1, Apollo made this idea more profound and novel. For example, in Du Mu's Poems of Li Changji, "the connection between clouds and smoke is not enough; The distance of water is not enough for its feelings; The angel of spring is not enough for its harmony with the world; These four metaphors describe the noble quality, pure personality, brilliant appearance and beautiful appearance of women respectively, which have strong artistic effects.
2. Metaphor makes the description more vivid. Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond: "There are some white flowers scattered among layers of leaves, some blooming gracefully and some blooming shyly;" Just like a pearl, just like a star in the blue sky, just like a beauty who just took a bath. " The author uses the metaphor of "pearl" to write the glittering and translucent flash of lotus in the moonlight. Compare "Stars" and write the flash of lotus flowers against the green leaves; Compared with "beauty", write the spotless beauty of lotus. These metaphors are vivid and give readers a good feeling.
3. Metaphor makes reasoning more concrete. There are some lines in Mao Zedong's "A single spark can start a prairie fire": "But the climax of the China revolution I am talking about is coming, which is by no means what some people call' the possibility of coming'. It is an empty thing that has no action at all and cannot be reached. It was a ship standing on the coast overlooking the sea, and the tip of the mast could already be seen. It was a red sun standing on the top of the mountain and looking at the east. It was a baby that was about to mature. " These three metaphors make an abstract truth concrete, vivid and vivid, and make scenery writing, narration, lyricism and reasoning blend closely, leaving a very deep impression on people.
4. Metaphor makes the rhythm more intense and touching. In Bai Juyi's Pipa Journey, the sentence describing the beautiful voice of a pipa girl playing pipa has always been praised by people: "The big strings hum like rain, and the small strings whisper like a secret;" Buzzing, whispering-then mixing together, like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade. " The poet used "torrential rain", "whispering" and "pearls falling on a jade plate" to describe the softness, crispness and roundness of pipa music. These metaphors are not only popular and chic, but also make sentences neat and smooth, easy to read and have a strong sense of rhythm. In fact, the rhythm of metaphor is not limited to poetry, but also common in many essays. For example, the folk song applied in Mr. Liu's Three Gorges of the Yangtze River: "I am as big as a horse and can't get down the pond; As big as a fish, Qutang cannot go back; As big as a monkey, you can't swim in a winding pond; As big as an elephant, Qutang can't get up. " This ballad also uses metaphor and has a strong sense of rhythm.
Mr. Qin Mu once said, "Wonderful metaphors are like colorful flowers shining on literature. It is also like a magic wand in a fairy tale. No matter where it meets, it will produce strange changes. It is also like a chemical reagent. If you put it in turbid water, all impurities will precipitate and the water will be clarified in an instant. " This passage is about the function of the whole metaphor, which itself appears in the form of metaphor and is very accurate.
Wu Zengqi, a close friend, said in "Talking about Hanfen Building" that the metaphor is "like a mountain but not a mountain, which makes people enjoy it", which can be described as exquisite metaphor. What is metaphor? Mr. Qian explained to us: "The so-called' metaphor' advocated by people who pay attention to prose in the Song Dynasty or Shakespeare-style metaphor advocated by westerners is to express one aspect or a state of a thing with a series of images. The metaphor of watertight, with all kinds of things to illustrate a truth, one after another, is dizzying, and sometimes even gives people a strange feeling, and it is like the cursive script in China's calligraphy, which is connected one by one and engraved in people's hearts.
Metaphor is to describe and explain the same ontology from different angles with a series of metaphors. The use of metaphor can strengthen the state and characteristics of ontology, increase the image density of poetry, strengthen the meaning, add momentum, and make readers get more real feelings. The next interview will talk about the artistic effect of metaphor from five aspects: painting scenery, imitating sound, writing people, reasoning and lyricism.
First, the scenery is colorful.
