#小生初# Introduction The transition from primary school to junior high school is the most important test for sixth grade students. If students want to get a good score in Chinese, they need to summarize some knowledge points that must be remembered. Wuwei highly recommends a summary of the knowledge points of Chinese language for primary school students as a reference for everyone. Welcome to read!
Basic knowledge points of Chinese language for primary school students
1. Accumulation over time:
天行 Healthy, a gentleman constantly strives to improve himself. "Book of Changes" If you have ambitions, you will not grow taller; if you have no ambitions, you will live a hundred years in vain. "Family Heirloom"
Don't wait for a moment, the young man's head will turn gray, and you will be filled with sorrow! "Man Jiang Hong" It is easy for a young man to learn from an old man, and it is difficult to learn an inch of time lightly. "Occasionally"
The road is still far away, so I will search up and down. "Li Sao"
If you don't accumulate steps, you can't reach a thousand miles; if you don't accumulate small streams, you can't become a river. "Xunzi"
2. Accumulation over time (classic couplet)
The earth is full of red flowers, and the sky is blue and the water is blue. (Painting couplet)
There are five watches in the night, two and a half in the middle of the night, September in the third autumn, and August in the Mid-Autumn Festival. (Digital couplet)
The greenery is green and red, and there are warblers and swallows everywhere, ups and downs, and every year at dusk and morning. (Overlapping couplets)
There are green mountains outside the building, white clouds outside the mountains, and clouds flying in the sky; green trees beside the pool, red rain beside the trees, and rain falling beside the stream. (Thimble)
3. Accumulation over time (hencement)
Liu Guan and Zhang Taoyuan became sworn brothers - the friend of life and death, Kong Ming borrowed the east wind - cleverly used the weather
Guan Gong went to Hui - go straight into Xu Shu's camp and enter Cao's camp - without saying a word
Liang Shanbo's military advisor - Wu (Wu) Yongsun Hou's face - change as he says
4. Over time and over time (famous aphorisms)
If you want to love your own value, you have to create value for the world. ——(Germany) Goethe
Let the horn of prophecy sound! Oh, west wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind? ——(British) Shelley
The career of fruits is noble, the career of flowers is sweet, but let me do the career of leaves in the shadow of silent devotion. ——(India) Rabindranath Tagore
If life deceives you, don’t be anxious or troubled. Be calm in the gloomy days. Believe that happy days will come. ——Pushkin
Important knowledge points in Chinese language for primary school students
The explanatory method is to use concise and concise language to appropriately express the actual situation of things when writing expository essays. There are many ways to explain. When writing an expository essay, you should choose the best explanation method according to the characteristics of the object of explanation and the purpose of writing.
The fundamental requirements for the language of expository texts are scientificity, rigor, accuracy, conciseness and clarity; literary expository texts also require vividness and imagery. Appropriate use of explanation methods can improve the scientific nature and accuracy of explanation language, make the explanation object more specific and vivid, let readers understand more clearly the author's meaning, enhance persuasiveness, and sometimes enhance readers' reading ability. Interest, more prominent theme.
Explanation methods and explanations
Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying, listing numbers, making comparisons, making charts, defining, quoting data, making explanations, making analogies, and imitation. Appearances, assumptions, these 11 types.
Common ones in elementary schools include: giving examples, listing numbers, making analogies, making comparisons, and classifying. The nature and function of the questions:
Give actual examples to illustrate things and make what is needed The thing explained is made concrete so that readers can understand it. This method of explanation is called giving examples.
Benefits: It makes the meaning of the article clearer and easier for readers to understand, and it specifically explains the characteristics of the object of explanation.
Example: Clouds can predict the weather. For example, in Xinjiang, the appearance of clouds means it will rain. ——"Look at the Clouds and Know the Weather" (list corresponding examples based on a large range)
List numbers
In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of listing numbers , so that readers can understand. It should be noted that the figures quoted must be accurate. Inaccurate figures must not be used. Even estimated figures must have a reliable basis and strive to be approximate.
Benefits: Using numbers to explain can not only accurately and objectively reflect the facts, but also be highly persuasive. It also reflects the accuracy of the explanatory text and accurately explains the characteristics of the object of explanation.
Example: Zhaozhou Bridge is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, and a slightly narrower middle section of 9 meters wide. ——"Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" (reflecting accuracy)
Comparing analogies
Using the similarities between two different things to make comparisons to highlight the shape characteristics of the things and enhance the The vivid and vivid explanation method is called metaphor.
The method of illustration in the explanatory text is consistent with the metaphors and associations in figures of speech. The difference is that figurative rhetoric includes similes, metaphors, and metonymy, while explanations mostly use similes and metaphors, and metonymy should not be used.
Benefits: Abstract things become concrete and vivid. Vividly illustrate the characteristics of the object.
Example: The opening of the stone arch bridge is arc-shaped, like a rainbow. ——"Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" (can make the object to be explained vivid.
