Xiong Qi (Zhou Zhenfu)
Poets like to write strange sentences and aphorisms, and they must practice them over and over again before they can achieve the language style of poetry. For example, Li Changji's "The Rock Breaks the Sky and Amuses the Autumn Rain" ①, although dangerous but meaningless, it is just unreasonable and vexatious. At least the sentences in Ling's poem "White destroys rotten bones, dragons and tigers die, and blackness penetrates into the lunar sky with thunder and rain" ②, Changli's "The giant blade grinds into the sky", "The universe swings 礌礠" ③ and other sentences are really thrilling, but I will fight the rabbit ④ with all my strength. Everyone can see it.
Qinglian is not like that. Such as "stroking the top and playing with Pangu, pushing the cart to turn the heavenly wheel". "The snails are playing in the loess, and they are acting like fools. They are scattered among Liuhe, as misty as sand and dust" ("Shangyun Music"). "Raise your hand to find out the shallowness ⑥, and climb the loom by mistake" ("Traveling to Mount Tai"). "One wind blows down the mountain in three days, and the white waves are higher than Waguan Pavilion" ("Hengjiang Ci"). It's all very strange, but when it's thrown out, there's no trace of tempering at all. (Volume 1 of "Oubei Poetry" by Zhao Yi)
There are some titles that may not have this meaning but are deeply engraved in one's mind and are as dangerous as twelve or three points: such as "Looking at the Mountains" "Stratous clouds grow in the chest" , Jue Canthus ⑦ Returning Bird", "Seven Stars in Beihu, the Sound of Rivers and Han Rivers Flow to the West" in "Climbing the Tower of Ci'en Temple"; "The sound blows ghosts and gods, and the speed of human generation 9" in "Three Rivers Watching the Rise"; "Birds frightened out of dead trees, dragons uprooted old birds in anger" in "Farewell to Wei Pingshi"; "Reflecting on the storm and rain the night before, it was the ghosts and gods in Pucheng who came into the city, and the vitality was dripping, and the curtains were still wet. It was really The slaughterer asked the heaven to cry"; "Wei Yan's Painting of Pines": "White destroys the rotten bones, dragons and tigers die, black thunder and rain fall into the moon"; "Tietang Gorge": "The path touches the sky, and the stone and the thick ground crack"; "Wooden Skin" "Ling" "Yanggan plugs the Ming Dynasty ⑩, bends into the cracked thick Kun ⑾"; "Peach Bamboo Staff" "The dark road must be captured by ghosts and gods, draw the sword or fight with the dragon"; "Climbing the Baidi Tower" "Fusang ⑿" The west branch is opposite to the broken stone, and the weak water⒀the east shadow follows the long stream." The hibiscus is in the east and it is called "West Branch", and the weak water is in the west and it is called "east shadow". Zhengji refers to the height of the land and the distance seen; both are There is no such meaning in the title, so I copied it hastily, preferring to do better than anything less, and thus came up with this unexpected and dangerous sentence, which is called twelve or three points. (Same as Volume 2)
① Li He wrote sentences about music. ②White: refers to the cracked part of pine bark. Black: refers to pine branches. Taiyin: refers to the moon. ③Qiankun: heaven and earth. 礌砠: The original work is thunder, which sounds like the sound of cracking rocks. ④The lion fights the rabbit with all his strength. ⑤Liuhe: Four directions up and down, referring to heaven and earth. ⑥ Clear and shallow: "The river is clear and shallow" in "Altair", which refers to the Milky Way. ⑦Jue canthus: The canthus, the eye socket, opens the eye socket as if it is cracked. ⑧Seven stars: Big Dipper. Hehan, Milky Way. ⑨Read: experience. Human generation: metabolism of the human world, changes in the human world. ⑩ Daming: Sun. ⑾Hou Kun: thick ground. ⑿ Fusang: According to the myth, the sun comes out of Yanggu, bathes in the Xianchi, and blows the fusang. ⒀Weak water: In mythology, the water in the West is weak and cannot float, and everything will sink.
