1. 64 must-memorize ancient poetry and essays for high school Chinese
Junior high school part (40 articles)
1 Quotations of Confucius & "The Analects"
< p> 2 Fish is what I want&; "Mencius"3 Born in sorrow, died in happiness&; "Mencius"
4 Cao GUI's Debate&; "Zuo Zhuan" < /p>
5 Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice&; "Warring States Policy"
6 Setting out the example&; Zhuge Liang
7 Peach Blossom Spring&; Tao Yuanming
8 Three Gorges & Li Daoyuan
9 Miscellaneous Notes (4) & Han Yu
10 Inscription on the Humble House & Liu Yuxi
11 The Story of Xiaoshitan & Liu Zongyuan
12 The Story of Yueyang Tower & Fan Zhongyan
13 The Story of Drunkard Pavilion & Ouyang Xiu
14 The Story of Ailian & Zhou Dunyi< /p>
15 Notes on a night tour of Chengtian Temple & Su Shi
16 Send a preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang (excerpt) & Song Lian
17 Guan Ju & "The Book of Songs"
18 Jian Jia & "The Book of Songs"
19 Viewing the Sea & Cao Cao
20 Drinking & Tao Yuanming
21 Sending Du Shao The government was appointed to Shuzhou & Wang Bo
22 times at the foot of Beigu Mountain & Wangwan
23 The envoy arrived at the fortress & Wang Wei
24 Hearing about Wang Changling Long Biao moved to the left and sent this message&;Li Bai
25 The journey is difficult&;Li Bai
26Looking at the mountains&;Du Fu
27Looking at spring&;Du Fu< /p>
28 The hut was broken by the autumn wind. Du Fu
29 Bai Xuege sent Magistrate Wu back to the capital. &; Han Yu
31 Reward Lotte Yangzhou saw a gift at the first banquet & Liu Yuxi
32 Watch the cutting of wheat & Bai Juyi
33 Spring trip to Qiantang Lake& ；Bai Juyi
34 Yanmen Governor’s Journey & Li He
35 Chibi & Du Mu
36 Qinhuai & Du Mu
37 Night Rain Sends to the North&;Li Shangyin
38Untitled&;Li Shangyin
39Happy Meeting&Li Yu
40Yu Jia Ao&Fan Zhongyan
41 Huanxisha & Yan Shu
42 Climbing Feilai Peak & Wang Anshi
43 Jiangchengzi Mizhou Hunting & Su Shi
44 Water Adjustment Ge Tou & Su Shi
45 Traveling to Shanxi Village & Lu You
46 Breaking the Waves & Xin Qiji
47 Crossing the Lingding Ocean & Wen Tianxiang
48 Days of Clean Sand and Autumn Thoughts & Ma Zhiyuan
49 Hillside Sheep. Tong Cares about Ancient Times & Zhang Yanghao
50 Jihai Miscellaneous Poems & Gong Zizhen
High School Parts (14 articles)
1. Encouragement to Learn (Excerpt) & "Xunzi"
2. Xiaoyaoyou (Excerpt) & Zhuangzi
3. Shi Shuo & Han Yu
4 Afang Palace Fu & Du Mu
5 Chibi Fu & Su Shi
6 Meng & "The Book of Songs"
7 Li Sao (excerpt) & Qu Yuan
8 The Road to Shu is Difficult & Li Bai
9 Climbing High & Du Fu
10 Pipa Play & Bai Juyi
11 Jinse & Li Shangyin
12 Poppy & Li Yu
13 Nian Nujiao, nostalgic for the past & Su Shi
14 Yong Yule Jingkou Beiguting Nostalgia & Xin Qiji 2. 64 must-memorize ancient poems and essays in high school Chinese language
"Nian Nujiao? Chibi Nostalgia" 1. Try to summarize the content of the upper and lower parts of this poem in three words each.
Part 1: Ode to Red Cliff Part 2: Pregnancy of Zhou Yu When appreciating poetry, you can start from the title to grasp the idea: Judging from the title, this is a nostalgic poem, nostalgic for the past in Red Cliff. The general idea for poems with nostalgic themes is to first write about the current scene of the historical site, and then express emotions.