The metaphor in Zhu Ziqing's prose "Green" is novel and wonderful: "This thick green is really lovely. She is loosely wrinkled, like a skirt dragged by a young woman; She gently fiddled with it, like a beating virgin's first love heart; She is smooth and bright, like being painted with bright oil, as soft as egg white and as gentle as a sleeping village; She doesn't mix dust with me, just like a warm jasper with a clear color-but you can't see through her! " The first sentence starts with the image, using "skirt" as a metaphor for green, decorated with "wrinkle" and "drag" to highlight the elegant beauty of the pool pattern; The second sentence begins with charm, with "heart" as a metaphor and "swing" and "beat" as ornaments. Slight shyness reveals vigorous vitality and draws green feelings and spirituality; The third sentence starts with luster and texture, symbolizing green with "bright oil" and "egg white", and embellishing with "slippery" and "bright" to write a clean, soft and vivid look of green water; The last sentence starts with color, using "Jasper" as a metaphor for green and embellished with "Moisturity" to highlight the purity, clearness and profundity of a pool of clear water. Another example is: "A huge white lilac bloomed on the gray tile on the roof. As snow, as jade, as splash. " (sound of spring by Wang Meng) Compare the ontology of "white lilac" with three metaphors of "snow", "jade" and "splashing waves". Yu Dafu: "Compared with Qiu Lai in the north, it's like yellow rice wine to dry in vain, porridge to steamed bread, perch to big crab, and yellow dog to camel." The author uses four metaphors to form a metaphor, which vividly shows that the autumn in the south of the Yangtze River is not as good as the autumn in the north in terms of gas, quality, taste and shape.
Second, the voice is vivid and vivid.
Sound is intangible and difficult to describe, but with the help of metaphor, it can completely turn virtual into reality and abstract into concrete. For example, there is a description in Yan Lu's Listening to the Tide: "The sea is at our feet thoughtfully, like a poet. The voice seems as gentle as the dim moonlight and the morning mist of roses; It is as fragrant as a lover's honeyed words; Deep and gentle, like a breeze blowing through the strings; Like falling flowers on the water. " In this passage, the author uses five things: hazy moonlight, morning mist of roses, sweet words of lovers, breeze blowing on strings and falling flowers floating on the water to describe the sound of the sea thoughtfully with metaphors. From the perspective of vision, hearing and touch, sound is expressive and fascinating. Metaphor is based on both hearing and vision, fresh and appropriate. It is also in this article that the author uses metaphor many times to let us see "drizzle-like water drops at dusk", let us hear the tidal sound of "bells, cymbals and drums playing", let us immerse ourselves in the beauty of the sea and receive excellent artistic effects.
Third, metaphor is used to describe people, and the characters have both form and spirit.
For example, in the section of Bai Niu's appearance in Ming Hu Ju Listening to Books, after describing the appearance of the protagonist, she painted her eyes with a strong color: "Those eyes are like autumn water, like cold stars, like treasures, like white mercury, and there are two or nine black mercury in them. Looking around, even people sitting far away in the corner feel that Wang Xiaoyu has seen them. The author uses the method of "painting eyes" to make metaphors in many aspects, showing its beauty-clear autumn water, bright cold stars, bright pearls and moist mercury, thus showing the infinite elasticity and myriad modes of the "window of the soul" of white cattle, making a radiant image vivid and infectious.
Fourth, metaphorical reasoning, the reason is concrete and clear.
Like Xun Kuang's "Persuasion", almost the whole article uses metaphors, which effectively enhances the visualization of reasoning. Such as: "I have been thinking all day, it is better to learn what I have learned in a short time;" I'm looking forward to it after tasting it. It's better to go up and have a look. Climb a trick, the arm does not lengthen, but the person you see is far away; Call with the wind, the sound does not add disease, but the listener is obvious. Those who cheat horses are not good enough, but cause thousands of miles; A man who pretends to be a boat can't swim, but he can't swim. The life of a gentleman is different, good or false. In order to illustrate the importance of "fake things", this paper uses four metaphors: "climbing high", "calling with the wind", "fake horse" and "fake boat". The first two metaphors imply the word "false", while the last two express the word "false", which shows that people can make great progress with the help of learning and fully illustrates the important role of learning. Most of these metaphors are familiar things in life, which are simple and appropriate, make abstract things thorough and vivid, read with relish, and are very convincing and enlightening.