Here it is pointed out that there are differences between sentences with the same majestic style. One is to write very naturally, as if the pen is written freely, without necessarily exerting much force, and there is no trace of tempering. For example, Li Bai's "Shangyun Yue" talks about the immortal "stroking Pangu's head and pushing the wheel of heaven." He rubbed the head of Pangu, the founder of the world, like a child. He could move the wheel of heaven and had such magical power. It is also said that "Nu Wa played with the loess and formed a group of foolish servants. They were scattered among the heaven and earth, covered in dust like sand." According to the myth, humans were created by Nu Wa from the loess, so people's knowledge was shallow and they could not recognize the immortal. Magic power is used to contrast the boundless magic power of immortals. Emphasizing the magic power of immortals was used to praise the might and virtue of the Tang Dynasty, indicating that such immortals came to serve the Tang Dynasty. Although there is nothing ideological in saying this, it is a strange idea and the writing is very natural. Another example is "Traveling to Mount Tai", where he writes about how high he climbed, saying: "I raised my hand to clear the water, and accidentally climbed onto the Weaver Girl's loom." I raised my hand to clear the clear water in the Milky Way, but accidentally climbed onto the Weaver Girl's loom. "Hengjiang Ci" writes that the wind is strong and the waves are high, "One wind blows down the mountain in three days, and the white waves are higher than the Waguan Pavilion." These words are all exaggerated, easy to understand, and appear natural and effortless.
One is that it is very laborious to write and not easy to understand. For example, Guifu's "Drama as a Picture and Song of Two Pines": "The bark of two pine trees is cracked, and the iron is staggered back to the high branches. The dragon and tiger die in white, and the thunder and rain fall in the dark." The bark of the two pine trees cracked, revealing Pale white, like the bones of dragons and tigers; the branches of the pine trees are bent and intertwined, stretching into the sky like iron. Like iron, they are black. When they reach into the sky, they are said to be black into the lunar sky, and are set off by thunderstorms. These two sentences have a strange idea and are written magnificently, but it is very laborious. Han Yu's "Tiao Zhang Jiu": "The giant sword sharpens the sky" and "The universe moves the thunder and thunder", which means that when Dayu controlled the flood, he split the mountain to clear the way, so the sword he used was so big that he could lift it to the sky. When he split the mountain, , the rocks cracked, making a huge noise, and the heaven and earth shook. This means that Li Du's writing is like Dayu who carved mountains and opened water. He tried his best to exaggerate the power of Li Du's writing. It can also be seen that the author was very laborious when writing like this. These two examples are laborious to write, but meaningful.
One is that it is very laborious to write and has little meaning. For example, Li He's "Honghou Yin" "Shi Potian Jing Teases Qiu Yu", using "Shi Po Tian Jing" to describe a very amazing phenomenon is powerful, so this sentence has become an idiom. However, from the myth of Nuwa making stones to break the sky, it is derived that the stone is broken, which is the breaking of the sky. The rain leaks from the breaking of the sky. It is laborious to write and has little meaning.
Here, majestic poems are divided into three types. Zhao Yi believes that the first type is the best, majestic and natural and easy to understand, and written as if it is effortless; the second type is majestic and laborious, It is meaningful, but slightly inferior to the first one, which is still good; the third one is very laborious but has little meaning, so it is not desirable.
However, in terms of the popularity of the poems, "Shi Potian Jing Qiu Yu", which Zhao Yi disparaged and considered "unreasonable", is the most popular. "Shi Po Tian Jing teases Qiu Yu" has become an idiom, indicating that its image can move people's hearts. Zhao Yi's most respected sentences such as "stroking the top and making Pangu" are not taken seriously by others. Why is this? Li He described music, "Twenty-three strings move the purple emperor", writing about a kind of high pitch that shakes the purple emperor in the sky. "Where Nuwa made stones to mend the sky, the stones broke the sky and made the autumn rain startle." This high-pitched sound made the sky shake, and the place where Nuwa mended the sky was so shaken that it cracked, and the autumn rain leaked from the cracks. Li He's imagination is indeed fantastic, and this imagination is his creation. As for Li Bai's "stroking Pangu's head", it is not considered a fantasy creation to write about the immortal treating Pangu as a child. To say that Nuwa created humans is not a fantasy creation. As for the significance of these poems, it is of little significance for Li He to write music. Li Bai wrote that this immortal with boundless power came to wish the emperor a birthday, but he only sang praises and virtues, which was of little significance. But in terms of imagination, Li Bai's few sentences are not as good as Li He's. Du Fu's "white bones destroy bones", "black into the moon", Han Yu's "giant blade skyrocketing", etc. are not as good as Li He's. In terms of imagination, Li He's The poems surpassed them, so Li He's poem is the most widely read. In terms of meaning, Han Yu's lines surpass Li He's. Because Han Yu used them to praise Li Du's vigorous writing power, they are meaningful, so Han Yu's lines are also very popular. As for Li Bai's "One wind blows down the mountain in three days, and the white waves are higher than the Waguan Pavilion", it is more famous than "stroking the top and playing with Pangu". This exaggeration is also creative and easy to understand. Besides, good works should be meaningful, vigorous and natural. The best works of Du Fu and Han Yu are exactly like this. They are not meaningless, laborious and difficult to understand.