The same is true for this poem. The first part mainly describes the scene and also reflects on the ancient people; the second part reflects on the ancient people and expresses emotion. 2. The scenery of Red Cliff was mentioned in the previous film. What scenes were mentioned? The river, the old fortress, the rocks, the stormy waves 3. "When the river goes east, the waves are washed away, and there are romantic figures through the ages."
These three sentences have always been praised by people, and they are famous sentences that have been passed down through the ages. Who can say What are the benefits of it? Time is derived from the river, and characters are derived from the time, setting a vast space and a long time background. Transform the intangible into something tangible, making the image vivid and expressive.
4. Understanding of the poem: ⑴ "The great river goes eastward, and the waves are swept away, and the romantic figures of the ages": After the great waves wash away the sand, the real romantic figures are left behind, and their names will go down in history. ⑵ "The country is picturesque, and there are so many heroes at one time."
: Many heroes appeared during the Battle of Chibi. ⑶ "Xiao Qiao is married for the first time, and she looks majestic and heroic."
: Zhou Yu married Xiao Qiao at a young age. He was so heroic and energetic. ⑷ "Feather fan and turban, while talking and laughing, the rafts and oars were burned to ashes."
: Zhou Yu shook the feather fan and wore a turban on his head, and burned Cao Chuan to ashes while talking and laughing. ⑸ "My motherland is wandering around. I am so passionate that I should laugh at me one after another, and I will be born early."
: When I come to Chibi and imagine the scene of the Battle of Chibi, I should actually laugh at myself for being so passionate that I grew it at such a young age. White hair. ⑹ "Life is like a dream, a bottle of wine brings back the moon in the river": The author sees through the world of mortals, uses wine to drown his sorrows, laments that his years have passed and his achievements have not been accomplished, in order to seek relief.
5. Understanding the main theme: Some people say: "Su Shi's life is a life of perseverance, hard work and unremitting struggle." Others say: "Su Shi's life is a life of tragedy and failure." Combining words Tell us your views on "Life is like a dream"? Opinion is free, but you have to give reasons and justify it.
⑴ Being arrested and imprisoned and exiled to Huangzhou was a huge blow to him. In his opinion, his talent was not appreciated and he was framed, which made it difficult for him to fulfill his ambition.
The two sentences "Life is like a dream" are exactly this kind of sadness and indignation of being persecuted, having unrecognized talents and unfulfilled ambitions, and a kind of broad-mindedness that no one understands but relies on Jiang Yue. ⑵The two sentences "Life is like a dream" are uttered by the poet from the contrast between the passage of people in the country and his own "premature birth".
The Yangtze River remains the same, the heroes have passed away; the ambitions of childhood are still there, but this year I have "know my fate" and "be born early", I cannot help but feel the shortness of life and the sadness of everything coming to an end. This is human nature, how can it be said to be negative? ⑶This kind of emotion is caused by admiring ancient heroes.
Compared with Zhou Yu, who established great military exploits at such a young age and has a long-lasting reputation, one cannot help but arouse in oneself a deep depression of approaching old age and having great ambitions, and one cannot help but feel one's own insignificance and insignificance. Ashamed. Doesn’t this sadness of feeling ashamed of one’s achievements in comparison with heroes contain a positive and uplifting spirit? 5. "Yong Yu Le? Nostalgia for the Past in Guting, North of Jingkou" 1. Introduction to the author: Xin Qiji, courtesy name You'an and nickname Jiaxuan, was born in Licheng (from Jinan, Shandong) and was a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty.
He advocated resisting the Jin Dynasty throughout his life and longed to restore the Central Plains. Among poets, he is a hero.
The poem expresses the patriotic enthusiasm of trying to restore the unity of the country, and expresses the sorrow and indignation of the unrealized ambition. He is the author of the collection of poems "Jia Xuan's Long and Short Sentences".
2. Allusions in the poem: ⑴Sun Quan: He once established the capital of Wu in Jingkou, and defeated Cao Cao's army from the north to defend his homeland. ⑵Liu Yu: Liu Yu's ancestors moved to Jingkou from the north. Liu Yu once started a rebellion here and finally established a political power.