Fifth, the metaphor is lyrical and the feelings are meaningful and moving.
The last four sentences of Yu Qing 'an written by He Zhu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, have always been praised: "What is the leisure?" Yichuan smoke, full of wind, plum yellow rain. "When I wrote this word in Huangmei season, the author remembered that the lover I secretly loved had disappeared, like the lost spring day, I didn't know where to wander, so my feelings gathered and I was full of sadness. Here and now, leisure can not help but be like endless tobacco, like a city flying all over the sky. If Huang Meiyu is endless, so many, so chaotic, so long, so chaotic, so persistent. The poet skillfully uses three concrete and infectious images to describe and compare repeatedly, and then transforms the emotion of "carefree sorrow" that is difficult to touch and identify into three colorful scenes without trace, creating an extremely beautiful artistic conception.
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Synaesthesia is to communicate the feelings of different senses, which leads to the transfer of feelings through association. The application of synaesthesia skills of "writing feelings with feelings" can break through the limitations of language, enrich the aesthetic interest of expression and expression, and achieve the artistic effect of improving literary talent.
For example, appreciating the repetition and changing style of architecture will be associated with the repetition and changing rhythm of music; Smelling acid will associate with sharp objects; Hearing the ethereal and gentle concert, I think of the thin translucent tulle; Another example is Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, in which "the breeze sends fragrance everywhere, as if it were a faint song on a distant high building".
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The most typical example: the breeze blows, sending wisps of fragrance, like a faint song from a distant building "(Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond).
Incense is the sense of smell, singing is the sense of hearing, and the author communicates the two feelings, which is synaesthesia.
The detailed explanation is as follows:
People's cognitive activities generally go from feeling, perception to representation, and then form concepts, judgments and reasoning.
People's different senses can only identify certain attributes of things, so in the process of feeling, perception and representation, it is actually a process in which various sensory organs are interrelated. The synaesthesia of human artistic activities is actually an artistic expression of people's cognitive activities.
Aesthetics is a unique activity of human beings. Synaesthesia is to make people's vision, hearing, smell, touch and other aesthetic senses communicate and transform with each other in people's aesthetic activities. Mr. Qian Zhongshu once said, "In daily experience, vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste can often communicate with each other, and the functional domains of eyes, ears, tongue, nose and body can be separated ...". It can be seen that synaesthesia widely exists in people's daily life feelings, just like when you watch spring scenery in the garden, you will hum the Song of Spring. The imprint of words in real life inevitably lays the imprint of "synaesthesia". For example, in words such as "swaying tone", "indifferent expression" and "a round of Leng Yue", vision, hearing and touch constitute synaesthesia. People often use "sweetness" to describe singing. Sweetness belongs to taste impression, beauty belongs to visual impression, and singing belongs to auditory feeling. Among the five senses, sight and hearing are the most common. Using synaesthesia can break through people's mindset and deepen art. The foundation of synaesthesia philosophy is the universal principle of nature, and objective things do not exist in isolation, and they are inextricably linked. Synaesthesia can also express human feelings with the help of sound and color, which has become an important artistic expression in writing practice. In modern literary works, the application of synaesthesia can make readers participate in the perception of aesthetic objects and overcome the limitations of aesthetic objects, thus making the aesthetic feeling produced by the article richer and stronger.
The Synaesthesia of Qian Zhongshu's Literary Works
There is a descriptive technique in China's poems, which ancient critics and rhetoricians don't seem to understand or know.