Here are examples of Du Fu’s sentences that are so dangerous that they can reach twelve or three points. These examples can also be classified according to the above statement. One is majestic and not very confusing. For example, "strata clouds grow in the chest, and birds return from the canthus." Du Fu looked at Mount Tai and imagined that if he climbed Mount Tai, the clouds would echo in his chest and birds would fly underneath him. You have to open your eyes so hard that they can't see the returning bird. "Climbing the Ci'en Temple Tower" exaggerates the height of the tower. You can see the Big Dipper from the north window and hear the sound of the Milky Way's water. "Tietang Gorge": "The path touches the sky, and the stone cracks with the thick earth." It is said that the mountain road winds up to the sky, and the stone valley is as deep as if the earth is cracked. It is said that the mountain is high and the valley is deep. It is said that Mupi Ridge "raises its stem to block the Ming Dynasty, bends down to crack the thick Kun", saying that the mountains are so high that they block the sun upwards, and the valleys are so deep that they crack the thick ground. Talking about the peach and bamboo stick, he said, "The road is narrow and will be snatched by ghosts and gods. If you draw your sword, you may fight with a dragon." He said that the peach and bamboo stick is very valuable. He is going to take it across the river. On the way, the ghosts and gods will come to snatch it. When crossing the river, the dragon will grab it. Come to fight for it, he is ready to duel with them to protect the Peach Bamboo Staff. Writing about Liu Shaofu's new landscape paintings, he said: "Reflecting on the storm and rain the night before, it was the ghosts and spirits in Pucheng who entered the city, and the vitality was dripping on the curtains, and the real prime minister cried to heaven." This is to praise Liu Shaofu's good painting. It is also said that "there is smoke rising from the strange mountains and rivers at the bottom", which means that there is smoke and rain in this painting, so it is thought that there was a storm the night before, and the ghosts and gods of Pucheng wanted to play in the mountains and rivers in the painting, thus bringing about the wind and rain. , so that the pen and ink on the painting are still wet. Ghosts and gods went to heaven to tell them about the ingenuity of this painting, and heaven was moved to tears by it. The exquisite writing and ink can move ghosts and gods. These words are strangely conceived and magnificently written, but they are not extremely difficult to understand.
Another one that is magnificently written but difficult to understand. For example, when watching the rising water in Sanchuan County, it is said that "the sound blows down the ghosts and gods, and the momentum is faster than the people." It is said that the momentum of the water rushing down can blow down the ghosts and gods. The water flow is faster than all changes in the human world. Another example is that in the poem sent to Wei Pingshi, the sound of the trumpet is mentioned, "birds are frightened out of dead trees, and dragons are angry and pull out the old trees." The dead tree refers to the sycamore, which can be used as a musical instrument. This means that the mournful sound of the military trumpet makes the birds start and the dragons leap from their cocoons. When climbing the Baidi Castle Tower, "The west branches of Fusang are opposite to the broken stone, and the weak water's east shadow follows the long stream." This means that the Baidi Castle Tower is very high, so high that you can see the Fusang in the east and the Weak Water in the west. Fusang and Weak Water are both myths. place names in. Du Fu felt that this was not enough. Since Fusang was in the east, he said that he could see the western branches of Fusang. Weushui was in the west, so he said that he could see the reflection of Weushui flowing eastward. That means that no matter how far away you are, you can see everything. . These words were extremely imaginative and seemed very forceful. Du Fu said, "If you don't speak astonishingly, you will die." This kind of sentence shows his spirit of striving for astonishment. However, Du Fu's best poems are still written vigorously and naturally, without seeming very laborious or difficult to understand.
Calmness
A question must convey the meaning of the question, and the person who is very calm is like "The Fang Bing Cao Hu Ma", which says "Bamboo covers both ears①" "The wind blows into the four directions" "Hoof", and the next one said: "There is no open space in the direction, it is really worthy of life and death." "Listen to Xu Shiyi's poem on playing the piano", it says "should use the hammer hook②" and "pure heart to listen to the dysprosium"③, and the next cloud. : "The subtlety penetrates the water ④, and the flying destroys the thunderbolt ⑤". It is even said that Li Bai's poems are "when the pen falls in the storm and the rain, and the poems become weeping ghosts and gods." It is said that Gao Cen Ergong's poems are: "the thoughts are flying in the sea, and the chapters are confused at the end." Calling my nephew Qin a poem: "The origin of the word is that the water of the Three Gorges flows backward, and the pen array sweeps away an army of thousands of people alone." "Climbing the Ci'en Temple Pagoda" says: "Looking down but with one breath, how can you distinguish Huangzhou." "Going to Fengxian County" says: "The wine and meat of the Zhumen stink, and there are frozen bones on the road." "Northern Expedition" says: "I pass through the battlefield late at night, and the cold moon shines on the bones." "Shu Huai" says: "The pine roots are destroyed, and the ground is cold and the bones are not rotten." These are all inscribed. The due meaning in it cannot be described by others, but it is unique to Shaoling. (Volume 2 of "Oubei Poetry" by Zhao Yi)
①The "Horse Sutra" says that the ears of a good horse should be pointed and small, like whittled bamboo tubes.