In order to restore the Central Plains, he made several large-scale northern expeditions. The poet wrote about the feelings of these two heroes: expressing his great ambition to resist the Jin Dynasty and restore the Central Plains, and at the same time, he used ancient emperors to satirize the humiliating and corrupt behavior of the Southern Song Dynasty rulers in seeking peace.
⑶Liu Yilong: Taking advantage of Liu Yilong's failure to make adequate preparations and the hasty Northern Expedition which resulted in failure, he warned Han Yuanzhou not to rush for success. ⑷Integrity: The author compares himself with Integrity, showing that although he is old, he never forgets to serve the country.
By using the story that although Lian Po is old, people still want to use him, he expresses his resentment at not being reused by the court. Remembering Lian Po, mourning the past and regretting the present, exaggerating a tragic and desolate mood.
⑸Buddha Temple: The reality remains the same and the people are numb. 3. Purpose: Through nostalgia for the past, this poem expresses the poet's ardent desire to fight against the Jin Dynasty, save the country, and restore the Central Plains, as well as the frustration of having unrealized ambitions. It also expresses the resentment towards the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty for living in peace, not trying to recover, and not making good use of talents.
"Ascending" 1. Poetry image: "Image" is the picture of life shown in literary works, which can generally be divided into characters and natural scenery. Character image: The poet's image "I" in the poem generally refers to the lyrical protagonist, that is, the poet himself.
Scenery image: The scenery image in the poem is the emotion in the scene. Lyric poems are often subjective emotional images expressed with the help of objective objects (mountains, rivers, vegetation, etc.), that is, images containing "meaning", that is, "imagery".
2. Lyrical techniques in poetry: direct lyricism (expressing one’s heart directly) indirect lyricism (borrowing scenes to express emotions, supporting objects to express one’s ambitions, remembering the past and regretting the present) 3. Commonly used terms: allusions: the source and meaning of allusions; the use of allusions Function: nostalgia for the past hurts the present, chants history and expresses aspirations. Style: romanticism/realism, bold/graceful, lingering and graceful/fresh and graceful/generous and sad/depressed and angry.
Artistic conception: the poet's "emotion" and "reason", the "shape" and "spirit" of things. 4. Knowledge of modern poetry: a poetry style relative to ancient poetry, also called modern poetry.
Refers to the metrical poetry style formed in the Tang Dynasty, which has strict regulations on the number of sentences, the number of words, the level, antithesis, rhyme, etc., mainly including rhymed verses and quatrains. Rhymed poetry: ①The number of words in the verses is neat.
It is divided into five words and seven words (referred to as Wulu and Qilu). ② Specify the number of verses.
Generally, each poem has eight sentences (those with more than ten sentences are called row rhythm or long rhythm). ③The two middle alliances must face each other.
Every two sentences form a couplet, and the eight-line verse is composed of four couplets, which are the first couplet, chin couplet, neck couplet, and tail couplet (last couplet). Among them, the upper and lower sentences of the chin couplet and neck couplet must be dual sentences.
Also, the upper sentence in each couplet is called a sentence, and the lower sentence is called a couplet. ④There are strict rhythm requirements.
Quatrains: Each poem is divided into four sentences, mainly five-character and seven-character, referred to as Wujue and Qijue, with occasional six-character quatrains. Rhythm is the same as rhyme, but it doesn't necessarily contradict it.