)
Comparison
Comparison is a method of explaining the characteristics of things by comparing two types of things or phenomena that are the same or different. To explain something abstract or unfamiliar to people, you can compare it with something concrete or familiar to everyone, so that readers can get a concrete and distinct impression through comparison. The characteristics of things are often revealed in comparison. When making comparisons, we can compare things with the same kind or different things. We can make a "horizontal comparison" or a "vertical comparison" of things.
Benefits: The characteristics of the description object are highlighted.
Example: When the Yongding River floods, it is very strong. In the past, the embankments on both sides of the river were often washed away, but this bridge has never had any accidents, which shows its strength. ——"Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" (Highlight the characteristics of the object being explained.)
Category
To explain the characteristics of things, it is often difficult to explain clearly from one side. You can use them according to shape, The similarities and differences of properties, causes, functions and other attributes divide things into several categories, and then explain them one by one according to the categories. This method of explanation is called classification. Classification is an important way to explain complex things clearly. Sometimes the characteristics and essence of things need to be divided into several points or aspects to explain, which also belongs to classification.
Benefits: Clear and clear. Clearly describe the characteristics of the subject.
Example: According to the construction materials of the screen and the gorgeousness of the decoration, it is divided into gold screen, silver screen, brocade screen, painted screen, stone screen, wooden screen, bamboo screen, etc., so there is a distinction between refined and popular art. , and also reveals the different economic and cultural levels of users. ——"Speaking of "Screen"" (Let readers understand the types of screens.)
Explain the skills of method questions:
(1) Clearly state the object
When reading an explanatory text, whether it is a whole article or a whole paragraph, you must first grasp the whole thing and grasp what the article explains, that is, what the object of the explanation is. So how to find the target of explanation?
①Look at the title, many questions indicate the object of explanation. Such as "Chinese Stone Arch Bridge" and so on.
② Focus on the first summary sentence and the central sentence. Good expository texts often use this kind of sentences to highlight the things and characteristics to be explained.
(2) Grasp the characteristics of things
The characteristics of things are mainly reflected in the structure (inside and outside), shape (size, length, etc.), properties (hard, soft, cold, hot, etc.) ), change (dynamic, still, fast, slow), cause (simple, complex), function (wide or narrow, pros and cons), etc.
Generally speaking, the main points to be explained in expository texts are often the characteristics of things. In addition to the key points of the explanation, it is also necessary to find out which aspects of the characteristics of things the author introduces and from what angles.
For example, the article "The Dead Sea is Immortal" focuses on the characteristics of the Dead Sea and explains it from three perspectives: first, the "death" of the Dead Sea (phenomenal characteristics), then the "immortality" of the Dead Sea (essential characteristics), and finally He also talked about the "immortality" and "death" of the Dead Sea (current situation and future development characteristics). In this way, the comprehensive characteristics of the Dead Sea are revealed layer by layer.
Another example is the article "Suzhou Gardens", which focuses on the general characteristic of "no matter where you stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of you", and explains it from five aspects: pavilions, terraces, pavilions and pavilions The layout; the coordination of rockeries and ponds; the contrast of flowers, plants and trees; the hierarchy of close and distant views; and the carvings and colors of doors and windows, etc. In this way, we can comprehensively grasp the characteristics of Suzhou gardens from different aspects.
(3) Summarize explanation methods
When reading expository texts, you can mark the explanation methods used in the article while reading, and then summarize the main methods used, and then analyze these explanations. The role of methods in accurately describing the characteristics of things.
(4) Summarize the main points paragraph by paragraph
When summarizing the main points, pay attention to the role of the introductory sentence, the final sentence or the question-type sentence, and pay attention to the sentences that define or explain the concept role. You can outline these sentences as you read. Use complete sentences when summarizing key points, and keep your meaning concise and to the point. On the basis of summarizing the main points paragraph by paragraph, use the method of "similar merging" to divide the full text into several relatively independent parts, summarize the main idea of ??each part, and connect the main ideas of each part in order to display it more clearly. Here is the order of explanation of the full text.
The order of instructions to use depends on the object of the instructions. Generally speaking, when describing the evolution and development of things, use chronological order; when describing buildings, use spatial order; when introducing high-tech products or explaining the connections between things, use logical order.
(5) Grasp the center
On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation and analyzing the relationship between paragraphs and sections, it is easy to see the basic structure of the article. . If it is a total-fraction structure, we should also focus on analyzing the principle according to which the "fraction" parts are combined, whether they are parallel, progressive, or contain a total-fraction relationship. The progressive structure should focus on analyzing how the meaning of each layer is gradually unfolded, whether from phenomenon to essence, from individual to general, or from result to cause, etc.
After grasping the structure, you can draw a schematic diagram of the structure. The core of explanation is to summarize what characteristics an explanatory text explains about the thing being explained, or what kind of truth it explains. On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation and grasping the structure of the article, it is not difficult to summarize the center of explanation.
(6) Experience language accuracy
Accuracy is the characteristic of language. To analyze expository language is to see how the words and sentences can accurately describe the characteristics of the thing being explained. Pay attention to analyzing the role of key words.