② Hand hammering hook: "Zhuangzi: Zhibeiyou" chapter talks about an old worker hammering a hook without any mistakes, which means he is very skilled in the skill. ③dysprosium (dí enemy): ringing dysprosium, ringing arrows, refers to the loudness of the syllables. ④溟涬(xìng兴): The vitality when the heaven and earth were first born. This sentence refers to the profound meaning. ⑤Destroy thunderbolt: refers to strong power. ⑥ How can: How can.
Here we talk about the style of calmness. Calmness is very similar to melancholy. Literally, melancholy appears to be deep and accumulated. For example, Du Fu's poems after the chaos were all relatively melancholy. Li Bai's poems are also written with deep content and vigorous writing, but his poems are full of spirit, which is different from depression. Some of Du Fu's poems, such as the one quoted here, "There is no vastness in the direction, it is really worthy of life and death", are also written with high spirits and heroic spirit, which can be called calm. Here, Du Fu's true ability is illustrated by his composure. The author also says: "Because of his deep thinking, others can only talk about seven or eight points, but Shaoling must be ten points, or even twelve or three points. His writing power is so powerful." It is powerful enough to match his talent and thoughts, so it is difficult to understand people with shallow words." It is pointed out that Du Fu's poems are profound in thinking and powerful in writing, which constitutes a calm style.
Du Fu praised Fang Bingcao's horse, "It is covered with bamboo and has sharp ears, and the wind blows in the four hooves lightly. There is no open space in its direction, and it is really worthy of life and death." He said that the horse's ears are pointed and small, like Cutting the bamboo pipe, it looks like a good horse from the outside, and when you look at it running, its four hooves are windy and brisk. From the appearance of the horse, he wrote that it can run fast, but Du Fu refused to stop, and further wrote about its benefits. It is indomitable, there is no broad limit that can stop it, and it can truly live and die in adversity. Trust, give your life to it, this is a perfect score. Du Fu not only wrote about horses here, but also wrote about the indomitable heroic spirit and the perseverance that can be trusted in life and death. Therefore, it is said that his thinking is deep, and the writing power of these two sentences is extremely heroic, so it is said to be calm.
Du Fu praised Xu Shiyi for reciting a poem, "Look at the hammer hook with your hand, and listen to the sound of the hammer with a pure heart. The subtlety penetrates the water, and the flying destroys the thunderbolt." The poem Xu Shiyi recited is good and he can read it well. Well, I have reached an extremely proficient state. It is like watching an old worker hammering a belt hook with ease and without missing a beat. It is like listening to the sound of an arrow with a pure heart, the sound is loud and exciting. These two sentences talked about the time and syllables of Xu Shiyi's poetry, but Du Fu didn't stop. He also said that the meaning of Xu Shiyi's poems was far-reaching, penetrating the vitality of the world when it was first born, that is, it reached an extremely subtle level. The realm, and the syllables are so exciting that they can break thunderbolts. Thunderbolt can destroy all kinds of things, and now it is even more powerful to say that it can destroy thunderbolts.
Du Fu praised Li Bai's poems, saying, "The pen falls in the storm, and the poems become weeping ghosts and gods." The poems written under the pen are like storms and have amazing power. This statement has written the majesty of Li Bai's works. But Du Fu went further and said that Li Bai's poems made ghosts and gods weep. Du Fu praised Gao Shi and Cen Shen's poems, saying, "Gao Shi and Cen Shen walked slowly, and Shen Bao walked with him. The thoughts were flying, and the end of the chapter was confused." This means that as long as Gao Shi and Cen Shen walked slowly, they could be the same as before. The poets Shen Yue and Bao Zhao are more beautiful. Furthermore, Gautsin's poem is well-intentioned and imaginative, and the ending has a profound meaning. Du Fu praised Du Qin's works for their vigorous literary style and strong writing power, and said, "The source of the word flows back to the Three Gorges water, and the pen array swept away thousands of troops alone." Praising the height of the Ci'en Temple tower, he already said, "The Seven Stars (Big Dipper) are in Beihu, Hehan "The sound flows to the west", you can touch the Big Dipper and hear the sound of the Milky Way water. If you feel it is not enough, you will write on the scene from the top of the tower, "The Qinshan Mountain is suddenly broken, and the Jingwei is inexplicable. Looking down, there is only one breath, how can you distinguish the emperor?" "Qinshan is no longer tall, it looks small and broken, the Jingshui and Weiwei are not clear, and it is just a vast expanse. How can you distinguish the scenery of the capital." Such exaggeration is exactly what you say. "The wine and meat of the rich family stink, and there are frozen bones on the road" is a highly generalized way of writing, and it is written vividly, forming a sharp contrast, and has become a famous saying that has been passed down. "Walking through the battlefield late at night, the cold moon shining on the bones", I chose a thrilling scene to write. Du Fu lived in Yanzhou during the Anlushan Rebellion. He heard that "Biwen colleagues were in trouble and were killed everywhere" there. Thinking that his family members were in danger of being killed, his teacher wrote down "The Language Style of Poetry". He further said, "The roots of the pine trees were destroyed, but the ground was cold and the bones remained intact." He imagined that the hut was destroyed by the enemy and fell next to the roots of the pine trees. Because of the cold climate there, the bones of the deceased have not yet decayed. This must be his imagination based on his personal experience in the chaos, and he wanted to write down the harm he suffered to the extreme.