5. What images are written in this article? What content? The first four sentences describe what you have seen and heard from a high place, focusing on describing the scenery, using the sky, wind, sand, etc. 3. Ancient poetry and classical Chinese must be memorized for the 2019 College Entrance Examination
1. 14 articles for high school: 1. "Encouragement to Study" by Xunzi 2. "Xiaoyaoyou" by Zhuangzi 3. "The Master's Talk" by Han Yu 4. "Ode to Epang Palace" "Du Mu 5. "Red Cliff Ode" Su Shi 6. "Meng" The Book of Songs 7. "Li Sao" Qu Yuan 8. "The Road to Shu is Difficult" Li Bai 9. "Deng Gao" Du Fu 10. "Pipa Xing" Bai Juyi 11. "Jin Se" Li Shangyin 12 ."Yu Meiren" Li Yu 13. "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgia" Su Shi 14. "Yong Yule. Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Nostalgia" Xin Qiji 2. Junior high school 50 articles: 1. Quotations of Confucius 2. Fish do what I want 3. Born in Worry will die in peace and happiness 4. The Controversy of Cao GUI 5. Zou Ji Satirizes the King of Qi and Accepts Admonition 6. Departure from the Teachers 7. Peach Blossom Spring 8. Three Gorges 9. The Theory of Horses 10. The Inscription of the Humble House 11. The Story of Xiao Shitan 12. The Story of Yueyang Tower 13. The Story of Drunkard Pavilion 14 .Ai Lian Shuo 15. Remember the night tour of Chengtian Temple 16. Send the preface to Ma Sheng in Dongyang 17. Guan Ju 18. Jian Jia 19. View the sea 20. Drinking wine 21. Send Du Shaofu to Shuzhou 22. Ci Beigu Mountain 23 .The envoy arrived at the fortress 24. I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left and sent this message 25. Difficulty traveling 26. Look at the mountains 27. Spring look 28. The hut was broken by the autumn wind Outside the Eighteen Members 31. Rewarding Lotte and seeing gifts at the first banquet in Yangzhou 32. Viewing the cutting of wheat 33. Spring trip to Qiantang Lake 34. Traveling to Yanmen Governor 35. Red Cliff 36. Parking in Qinhuai 37. Night rain sent to the north 38. Untitled - Li Shangyin 39. Happy meeting 40. Thoughts of Ao Qiu, a fisherman 41. Huanxisha - Yan Shu 42. Climbing Feilai Peak 43. Hunting in Mizhou, Jiangchengzi 44. Shuidiao Getou 45. Visiting Shanxi Village 46. Taking a break to write a poem for Chen Tongfu Send it to 47. Crossing the Lingding Ocean 48. Thoughts on the Pure Sky and Shaqiu 49. Yangtong Caring for the Ancients on the Hillside 50. Ji Hai’s Miscellaneous Poems I hope it can help you. 4. High school Chinese must memorize ancient poems
Junior high school: Ten Analects of Confucius; Peach Blossom Spring; Inscriptions on Humble Houses; Ailian Theory; Three Gorges; Night Trip to Chengtian Temple; Preface to Ma Sheng of Dongyang; Yueyang Tower; Drunkenness. The story of Wengting; Become a teacher; Born in sorrow and died in happiness; Fish what I want; Guan Ju; Jian Jia; Watch the sea; drink wine; send Du Shaofu to be appointed to Shuzhou; go to the foot of Beigu Mountain; send to the fortress; hear that Wang Changlin Longbiao, who moved to the left, has this message in the distance; the journey is difficult; looking at the mountains; looking at the spring; the hut is broken by the autumn wind; Bai Xue's song to send Magistrate Wu back to the capital; Rewarding Lotte and seeing gifts at the first banquet in Yangzhou; spring trip to Qiantang Lake; watching the harvesting of wheat ; Yanmen Prefect’s trip; Chibi; Mooring at Qinhuai; In early spring, Zhang Shiba of the Water Department was outside; Night rain sent to the north; Untitled (Li Shangyin); Happy meeting; Fisherman’s proud autumn thoughts; Huanxisha (Yan Shu); Climbing Feilai Peak; Jiangchengzi Hunting in Mizhou; Shui Tiao Ge Tou; Visiting Shanxi Village; Taking a break to compose a poem for Chen Tongfu; Crossing the Lingding Ocean; The sky is clear and the sand is thinking about autumn; Yangtong on the hillside cares about the past; Jihai's miscellaneous poems; Mountain residence in autumn Ming High School: Meng ( Compulsory 1); Li Sao (compulsory 1); Afang Palace Fu (compulsory 2); Xiaoyaoyou (compulsory 2); Chibi Fu (compulsory 2); The Road to Shu is Difficult (compulsory 3); Climbing (compulsory 3); Pipa Xing (compulsory) 3); Jinse (compulsory course 3); Poppies (compulsory course 3); Nian Jiao Nu Chibi Nostalgia (compulsory course 3); Yongyu Le Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Nostalgia (compulsory course 3); Encouraging Learning (compulsory course 4); Master's Talk (compulsory course 3) Compulsory Course 4) Sorry, I just finished the college entrance examination and relaxed for more than a month, so I just remember these.