Knowledge points that must be tested in Chinese language after primary school entrance examination
Pinyin
1. Review points
1. Correctly read the initial consonants and finals, and remember 16 overall recognition syllables.
2. Memorize the "Chinese Pinyin Alphabet" and remember the writing methods of the 26 uppercase and lowercase letters.
3. Spell syllables proficiently and accurately, and use Chinese pinyin to recognize words, correct pronunciation, read and learn Mandarin.
4. Master the rules of Chinese Pinyin spelling.
5. Read the tones accurately and mark the tones of the syllables according to Chinese spelling rules.
2. Knowledge Platform
1. Master the 23 initial consonants, 24 finals and 16 overall syllables of Chinese Pinyin.
(1) Initial consonants: bp m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s y w
(2) Final consonants: ê
①Single finals (6): ao e i u ü< /p>
②Compound finals (9): aiei ui ao ou iu ie üe er (special finals)
③Nasal finals (9): anen in un ün ang eng ing ong< /p>
(3) Recognize and read the syllables as a whole: zhi chi shi ri zi ci si yi wu yu ye yue yin yun yuan ying
2. Memorize the "Chinese Pinyin Alphabet" and press Recite and memorize 26 uppercase and lowercase letters in sequence.
(1) Uppercase: AB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
(2) Lowercase: ab c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
3. Master the spelling method and be able to spell proficiently and accurately Read syllables, use Chinese pinyin to recognize characters, correct pronunciation, read and learn Mandarin.
(1) Two spellings: the front sound is light and short, the back sound is heavy, and the two sounds are connected and hit hard.
gòu zào láng bèi qū gǎn hóng qí
Constructing an embarrassing situation to drive away the red flag
(2) Three spelling methods: the sound is light, the sound is fast, the finals are bright, and the three sounds are continuous Easy to read.
piào liang qiǎo miào xiǎo jiàng biān jiāng
Pretty clever little general border
4. Read the tone correctly.
The changes in high, low, rising and falling of the pronunciation of a word are called tones. It is an indispensable part of the syllable. It is very important and plays a role in distinguishing the meaning of the word. The same syllable marked with different tones will produce different pronunciations and also represent different meanings. For example: bāo (bag) báo (hail) bǎo (full) bào (hold). Mandarin has only four tones, which are divided into yinping (-), yangping (ˊ), upper tone (ˇ), and lower tone (ˋ). Their pronunciation is: one tone is flat, the second tone is rising, the third tone is turning, and the fourth tone is falling.
5. Read and mark the formula.
The tone symbols are marked on the main vowels of the syllable. You can remember the formula: if you see the initial a, don’t let it go. If there is no initial a, look for o, e, i, u and mark them next. There is no need to say the single vowel; i. If you don't write a point in a superscript tone, you won't mark a tone in a soft tone. Such as: adjourn the meeting (xiūhuì).
6. Understand the function and usage of soundproof symbols.
When syllables starting with "a, o, e" are connected to other syllables, if the boundaries of the syllables are easy to be confused, they must be separated by soundproof symbols ('). The soundproof symbol (’) is written in the upper left corner between the two syllables before and after. For example: piǎo (piao) pí’ǎo (leather jacket).
7. Pay attention to the two points above and omit the rules.
When spelling syllables, when the finals starting with ü are spelled with the initial consonants j, q, and x, the two points on ü should be omitted, such as: giant (jùrén), the finals starting with ü are with When the initial consonants n and l are spelled together, the two points of ü cannot be omitted, because the initial consonants n and l can also be spelled with the final u. Such as land (lùdì) and green space (lǜdì).
8. Pay attention to the pronunciation of children.
"er(n)" is used as the end of a word after other words. It cannot form a syllable alone, but is connected with the previous syllable, making the final of the previous syllable have a retroflex. The final sound of the movement is called Erhuayun. When spelling Erhua rhyme, just add an "r" after the final of the Erhua syllable. Such as red flowers (hóng huār).
9. Distinguish between flat tongue sounds and raised tongue sounds. z, c, s and zh, ch, sh are the sounds behind the tip of the tongue. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is raised against the front of the upper palate (e), so it is called a tip-up sound. Words with z, c, and s as initial consonants are all words with a flat tongue sound; words with zh, ch, and sh as initial consonants are all words with a raised tongue sound.
10. Master the usage of capital letters.
①The first letter at the beginning of a sentence should be capitalized.
For example: Yìtiáo dàyú yóudào hǎi dǐqù le.
②The first letter at the beginning of each line of poetry should be capitalized.
For example: Chuángqián mǐngyuè guāng, Yí shìdì shàngshuāng.
③Special nouns such as country names and place names should be written consecutively, and the first letter should be capitalized. For example: Shànghǎi Lánzhōu.
④The name counts as two special nouns, and the first letter of the surname and the first name must be capitalized. For example: MáoZé dōng.
⑤The spelling of book covers, promotional slogans, trademarks, store names, etc. are all in capital letters, and the intonation does not need to be marked at this time.