Here, the author proposes the style of calmness, and some books also mention depression. Both of them are profound in content, as opposed to impetuous, which is consistent. Generally speaking, it is said to be calm and happy. When it is spoken to 12 points, the writing is extremely powerful, so it is said to be happy. It is also said to be "depressed and frustrated", the content is deep and the syllables are cadenced and turned, so it is said to be "depressed and frustrated". Calmness is not the same as frustration, and depression is not the same as happiness. This is the difference between the two.
Shen Yu
The most important thing to do when writing lyrics is to be depressed. If you are depressed, you will not be floating. If you are depressed, you will not be thin. Gu Chenyu is easy to force, if it is not based on coquettishness, how can he be depressed? (Volume 1 of "Chen Tingzhuo's "Bai Yuzhai Ci")
Zhang Yuanqian's "Congratulations to the Bridegroom and Sending Hu Bangheng's Attendant to Xinzhou ①": "I dreamed of the Shenzhou Road ②, and was disappointed by the autumn wind. I even camped and drew corners, so the official left Millet ③. The main force of Kunlun is ④, and the yellow flow in the nine places is chaotic. ⑤ The will of heaven is always high and difficult to tell. I will send you to Liangsheng Liu'an. In the lingering summer heat, the stars are sparse on the Geng Xiehe River, and the clouds are far away. I know where I am. I look back and talk to the bed at night. I can see the blue sky and cherish the past. Take Dabai ⑥ and listen to "Golden Thread" ⑦.
"The whole collection is concluded with a series of words and messages from "Congratulations to the Bridegroom". The words are generous and sad. Hundreds of years later, I still think of his restrained and upright spirit. ("Summary of Sikuquanshu")
① In the eighth year of Shaoxing reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty (1138), the Song Dynasty negotiated peace with the Jin Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty sent edicts from Jiangnan to the south. Hu Quan, the editor of the Privy Council, opposed the surrender route and wrote a letter asking Qin Hui to be killed. Qin Hui demoted Hu Quan to supervise Guangzhou Yancang. Shaoxing Ten. In the second year (1142), Qin Hui sent his subordinates to report to Hu Quan that he was in charge of Xinzhou (Xinxing County, Guangdong). Edited by: ② Shenzhou Road: refers to the Central Plains area, including Bianjing, so it is called "Forbidden City" below. ③ Li Shu: "Bi Shu Li Li" in "Poetry Wang Feng· Shu Li", "Die Li" refers to Bian. Beijing was destroyed and turned into fields with millet seeds. ④ The "Shenyi Jing" said that there were Tianzhu Mountains in Kunlun Mountain and Dazhu Mountain in Sanmenxia. The Yellow River is flooded. ⑥ Dabai: Wine glass. ⑦ "Golden Thread Song", which is "Congratulations to the Bridegroom".