If you have time, you can memorize the pronunciations and idioms for the college entrance examination.
5. Compulsory course 1 for Chinese language in the first year of high school, compulsory course 2 for memorizing poems and classical Chinese
Compulsory course 1: "Qin Yuan Chun Chang Sha", "Rain Alley", "Farewell to Cambridge", a passage from "Jing Ke Assassins the King of Qin" "When the prince and guests knew what had happened, they all wore white hats to send him off. When they arrived at the Yishui River, their ancestors took the road. Gao Jianli built the building, and Jing Ke sang in harmony. It was the sound of the victory, and the soldiers all shed tears and sobbed. They went forward again. The song goes like this: "The wind is rustling and the water is cold. Once the strong man is gone, he will never come back!" "The sound of his feathers returned to his generosity, and all the scholars were angry with their eyes and raised their fingertips. Then Jing Ke drove away and ignored him." There is also the compulsory course 2 of "Ode to Jing Ke" written by Tao Yuanming (required by our teacher to memorize it). : Two poems from "The Book of Songs": "Meng", "Plucking Wei", "Li Sao", three poems: "Wading the River to Collect Hibiscus", "Dan Ge Xing", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" (Part 1), "Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection" ", "Ode to Red Cliff", the third paragraph of "Travel to Bao Zen Mountain": So I sighed: The ancients often gained something by looking at the heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, grass and trees, insects, fish, birds and beasts, because of the depth of their thoughts. And it is omnipresent. If you are close, there will be many tourists; if you are dangerous, there will be few visitors. However, the wonder, weirdness, and extraordinary view of the world often lie in the danger and distance, and people rarely come to it, so it is not If you have ambition, you will not be able to reach it. If you have ambition, you will not be able to follow it. However, if you have insufficient strength, you will not be able to reach it. If you have ambition and strength, but you will not be lazy, you will not be able to reach it if it is dark and confusing and there is nothing to show it. Also. However, if one's strength is sufficient, one can be ridiculed by others, but one has regrets for oneself. If I try my best and fail to achieve it, then I have no regrets. Who can ridicule me? The rest is earned. 6. A must-have ancient poem for high school Chinese (compulsory courses 1 and 2)
"Tombstone Story of Five People" (Zhang Pu) Alas! During the Great Eunuch Rebellion, how many people in the world can be counted among the gentry who are able to resist changing their ambitions? But the five people were born in the ranks and never heard the instructions of poetry and books. They were passionate about righteousness and ignored death. Is this the same reason? Moreover, edicts and edicts were issued one after another, and arrests by hookers were spread all over the world. With the angry attack of my county, I dare not have any more governance.
The eunuch is also reluctant to patrol and fear justice. He is very clever and difficult to attack suddenly. Waiting for the saint to come out and throw himself into the road, it can't be said that it takes the power of five people! From this point of view, the current high-ranking nobles who show their position cannot be tolerated near or far once they are guilty or escape. Moreover, there are people who cut off their hair and pretend to be mad and do not know where they are. Their humiliating and despicable behavior will be regarded as the death of five people. , what is the weight and weight? Therefore, the Duke of Liaozhou Zhou, whose loyalty and righteousness exceeded the imperial court, was given a posthumous title and honor after his death, and the five people were also able to have their earth seals added and their names listed on the embankment.
There is no one from all over the world who cannot help but worship and weep. This is something that will never happen in a hundred generations. Otherwise, if the five men are ordered to protect their leader and live under the roof for the rest of their lives, everyone will be able to be subordinated to them. How can they be able to subjugate heroes, choke the tomb passage, and express the sorrow of their lofty ideals? Therefore, I and all the gentlemen of the same society mourn for the stone that was found in the tomb and mark it. It also shows that life and death are important, and the importance of an individual is more important than that of the country.
Famous lines from "Li Sao" (Qu Yuan) (The Miao descendants of Emperor Gaoyang came here ----- Laiwu Daofuo took the lead). ① I took a long breath to cover my tears, mourning the hardships of the people's lives.
② I have a good heart, and even though I died nine times, I still have no regrets. ③The road is so long that I will go up and down to search for it.
There are philosophical sentences in "Admonishing Taizong's Ten Thoughts" (Wei Zheng). If a tree wants to grow long, it must strengthen its roots; if it wants to flow far, it must dredge its spring; if it wants the security of the country, it must accumulate its virtues.