There is a famous sentence in Song Qi's "Yulouchun": "The branches of red apricots are full of spring." Don't comment on the seventh sentence of Li Yu's Collection of Li Weng's Legacies, Volume 8, My Opinion on Ci, but laugh it off: "This statement is extremely difficult to understand. Fighting is called' noisy'; I still have no problem with peaches and plums and apricots. If there is a word' noisy', then use the words' noisy',' fight' and' fight'! " At the same time, Fang Zhongtong's letter "Continued Companion" Volume 4 "With Zhang Weisi" is all refuting Li Yu, although there is no name; Quoting "Red apricots are hard for spring", he went on to say: "Try to cite the phrase" Red leaves in the temple burn people's eyes, and moss on the ground dyes horseshoes ",saying that the word" burning "is vulgar, so red leaves are not fire, so people can't be burned, but they can. But there are eyes in the sentence, and the word "burn" can't describe its red color or its red ears. There is an external reason in the poem. Is it reasonable to write a book and tell a book at the same time? " I didn't make it clear that "reason beyond reason". There is a sentence in Su Shi's short work "Watching the Starry Sky at Night". In Volume II of Ji Yun's Su Shi Review, an ink stick is placed next to the sentence and a comment is added: "Like a meteor!" This means that he didn't understand the meaning of that sentence and mistakenly thought that it was like what Si Kongtu wrote: "Even if a little star is about to fall, the flame will ignite and the sound will drag behind." Song people often use the word "noisy" to describe the scenery without "sound", so it is not unusual to see it.
Yan Dao Ji's Linjiang Xianzi: "The wind blows plum blossoms, and the rain is sunny and apricot blossoms are fragrant." Mao Kun's "Huanxisha": "The water in the north is cold and snowy like plum, and the water in the south is full of snow." Ma Yanzi's Ruan Langgui: "The churning of makeup is a Su Causeway, and you won't know it in spring!" Huang Tingjian's Tale of a Talented Man and Gong Bing: "The car racing lights are flashing, and the land is quiet and people are idle." In addition, "Feng He Wang Shibi sends a message to Mr. Qi Ge": "The cold window wears a blue stream to moisten the foundation and make moss." Chen Ye Fu: "Fireflies are noisy for three nights, Wan Li Tianhe Heng." Lu You's "Opening the Year" ... Fu Bao: "A hundred herbs blow sweet butterflies, and a stream of green egrets is idle." Fan Chengda's "There are more and more boating in the stream in the last two days of beginning of autumn": "When there is no water in trouble, red lotus intoxicated white lotus. Chen Qiqing's "Visiting the sky with two or three friends": "The moon turns over the willow tail shadow, and the wind dishes are hibiscus." Also, "Holding Chen Magistrate": "The news on the Japanese side is noisy, and the willow trees are sparse when it is exposed. Zhao's "Kangbuling" ... secret service: "If you are in trouble, you will be annoyed. "From these examples, Fang Zhongtong said that the word" noisy "is not accurate enough to describe his apricot red; It should be said: "Describe the richness (complexity) of its flowers. "The word' noisy' refers to the silent gesture that things seem to have fluctuations in sound, as if they have gained auditory feelings visually. This sentence by Ma can be compared with a poem written by another Southern Song Dynasty person, Chen Zao, about a spring trip to the West Lake: "Thirty thousand fingers are songs, and the colorful boats are shared equally with the lakes and mountains. "Huan" means "strike", which means that the sound is too loud and deafening. "It means" make-up ",which is equivalent to" make-up "and refers to colorful and crowded scenes. Although "Qian" and "Noisy" are synonyms, they describe two different meanings in Ma Ci and Chen Shi respectively. ......
In daily experience, vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste can often communicate with each other, and the fields of eyes, ears, tongue, nose and body can be borderless. Color seems to have temperature, sound seems to have image, cold and warm seems to have weight, and smell seems to have physique. Such things often appear in the common language. For example, when we say "light" and "sound", we turn the word "light" into sound, just as vision and hearing have a "wealth friendship" at this point. For example, the idioms "lively" and "quiet" also mean that "hot" and "noisy", "cold" and "quiet" have the same feeling and form a spouse, so Fan Chengda can alienate each other and say that "there is no warmth and warmth after the strike". Li Yishan's Miscellaneous Meaning has long pointed out: "It is cold to wear blue clothes in winter, but it is hot to see red clothes in Xia Yue". We also say that the red color "warm", the green color "cold", "warm red" and "cold blue" have all become poetic rhetoric.