Zhang Yuanqian’s poem "Congratulations to the Bridegroom" is "generous and sad", expressing his "suppressed and upright spirit", forming a melancholy style. From the beginning, it is related to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty and the fall of the Central Plains. I can only go to the Central Plains in my dreams. But there were only military camps and bugles, and the Forbidden City was desolate and destroyed by the Jin army. After pausing for a moment on "The Forbidden City left the millet", the writing changed to "The bottom line is that Kunlun poured its pillars." How could it cause the pillars to collapse, the Yellow River to overflow, and foxes and rabbits to occupy thousands of villages? There was another pause here, and there was no direct answer. The writing changed again, to "God's will has always been difficult to ask." This "God's will" includes two levels of meaning. The first level is carried up. How could the mainstay collapse? How he died is hard to ask about God's will at this level; the first level is related to the following, that is, "sorrow is difficult to express" and farewell. This contains how the capitulationist Qin Hui came to power and forced Hu Quan, who firmly advocated the war of resistance, to march out. The meaning of this layer cannot be explained in the words. It can only be revealed from the words "sorrow is difficult to express" and farewell. This is linked from the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty to the surrender route of the Southern Song Dynasty. This providence actually pointed to the supreme feudal ruler. This "sorrow" is for these reasons. When Qin Hui, the surrender faction, was in hot demand, this kind of sadness was difficult to express. He only felt the blow and was old and unable to achieve anything. Then we transferred to Hu Quan's management of Xinzhou and said goodbye to Nanpu. Jiang Yan's "Farewell": "How sad it is to see you off at Nanpu!" He even expressed his grief.
The second half of the palace is related to the season of farewell, which is the late summer heat of early autumn, when the Milky Way turns obliquely until late at night. Next, let's not talk about the "night talk to the bed" that night, but use "breaking clouds and micro-degrees" to pause, and move to "Wanli Jiangshan knows where", which echoes "dreams around the road to China", here implicitly points out that the editor After taking charge of Xinzhou, the thousands of miles of mountains and rivers in the Central Plains can only be found in dreams. Thinking back to that time and then thinking back to tonight's "night talk in bed", it was about the sentiments about national affairs in the first half. This kind of writing method of thinking about the future from tonight to today has been preserved in famous works in the past, such as Du Fu's "Moon Night" "When will I lean on the empty screen, and the two lights will dry the tears", which is thinking about the future from the separation of tonight. The party reminds me of the tears tonight. Li Shangyin's "Night Rain Sends to the North" "How can I cut the candles from the west window and talk about the night rain in Bashan?" From the separation of the two places tonight to the future gathering, they talk about what they miss tonight. They all think about the future from today, and think about the reunion from being apart. This is also where I think of the future from today. Today is the time to gather and say farewell. I will be even more sad when I think about tonight's "talking to the bed every night". I am sad about national affairs, but also sad about the long distance. Communication is also very difficult. I pause here again. , turn to say goodbye in front of you, how can you be reluctant to leave like children for the sake of personal friendship? Han Yu's "Listening to Master Ying Playing the Qin" "Children speak affectionately, grudges and grievances are exchanged between you." If you don't follow the example of children, talking about grievances is to express feelings about state affairs. It is to "see the blue sky and cherish the present and the past." Looking to the distant sky and feeling the past and present, this It was also related to "God's will is always difficult to ask". I raised a glass to relieve my sorrow and listened to this song.
As a melancholic style, the author's feelings are deep and smoldering, expressed with a pen that twists and turns. There are thousands of words accumulated in his chest, and he can only reveal some in a tortuous way. The capitulationists were in power, and the idea of ??resisting the war could not be realized, which was revealed by the fact that they could only dream of the Forbidden City. When asked why the mainstay collapsed, we can only lament that it is too difficult to ask. Farewell is sad, not for personal friendship, why? It can only be revealed by "looking at the blue sky and cherishing the present and the past". These are all expression techniques that constitute a melancholy style. See "Dunset".
"Depressed and frustrated" can be seen in Du Fu's "Jindiao Fu": "As for the depressed and frustrated, it can be quick at any time." For Du's poems, if you look at the depressed and frustrated "Xin'an Officials", its frustrations are all random. It forms naturally as events develop. Pausing is like writing with a brush. Pressing down the tip of the pen is called pausing. After pausing, the tip of the pen is slightly loosened and the pen is turned around. For example, "We are traveling on Xin'an Road, and we are shouting about soldiers. I want to ask the officials in Xin'an, there are no Dings in the county." There is a pause here, since there are no Dings, I should not draw Dings, but the pen falters, and it goes to "The house notice was sent last night, The second choice was for men." Here there was another pause, and then it turned to Du Fu's exclamation: "The middle-aged men are extremely short, so why should they guard the royal city?" This turn revealed Du Fu's dissatisfaction with the official post and his sympathy for the people. Here is another meal, turning to the middle man. It is sad that the middle man has been beaten, but there is an even more sad thing, "The fat man is given away by his mother, while the thin man is alone. The white water flows eastward at dusk, and the green mountains are still crying." A fat man or a thin man, with or without a mother, both cried bitterly. After a pause, the writing turns to Du Fu's advice. "Don't let your eyes dry up and let your tears flow freely." He advised them not to cry. "When your eyes dry up, you will see your bones. Heaven and earth will eventually be merciless.