The source is not deep but the stream is far away; the roots are not solid but the tree is long; the virtue is not strong but the country is safe. Although the minister is a fool, he knows that it is impossible, how can he be wise and wise? All heads of state inherit the fate of heaven and earth. Those who are good at the beginning will be successful, and those who can control the end will overwhelm the few. It’s not about being too big to blame, it’s about being afraid of people; it’s better to be cautious when carrying a boat and overturning it.
In the last paragraph of "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" (excerpt), Lian Po said: "I am a Zhao general and have great achievements in sieges and field battles, but Lin Xiangru only works with words and ranks above me. And I am ashamed of Xiangru Su, and I cannot bear to do it!" He declared: "I will humiliate Xiangru when I see him."
Xiangru refused to attend the meeting. In every dynasty, Xiangru often complained about illness and did not want to compete with Lian Po.
When Xiangru came out, he saw Lian Po, and Xiangru led his car to hide. So he remonstrated with others and said: "The reason why I leave my relatives to serve the emperor is because I admire the emperor's high righteousness."
Now the emperor is on the same level as the incorruptible one. The fear is very great. How can a mediocre person be ashamed of himself? If you are an unworthy minister, please resign." Lin Xiangru stopped and said, "Who do you think is the honest general or the king of Qin? ?" said: "No." ? Gu Wu thought that the reason why the Qin Dynasty did not dare to send troops to Zhao was because the two tigers were fighting each other.
The reason why. This is to put national concerns first before personal enmity." When Lian Po heard this, he was naked, and because the guests came to Lin Xiangru's door to apologize, he said, "You are a despicable person, and you don't know how lenient the general is." "Zhuan Yu" The Analects of Confucius Ji's family will attack Zhuan Yu.
Ran You and Ji Lu met Confucius and said, "The Ji family will have something to do in Zhuan Yu." Confucius said, "Please! Isn't that what you are doing? Zhuan Yu, the former king thought he was the lord of Dongmeng. And it is in the realm of the state, and it is the minister of the country.
Why should I attack it? " Ran You said, "Master wants it, but neither of my ministers want it." Confucius said, "Please." ! Zhou Ren said: "Chen Li will do it, and those who can't will stop."
'If we are in danger without holding on to each other, if we are in danger without supporting each other, how can we use each other? And you have said it before, the tiger came out of the coffin, the turtle and jade were destroyed in the coffin, whose fault was it? Ran You said: "My husband, Zhuan Yu, is really close to the expense. If you don't take it now, future generations will worry about it." Confucius said: "Please!" When a gentleman says to a sick man, "What he desires," he must do so.
Qiu Ye heard that those who have a state and a family are not worried about being few but about inequality, and they are not worried about poverty but about insecurity. There is no poverty in Gaijun, there is no widowhood in harmony, and there is no inclination in peace.
If this is the case, if people from afar are dissatisfied, then they should cultivate their virtues and come here; once they come, they should be at ease with them. Today, because of Yu Qiu, Xiangfuzi, people from afar will not obey and cannot come, and the country will fall apart and cannot defend it, and will plot war within the country. I am afraid that Ji Sun's worries will not be in Zhuanyu, but within the Xiaoqiang. "
"What a few people do to the country" King Hui of Liang said: "What a few people do to the country is to do their best. If there is bad luck in Hanoi, move the people to the east of the river and the millet to the riverside.
The same goes for east of the river. Observing the government of neighboring countries is nothing like the intentions of a few people.
If the people of neighboring countries do not increase or decrease, and if the people of the poor do not increase, then why? Mencius said to him, "The king is fond of war. Please use the metaphor of war." After filling up the drum, the weapon is connected, abandoning the armor and dragging the soldiers away, maybe stopping after a hundred steps, or stopping after fifty steps.
What if you take fifty steps to laugh at a hundred steps? Said: "No." It's not as straight as a hundred paces, so it's just walking.
Said: "If the king knows this, there is no hope that the people will be more numerous than those of his neighboring countries." If it is not contrary to the farming season, the grain will not be eaten.
