It has been more than 2000 years since Qin Shihuang "rode on the six seals" and the blood-stained golden knife was burned by the six seals.
Due to different dynasties, the number of precious seals is not the same. However, with the passage of time, there are few precious seals of emperors, but there are many remains in Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in Qing Dynasty. Except for a few lost to the people and overseas because of the war, most of them are still collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
These precious seals are the imperial items of the emperor. When it was made, it was mostly ordered by the emperor and completed by craftsmen in the imperial palace. Generally, it has to go through the procedures of selecting materials, engraving buttons, printing, presenting to the emperor, modifying, carving, polishing and presenting. They are strict in requirements, fine in workmanship and have the characteristics of royal elegance. Its texture includes jade (white jade, sapphire, jade, etc.). ), stone (including Shoushan stone, Qingtian stone, feldspar stone, etc. ), wood (including tannanmu, bamboo roots, etc. ), bones (including ivory and camel bones, etc. ), metals (including gold, silver, copper, etc. ), covering almost all materials that can be used to make seals.
There are many kinds of "national treasures" used to represent feudal countries and imperial power and issue imperial edicts; The collection of the paintings and calligraphy of Empress Dowager Cixi or the paintings and calligraphy of the predecessors that Empress Dowager Cixi has always admired, or the ancient and modern rare books collected by the inner government, can best reflect the thoughts, interests and inner feelings of Empress Dowager Cixi, as well as the palace seal. The Forbidden City is not only the residence of Empress Dowager Cixi, but also a huge treasure house of art collection.
In particular, China's paintings and calligraphy are second to none. While learning to appreciate, emperors often put collection marks on these works, which overlapped in previous dynasties, and some of them reached dozens of squares, which became a major feature of the court's collection of calligraphy and painting books.
Correspondingly, there are also a large number of appraisal seals in the emperor's treasure seal. There are several situations in which the Qing emperors collected seals: one is that some palaces in the palace are equipped with ancient books or calligraphy and painting, and all the collections in these palaces must be stamped with the seals of the palace.
Such as Gan Qing Palace Collection Seal, hall of mental cultivation Collection Seal, Leshou Hall Collection Seal, Imperial Study Collection Seal, Wuyi Zhai Collection Seal, Chunhua Xuan Stack Room, etc. At the same time, it is also necessary to stamp the emperor's seal of "imperial reward" and "imperial reading"; One is that the Qing emperor attached great importance to the collation of ancient works of art, and once ordered, collated and printed a large number of bibliographies about ancient works of art. Such as shiqu Baodi, secret temple pearl forest, Xiqing ancient mirror, etc.
Recorded works, such as rare books, inscriptions on calligraphy and painting, are also stamped with corresponding seals, such as "Baodi in Shiqu", "Collection of Baodi in Shiqu", "Zhu Lin in Secret Hall" and "Ji Jian in Zhu Lin". , as a mark of the record; The other is that the Qing emperor stored the essence of the imperial palace collection in one place and became a large series with a general name. All the books received are used as a series of seals in the name of seals.
Such as Tianlu Lin Lang, Tianlu Ji Jian, The Essence of Bathhouse Book, The Essence of Shu Wei Room Book; The other kind is the emperor's own imperial calligraphy and painting, which is often stamped with the seals of "Imperial Pen" and "Chen Han", and other small seals are selected according to the contents of imperial books. Tibetan seals like this were made by almost every emperor in the Qing Dynasty after he ascended the throne.
Qianlong was the emperor who made the most seals, carved more than 1800 seals in his life, and printed thousands of ancient and modern paintings and calligraphy. He is the emperor who has left the most impression on paintings and books. Through these seals, we can understand the description and circulation of Qing palace collections, especially paintings and calligraphy works.
Carving the names of palaces, pavilions, museums and other rooms on the seal is the seal of the room name. It is said that it began with the imperial seal of Li Mi, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty. Later, scholars followed suit, and by the Song Dynasty, this trend had become quite common.
The palace seal of the Qing emperor is a continuation of this kind of seal and an important part of the imperial seal of the Qing emperor. The seal of the emperor's temple number in Qing Dynasty is closely related to the rise and fall of civil engineering in Qing Dynasty.