"Even if you cry so much that your eyes are dry and your bones are broken, the imperial court will not care about you! Here is another pause. The next step is not to blame the imperial court, but to explain for the imperial court: "Our army captured Xiangzhou and watched it level up day and night. How can we predict the thieves? , returned to the army and dispersed the camp. "Originally, the army was going to recapture Xiangzhou and put down the rebellion. Unexpectedly, the army collapsed, and the whipping was out of necessity. After another pause, the pen turned again and turned to comfort the middle man who was whipped: "Just stay close to the old base with food, and the training of soldiers is still the same. Beijing. There is no water when digging trenches, and the horse herding work is also light. Kuang is Wang Shishun, and his upbringing is very clear. Don't cry blood when you see him off. He shoots like a father or brother. "
The frustration of this poem is not intentional by the author, but the way things develop. The reason why things develop like this is caused by the author's thoughts and feelings. Because the author sympathizes with the middle man, there is " The middle-aged man is extremely short, how can he defend the royal city?" Therefore, there was dissatisfaction with the imperial court in selecting young men, and he said "Heaven and earth will be merciless". But on the other hand, the author believes that after the defeat of Xiangzhou and the collapse of the Tang army, he had to do something The preparations to resist the Anshi rebels had to be carried out, so he explained the situation and comforted the middle man and his family. This feeling of sympathy for the people and dissatisfaction with the court conflicted with the idea of ??resisting the rebels and defending the dynasty. Through this narrative. When expressed, it appears deep. This contradictory emotion is not expressed, but is revealed through narrative, forming a melancholy style.
The melancholy style requires deep and exciting content. If it is not deep, it will be superficial, and if the emotion is not passionate, it will be gentle, which will not constitute a melancholy style.
He can immediately get angry and drink. ’ ‘I was elbowed when I wanted to get up,’ ‘I was still angry and asked Sheng Dou. ’ These words, as well as the voice and smile, seemed to be gone. "Hao Jing Zhongyu said: "This poem, the scene and image, the wonderful interpretation is fascinating. What cannot be conveyed by mouth, the tip of the pen is turned roundly, like the sound of a hollow valley, and the words stop evenly. The old people staying in the wild and the Tian family's simple life all lead to a life that the ancients called the history of poetry. Just making Banma remember things may not be so kind. For thousands of generations, readers have been constantly stumped②. (Quoted by Qiu Zhaoao's "Detailed Annotations to the Collection of Du Shaoling" Volume 11 "Suffering Tian's Father to Drink Mud to Become the Beautiful Yan Zhongcheng") "Pink Dai suddenly unwraps her clothes, and her wolf's eyebrows are wide." Even his wife and daughter will not forgive him. Yu Yun said: "It is like the poem "Moonlight Night": "The fragrance of the clouds makes the servant girl wet, and the clear jade arms are cold." Then the hair and skin in the boudoir are thick and jade-like, and it is said: "When you lean on the empty window, the tears will dry up." This is true for the couple. >
① Being elbowed: Grab the arm and prevent it from getting up. ②Jue down: refers to laughter. ③Porro: Curtain.
Du Fu’s poems are good at describing expressions and are very interesting. For example, the poem "Northern Expedition" is about returning home after a period of chaos, saying: "After many years, my wife came to the thatched hut, and her clothes were knotted. The sound of mourning echoed in the pines, and the deep throat of the sorrowful spring was swallowed. The beloved child in my life is whiter than snow. Seeing Ye (ye) cries from the back, the feet are dirty and have no socks. The two little girls are patching up the sea map just past the knees, and the old embroidery is twisted and twisted (take off the old embroidered sea map and sew it on the rags). (Water God) and purple phoenix (old embroidery pattern), upside down in the short brown (coarse cloth jacket). I feel evil, vomiting and lying down for several days. I have no bag to save you, and my pink and white clothes are also unwrapped. , the quilt and the tent are slightly arranged. The skinny wife's face is restored, the idiot's head is bent, and the school mother is doing everything. Forget about hunger and thirst. When you ask questions, you can immediately get angry. Thinking about it, you are willing to suffer from confusion. "This paragraph describes the expressions and attitudes of the family in great detail, reflecting the poet's mood and the pain of separation. Cut out the water god purple phoenix embroidered on the brocade and patch it on the child's rags, describing the hardships of family life. Such patchwork seems inconsistent and ridiculous. When the poet opened the package and took out the clothes and cosmetics he brought back, he wrote about a girl who imitated her mother's dressing up, but she didn't know how to dress up, so the paint was messy. He also wrote about the child's questioning and fighting over his beard, and about the poet's love for the child and how the child entangled him. These places are written in detail and interestingly.