If a few grains of grain cannot enter the lake, the fish and turtles will not be able to eat. When the ax weighs a pound and enters the forest, the wood cannot be used.
Grain, fish and turtles cannot be eaten, and wood cannot be used. This is to make the people live and die without regret. Maintaining one's health and losing one's life without regrets is the beginning of the king's way.
For a five-acre house with mulberry trees, a person in his fifties can wear silk clothes. If chickens, dolphins, dogs and pigeons are not lost in their season, then those who are seventy years old can eat meat; if a hundred acres of land is not taken away in their season, a family of several people can be free from hunger; I will follow the teachings of Xiangxu and practice the meaning of filial piety and brotherhood. , Those who are awarded white will live up to the road.
Seventy-year-olds have nothing but clothing and meat to eat, and the people are neither hungry nor cold. However, there is no such thing as a king. Dogs eat human food but do not know how to check it. People die of hunger on the way but do not know how to deal with it.
When a person dies, he says: ‘It’s not me, it’s Sui. ’ How is this different from stabbing someone and killing them, saying: ‘It’s not me, it’s a soldier.
'The king is innocent, and the people of the world are here. "The road to Shu is so difficult! How dangerous it is! The road to Shu is as difficult as climbing to the blue sky! Silkworms and fishtails, how confused the founding of the country is! You are forty-eight thousand years old, and you are not in the vicinity of Qin Sai.
There is a bird path in Taibai in Xidang, which can cross the top of Emei. The earth collapses and the mountains destroy the strong men, and then the stone stacks are connected to each other.
There are six dragons returning to the sun on the top, and there are six dragons on the bottom. The yellow crane can't fly back to Sichuan, and the ape is trying to survive the sorrow.
How can the green mud twist and turn? I sat down with my hand on my shoulder and sighed.
I asked you when I would return to the west. I was afraid of the steep rocks and saw the mournful birds flying around the forest.
Zigui cries about the moon at night and worries about the empty mountain. The road to Shu is so difficult that it is difficult to reach the blue sky. 7. Ancient poetry must be memorized in high school.
First, summarize the requirements and methods of reading classical Chinese. Speaking means reading, understanding, and reciting.
Reading, understanding, and reciting are the core, the key, and the foothold of classical Chinese learning. Mr. Zhu Ziqing once said: "Recitation is a kind of learning. The purpose of the teaching process is to cultivate students' understanding and writing skills. When teaching, the teacher will first read the text, and then the students will follow the reading, and then the students will practice reading. Sometimes they have to recite. In addition to reciting, they can read the book. ”
It can be seen from this that in recitation teaching, apart from the teacher’s model reading, all students have to do is “read along”, “practice reading”, “recite” and “watch” "Book (reading)", in other words, recitation is an active inquiry learning process in which students actively participate under the guidance of teachers. Among them, reading is the key.
To read, you must first listen to the teacher's reading . What should you learn from the teacher’s model reading? Please read Mr. Liang Shiqiu’s memory of his teacher Mr. Xu Jincheng’s lecture: After Mr. Xu introduced the author, he recited the full text. This recitation was very interesting.
... It is ancient Chinese or vernacular, recited word for word, as if an actor is reciting the lines. He seems to express all the meaning contained in the words. He reads it with a tone, a clear tone, a feeling, and a sense of purpose. The momentum is ups and downs, and after listening to it, we seem to have understood half of the meaning of the original text.
A good article may be too exaggerated, but it must be catchy. That's true. It can be seen from this that the tone, style, emotion, momentum, cadence and meaning of the article must be expressed through recitation
And the students are listening to the teacher. During the model reading, I am also about to obtain the first and most intuitive impression and understanding of this aspect of the article, thereby stimulating my desire to read, in order to further "understand the meaning of the words and sentences and the ideological content of the work."
The tone, flatness, emotion, momentum, cadence and the meaning contained in the words, etc., cannot be read at once. They are gradually realized by students in the process of listening to the model reading, reading along, and practicing reading. , comprehend and perceive.
Pay special attention to the following points: First, the pronunciation must be correct. This is due to the fact that there are many rare characters in classical Chinese, and there are also common characters, polyphonic characters and broken pronunciations.
Generally speaking, the pronunciation of these words is indicated in the text notes. You must read them carefully according to the phonetic notation. Here I would like to focus on the issue of "broken reading".
