will come after the Yue Kingdom is overthrown?" It can be said that he hit the nail on the head and was enlightening. Second, the blending of scenes. Using the scenery to show emotions and embedding emotions in the scenery makes the work of chanting history achieve a very good artistic effect. Liu Yuxi's "Stone City": "The mountains surround the motherland, and the tide beats the empty city and returns lonely. The old moon is east of the Huai River, and the female wall comes late at night." This poem does not directly involve words about human affairs, but places the reader in the vastness. In a sad atmosphere. The lonely tide and the passionate moon are accompanied by an "empty city" that was once prosperous and luxurious. Every sentence of scenery is a language of love. Although there is no discussion, every scene is fused with the deep feelings of the poet's hometown and the desolation of life. The first four sentences of Du Fu's "The Prime Minister of Shu" depict a desolate scene with green grass and the crow of orioles. The last four sentences praise Zhuge Liang's intelligence, achievements, and virtues to express his self-inflicted feelings of unrealized ambition. "Died before leaving the army, it will make the hero burst into tears." Thirdly, it is a tactful comparison. We know that the appropriate use of contrast will make people's understanding more profound. In epic poems, contrasts are many-sided. In "Reading the Ci of Everlasting Sorrow" by Li Gou of the Song Dynasty, he compared Tang Xuanzong's different attitudes towards the death of Concubine Yang Guifei and his soldiers. "At that time, there were even more deaths in the army, so the king was not moved." He satirized her for his debauchery, harming the country, and lack of consideration for the lives of the people. . Liu Yuxi's "Ten thousand households and thousands of doors have grown into weeds" ("Taicheng") is a contrast between the past and present decline of "thousands of households and thousands of doors" and "thousands of weeds" in the towers, which triggered thinking about the reasons for the loss of the country, " Just a song of flowers in the backyard." In Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng", he compared the personnel affairs of "valuing the virtuous", "seeking the virtuous" and "asking the ghosts and gods" to express his deep feelings about the decline of the world and the sinking of officials. In his poem "Inscribed on the Temple of Lady Peach Blossom", Du Mu contrasts the fate of Lady Peach Blossom (Mrs. Xi) who endures humiliation and lives with Luzhu's determination to die. "Without a word of praise or criticism, "you can see your superiority and inferiority, but the words are implicit."