Du Fu's "Encountering Tian Fu's Mud Drinking Beauty Yan Zhongcheng": "I came out by chance, since Maojiang and You. I have been a long-term guest and cherish the favor, how can I reject my neighbor. I asked loudly for chestnuts, but I was elbowed when I wanted to get up. "The old farmer was so sincere and enthusiastic that he invited the poet to his home and stayed there for a long time." Seeing the depth of human kindness, the poet could not refuse him. The old farmer shouted to his family to add more fruits and chestnuts, and the poet wanted to get up and was caught. Writing about this kind of behavior, I feel that his simplicity is even more gratifying. The poet stayed there until the moon came out, shouting at his family for more wine. Here, the old farmer is vividly described, his voice, smile, appearance, thoughts and feelings, and his character are all written out. These are all interesting details to portray the characters.
Regarding humor, Lin Shu once mentioned that there are humorous descriptions in "Historical Records" and "Hanshu" for reference. He said:
"Every article that is humorous does not specialize in funny words. Those who are humorous can see the innocence of writing; in the midst of extreme solemnity, sometimes humor can appear. However, because of a high level of perspective, The spirit is complete and the writing realm is abundant, so he can inadvertently write interesting things.
"For example, "Historical Records: The Biography of Empress Dou" describes how she felt sad when she met the Guangguo brothers. Urgent (Queen Dou reunited with her brother Guang Guo after they were separated, and reminisced about the past, so she cried). Suddenly, the attendants on the left and right (people waiting next to her) fell to the ground and wept, helping the queen to mourn.
’ Sad Ning (how) can you help me? However, there seems to be no word to replace the word "help". Gou Ling (envoy) Queen Dou saw it and thought about the wonderfulness of the word "help", and she burst into tears and laughed. Those looking for fun can start here. Only then can we get the truth.
"The narrative of "Hanshu" is slightly more complicated and detailed than "Historical Records", but its humor and wonderfulness are all natural. For example, "Chen Wannian's Biography": "Wannian suffered from illness and summoned his son (Chen Wannian). Xian taught him a lesson under the bed. He was sleeping until midnight, and his head touched the screen. Wan Niang was furious and wanted to hit him with a stick, saying: "I taught you a lesson, but you fell asleep and didn't listen to me. Why? Xian kowtowed and said, "What Gu Xiao said is to teach Xian flattery." "'When I read it at first, it seems that there are ten thousand years of righteous teachings (proper principles), and I am a son of disobedience. There is a word 'flattering' under 'teaching', and I think that the person on the sick bed will also be dumb. The reason why you are laughing is because the readers are surprised by this. "Wang Zunzhuan": "Zun said: "Zhang Fu, who is a member of Wuguan Yuan, has the heart of a tiger and a wolf, and is greedy and corrupt. If he is unruly (illegal), all the money of a county will go to the auxiliary clan, but it is enough for burial. "'Don't say 'kill', let's talk about 'bury'. The above extremely violent (exposure) and supplementary crimes are incompatible with the death penalty. However, he calmly concluded the sentence and said: "It's enough to bury." This makes the sinner The cold heart can make others smile. It is especially difficult for those who can see humor in the cold. "(Lin Shu's "Chunjue Lou Essay")
Here it is pointed out that humor is not just a matter of humor. Funny means not only making people laugh, but also writing in a solemn and profound way. When Queen Dou met her long-lost brother Dou Guangguo, they both cried when they recalled the tragic scene of separation. At this time, the people waiting around Queen Dou also started crying. "Historical Records" writes "help the queen in sorrow", using the word "help", it seems that the cry of the person next to you is fake and just pretending to please the queen, which is ridiculous. The word "help" not only makes it ridiculous to fake crying, but also conforms to the reality of the time. At that time, the meeting between sister and brother was a happy event, but I just recalled that I cried for joy in the past. There was nothing tragic that would make others cry, so it could only be "help" rather than true sorrow. The second example is when Chen Wannian taught his son Chen Xian a lesson, which he continued until midnight. My son dozed off and hit his head on the screen. The father became angry and wanted to beat his son. From here, it seems that the father is teaching seriously, but the son is dozing off, which is very inappropriate. Then it was revealed through his son’s mouth that his father was just teaching him to flatter him. This word "flattering" exposes the truth of the teaching and makes people laugh. But it not only makes people laugh, but also shows the different personalities of father and son. The father teaches his son to flatter and not be ashamed, but the son is an upright person and does not want to listen to this. There is also a role in characterizing here. The third example talks about Zhang Fu's corruption and bending the law. Wang Zun said that he plundered all the local money and brought it to his home, which was enough to bury him. The word "burial" is associated with the amount of money he collected, which was enough to bury him, which is interesting; at the same time, it means that he will be sentenced to death, which is very serious. This kind of humorous writing style is still serious but not frivolous, and has rich meanings, so it is a successful example.