The so-called "broken reading" is a method of changing the pronunciation of words to distinguish different meanings or parts of speech. For example, when "clothing" is used as a noun, it is pronounced yī, and when used as a verb (to dress), it is pronounced yì; when "food" means eating, it is pronounced shí, and when it means giving someone to eat, it is pronounced sì.
However, some broken pronunciations have now entered modern Chinese and have been noted in dictionaries. For example, the word "good" (adjective) for beauty is pronounced hǎo, and the word "ho" (verb) for hobby is pronounced hào. The "difficult" (adjective) of difficulty is pronounced nán, the "difficult" of disaster is pronounced nàn, etc. There are no special distinctions in some broken readings, such as "Ye" in Ye Gonghaolong, which used to be pronounced as "she" but can now be read as "yè".
Mastering broken reading is very necessary to analyze the parts and meanings of words and deepen the understanding of classical Chinese. Second, pay attention to pauses.
Including mid-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses. Being able to correctly distinguish mid-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses shows a correct understanding of the sentence level and main idea, which must be achieved through recitation in the training of understanding the meaning of words and sentences.
In addition, pay attention to reading the tone, reading the gesture, etc. In fact, recitation is a learning process in which, on the basis of initial understanding, the text is read over and over again, gradually deepening the understanding, until you can recite it.
We do not agree with tedious grammatical analysis and mechanical memorization of nouns and terms in the study of classical Chinese, nor do we advocate rigid implementation of the so-called words and sentences. We advocate that when learning classical Chinese, one should perceive it during recitation, comprehend it during recitation, accumulate language materials during recitation, and finally make classical Chinese a part of one's own language habits.
In such a learning process, reading, memorizing, and understanding proceed simultaneously. What we mean by understanding classical Chinese mainly refers to the overall understanding and grasp of the content of the article.
This kind of understanding and grasp should: ① focus on the content of the entire article; ② focus on the communication of literary meaning; ③ focus on the chapters of the article. As for recitation, this is also determined by the particularity of classical Chinese learning.
Memorizing words, understanding the meaning of words and sentences, and grasping the ideological content of works can only be achieved by reading and reciting them thoroughly. Moreover, concepts and rules are not the most important in language learning. Memorizing the rules does not mean that you can speak, write, and read. Language learning is about practicing, applying, and then understanding.
Therefore, Chinese language learning requires recitation, while the study of classical Chinese emphasizes recitation. Being able to "recite classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, and understand the meaning of words and sentences and the ideological content of the works" mainly relies on the continuous accumulation of recitation.
Therefore, the newly revised Chinese teaching syllabus for primary schools, junior high schools, and high schools all have quantitative provisions on recitation. Among them, primary school students recite 80 ancient poems, junior high schools recite 20 classical Chinese poems and 50 ancient poems, and high school students recite 20 ancient poems and 50 poems.
If you read all these passages and memorize them by heart, you will not have any difficulty in meeting the above requirements for classical Chinese reading. We advocate reading classical poetry and classical Chinese, and we must be able to basically recite them in class.
Of course, you also need to pay attention to the method when reciting. The chunked memory method I have summarized in the past is one of them.
For example, meaning chunking: a method of chunking memory according to the meaning of the article; outline chunking: a method of chunking memory using hierarchical content outlines; key phrase chunking: mastering through keyword phrase chunking The main idea and outline of the article, and in turn use them to master the way of memorizing words and sentences; abbreviated sentence chunking: a way of shortening sentences into phrases to form chunks and memorizing units; in addition, there are sentence cluster central sentence chunks , associated word chunks, etc. Due to space limitations, no further discussion will be given.
Recitation also requires continuous practice and strengthening. Mr. Feng Zikai warned his children to pay attention to a "reading" method when reading.
The traditional Chinese strokes for reading are 22 strokes. Therefore, he required that each poem must be read 22 times. In this way, it will be familiar to the mouth and heart, and will not be forgotten for a long time.
In the past, private schools paid attention to "repetition" when studying, that is, after each article was read, one had to repeat what one had learned before. That is, when reading the second article, one or two articles should be repeated. , read article 3.
8. Ancient poetry and classical Chinese must be memorized in high school