Dynasty: Wei and Jin Dynasties
Author: Tao Yuanming
Original text:
Autumn chrysanthemums are bright and colorful, including dew and flowers.
Chrysanthemum wine is in the heart, the heart is more beautiful, and the feeling of avoiding customs is deeper.
The wine in the glass waved, and then held the glass.
As the sun sets, birds call to Lin Huan.
Intoxicated in the east window, let this life be this life.
Distinguish and appreciate
This poem is about drinking chrysanthemums, but it actually contains deep sadness.
Autumn is the season for chrysanthemums. In autumn, when all the flowers have withered, only chrysanthemum stands alone, showing firm and noble character. Only in this way, the author loves chrysanthemums very much, and writes about chrysanthemums many times in his poems, and often associates chrysanthemums with pine trees, such as The Book of the Republic of China: "The fragrant chrysanthemums bloom in Lin Yao, and the pine trees stand upright. With this beauty, it is outstanding for the cream. " "Going Home": "The three paths will be barren, and the pine chrysanthemum still exists." The first sentence of this poem, "Autumn chrysanthemums have beautiful colors", is also a heartfelt compliment to chrysanthemums. The word "jiazi color" is very simple. The word "jiazi" is still a little dark, but chrysanthemums have different colors. If it is replaced by other beautiful words, such as "Li", "truth" and "gorgeous", it will be vulgar. Predecessors said that this sentence "Wash away the ancient and modern customs" (quoted from Li Gonghuan's Note to Tao Yuanming in Song Dynasty) was not a false name "Show its beauty", but flowers were picked and exposed, with good color, fragrance and taste. Chrysanthemums are picked to eat, and chrysanthemums can prolong life. The author's "Nine Days of Leisure" has ten days "wine can get rid of all worries, chrysanthemum can solve aging". Cao Pi's Zhong You Book of Sending Chrysanthemums on the 9th said: "It is important to help the body to prolong life. I would like to present a bouquet to help Peng Zu. " It can be seen that picking chrysanthemums was the ethos of the Six Dynasties. Qu Yuan's Li Sao said: "Drinking Mulan in the morning will show your edge, and eating autumn chrysanthemum in the evening will lose your dignity." Therefore, taking chrysanthemum not only strengthens the body, but also has a metaphorical meaning of high interest, and the lofty significance of the whole article is also triggered by chrysanthemum.
Autumn chrysanthemum is really beautiful, helping people get drunk, and the author doesn't feel like drinking one cup after another. In the Book of Songs White Boat, "I have no wine, so I can swim", and Mao Chuan said, "I have no wine, so I can swim and forget my worries." Cao Cao's "Short Songs": "How to solve your worries? Only Du Kang. " (According to legend, Du Kang was the first person to make wine, which is synonymous with wine here. If you have no worries in your heart, you won't think of "forgetting your worries", which reveals the resentment in the author's chest. "Leaving the world", abandoning and surpassing the secular, mainly refers to not being an official. Huang Ming's interpretation of Tao Shi said: "I am far away from the world, twice as far away from the wine chrysanthemum." The analysis is accurate. But combined with "forgetting worries", the "legacy" here also contains anger. Because Yuan Ming originally wanted to do a career that was "greatly beneficial to the general public" ("empowering the worried patients"), he decided to retire only after seeing the political darkness at that time with his own eyes in the officialdom.
The last six sentences describe the pleasure and feeling of drinking in detail, depict a quiet and beautiful realm, and are an image portrayal of the "legacy". It says here that a person is drunk. He doesn't have the luxury of Kong Rong's "the guest is always full, and the wine is not empty" (The Biography of Zheng Kong and Xun in the Later Han Dynasty contains Kong Rong language), and he doesn't have the "drunken" groggy like a famous bamboo forest, but drinks chrysanthemums by himself. Drinking alone makes people feel lonely, but the word "although" and "zi" in five or six sentences wash away the feeling of loneliness and coldness, while the word "zi" looks like a pot, which is quite satisfactory and adds notes to the glass in the poet's hand. The word "pour" not only refers to pouring wine into the cup, but also refers to pouring out the hip flask, which shows that he has been drinking for a long time, has a high interest and drinks a lot. Therefore, from these two sentences to "Japanese entry", not only the description is different, but also the passage of time is different. With the increase of alcohol consumption, the author's feelings have also increased.
In the next two sentences, "the sun enters and crowds out" is a general statement, and "birds return to the forest to sing" is a special thing to prove it; It can also be said that it was because the birds returned to the forest that they realized that this day was the time for the group to stop activities. "Potential" is dynamic, and "singing" is sound, but only in a particularly empty and quiet environment can bird singing be more obvious and sound can be heard more clearly. This is a way of expressing silence with motion and writing silence with sound. The quiet and beautiful environment sets off the author's leisurely mood. These two sentences are landscape writing, and also the sustenance of Yuan Ming's interest at this time. There are many birds in Yuan Ming's poems, especially after he retired, he often borrowed the meaning of returning to birds. Apart from this poem, he is like "fly with me, wandering in the forest." Thinking of Heaven, I am happy to return to my habitat "("Returning Birds ")," Returning birds have wings, and I am cold. ..... too much poetry, which has been rolled up (tired) and solved "(returning to the bird)," catching birds loves the old forest and makes them miss their hometown "(returning to the garden)," The clouds are unintentional, and the birds are tired of flying "("Returning to the garden ")," The mountain atmosphere is getting better and better every day. The returning birds in these poems are the artistic embodiment of the author. "Chasing the Woodbirds" was originally seen by chance, but it aroused the author's deep thought: the "social movement" will always stop, and birds still know that the sunset returns to their nests. Why is life unique? The process from the beginning to the end of a bird seems to be the author's life course from official to seclusion. Here, it is fun and comparative, and it is also an intuitive description of the scenery. The integration of the three makes people feel that the expression is very wonderful.
At the end, I wrote that I retired, expressing my determination to live in seclusion for life. "Xiao" is a long and clear sound made by pinching the mouth, and it is a way for the ancients to express their feelings. "Laughing proudly" means singing proudly and freely. The fifth song "Drinking", "Drinking to Build a House in a Humanistic Environment", has the sentence "Under the hedge of picking chrysanthemums, you can see Nanshan leisurely". Zhidongxuan is in this east wall, and chrysanthemums are planted below it. Drinking chrysanthemums and singing and picking chrysanthemums are the greatest pleasures in life. "Living this life" means living freely according to one's own will and not being enslaved by foreign objects, which is what Su Dongpo said. "If the net world gains this life by doing nothing, then whoever serves will not lose this life." (Dongpo Inscription Yuan Qu) "Getting this life" and "losing this life" actually refer to seclusion and being an official. Laughing at Dong Xuan is an image description of seclusion and leisure. It is a compliment, a blessing and a will. However, the word "talk back" (let's just say so) casts a layer of helplessness on all this. It inherits the "forgetting worries" and "leaving the world behind", and still shows the regret that is difficult to pay for it, not just carefree.