Shunzhi dynasty was at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty's entry into the customs, and its attention was focused on adjusting ethnic relations and consolidating the Manchu regime. There was little large-scale civil construction, so there were few temple seals, and so far only one kind of "body seal" was seen. However, Emperor Kangxi made outstanding achievements in the integration of Manchu and Han nationalities and cultural development, so most of his few temples were closely related to his cultural activities. For example, there are books named after Yuan Jianzhai, such as Yuan Jianzhai's Ancient Literature, Yuan Jianzhai's Letters, Yuan Jianzhai's Fa Tie and Yuan Jianzhai's Antique Treasures.
There are books named after Pei Wenzhai, such as Pei Wenyun's House, Pei Wenzhai's Calligraphy and Painting Spectrum, Pei Wenzhai's Poems about Things, and Pei Wenzhai's Wide Group Spectrum. "Mao Qin Temple" is not only a place to store the articles in the imperial study, but also a book stand named "Fa Tie of Mao Qin Temple".
These are all very important cultural achievements of the Kangxi dynasty; Yong Zhengdi's temple name seal is mostly concentrated in Yuanmingyuan except for several places where he often moves in the palace, which shows that this period is an important period for the construction of Yuanmingyuan. Qianlong period was the peak of palace garden construction in Qing dynasty, when Beijing was built on a large scale. Many scenic spots, historical sites and garden landscapes inside and outside Beijing were either built, expanded or repaired at this time. Correspondingly, the temple number seals of major scenic spots and buildings such as ouchi, Sanhai, Sanshan and Wuyuan all appear in the treasure seal of Qianlong.
After Jiaqing, the national strength declined and there were fewer and fewer civil buildings, so the seal of the Forbidden City also showed such a decreasing trend. Palace seals will also provide us with a lot of information about palace buildings.
First of all, it shows the function of the building. For example, "Victoria's Secret Li Shuquan Shu Hui Yaobao" and "Yi Zao Tang Quan Shu Hui Yaobao". Victoria's Secret Lishu and Yizhaotang are special places for storing "four Ku all-Shu Hui medicines", so they are made of seals.
Secondly, it shows the activities of the queen in the palace. For example, "Yuan Jian Painted Well" vividly shows the scene of Emperor Kangxi splashing ink and dyeing Han in Yuan Jianzhai.
Thirdly, there is a combination seal in the palace seal, which is usually a group of three parties. The texture and fastening system of the three seals are the same. One of them is a palace seal, and the other two are poetry seals, which are used to explain the meaning and origin of the temple name in the temple name seal, from which it is not difficult to know the original intention of its palace name. In short, the imperial seal of the Forbidden City has a very high historical price.
2. What is the detailed explanation of Yue's life?
Detailed explanation of Yue's life: 2.
1 Dividend in low-grade and universal account guarantee 1 How many years will it take to return the capital? In the case of 75% yield, the 0-year-old boy can't return to his capital until he is 10, while in the case of mid-range dividend and universal account with 5% yield, the 0-year-old boy can't return to his capital until he is 8 years old.
2。 What is the actual rate of return? The calculation of interest rate income of annuity insurance is very simple. The actual operation of an artifact-IRR has been introduced before, as shown below: If all the returned money is taken out, the actual internal rate of return (IRR, equivalent to annualized return on investment) is only about 1 when you are 60 years old, without calculating dividend income.
6%。 In all fairness, basically how to invest now, the rate of return is more than this, even if you buy a money fund of Yu 'ebao, there are at least three points.
Of course, for users who pursue the maximization of interests, they can also not take all the money out and wait until they are 70 years old to receive it in one lump sum. According to the demonstration of a third-party software, under the premise of low-level dividends, the insured quietly left the money he should receive every year in the Jucaibao account, after years of compound interest.
According to the current yield of Jucaibao is 5%, if it is 5% every year in the future, then the total interest of the insured at the age of 75 is 395,365,438+02 yuan; Roughly speaking, the annualized rate of return on his investment is 3. 9% or so, but the income of 5% is only the current level, which does not mean that it will always be like this in the next few decades, especially in the context of falling interest rates. It is undoubtedly an extravagant hope to expect Jucaibao to maintain this rate of return all the time, even now, 3.
9% yield is not low, but it is not high.