Zhuge Liang (181-234) was a statesman and strategist in Shu and Han Dynasties. The word Kongming was born in Yangdu, Langya (now Yinan, Shandong). At the end of Eastern Han Dynasty. Living in seclusion in Longzhong, Deng County (now Xiangyang West, Hubei Province), paying attention to the world is called "Wolong". In the 12th year of Jian 'an (27), Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times, and he proposed to Liu Bei to occupy Jing (now Hunan and Hubei) and Yi (now Sichuan and Chongqing) to win the support of the rulers of all ethnic groups in southwest China, unite with Sun Quan and fight against Cao Cao. The proposal to unify the whole country, that is, the so-called "Longzhong confrontation." Since then, he has become Liu Bei's main counselor. According to his strategy, Liu Bei joined forces with Sun to attack Cao, won the victory of "Battle of Red Cliffs", occupied Jingyi and established the Shu-Han regime. Cao Pi took the place of Han, and he advised Liu Bei to proclaim himself emperor and become prime minister. In the first year of Jianxing (223), Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, and he was appointed as the marquis of Wuxiang, leading Yizhou as a shepherd. No matter how big or small the political affairs are, it is up to him. During his administration, he made great efforts to govern, strictly rewarded and punished, and implemented the policy of reclaiming farmland. And improve relations with ethnic groups in southwest China, which is conducive to the development of local economy and culture. He sent troops to attack Wei five times and competed for the Central Plains. In the 12th year of Jianxing (235), he refused with Wei Sima Yi in Weinan, died of illness in Wuzhang former army and was buried in Dingjun Mountain (now southwest of Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province). He was named "loyal to Wuhou". According to legend, a new crossbow was innovated, which can fire ten arrows at the same time and create a "wooden ox and a flowing horse", which is beneficial to mountain transportation. Author of Zhuge Liang Collection.
when it comes to Zhuge Liang, it can be said that everyone knows it. He is a famous statesman and strategist in the history of our country, "zhuge's prestige transcends the earth" (Du Fu's poem). People always regard him as the embodiment of wisdom, and people admire him. Zhuge Liang has such a great influence, which is inseparable from the admiration of the ruling class in previous dynasties and the description and rendering of him in novels and dramas. However, the real Zhuge Liang in history is not exactly the same as Zhuge Liang portrayed in novels and dramas. What is the real Zhuge Liang in history?
Zhuge Liang was born in the fourth year (181) in a bureaucratic landlord family with low family background. His father, Zhuge Xuan, had been a county official in Taishan, and his uncle, Zhuge Xuan, had contacts with Yuan Shu and Liu Biao, the powerful aristocrats at that time. There are three brothers Zhuge Liang, an elder brother Zhuge Jin, a younger brother Zhuge Jun, and two older sisters. Due to his father's early death, Zhuge Liang, his brother and sister all depended on his uncle Zhuge Xuan for a living.
Zhuge Liang spent his childhood in war. In the fourth year of his birth, that is, the first year of Emperor Zhongping of the Han Dynasty (AD 184), the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out, which was followed by the fighting and scuffle between the powerful landlord armed forces that grew up in suppressing the Yellow Scarf Uprising for territory. Langya County belongs to Xuzhou, which is a piece of fat meat in the minds of powerful people. Tao Qian, Lu Bu and Cao Cao have occupied and robbed this place successively. The war in Xuzhou made it difficult for Zhuge Xuan's family to settle down again. In order to escape the war, Zhuge Xuan led his family and left his hometown, first to Yuan Shu, then to Liu Biao in Jingzhou, and finally to live in Xiangyang.
when Zhuge Liang was 17 years old, his uncle Zhuge Xuan died. Zhuge Liang lost his dependence, so he took his younger brother Zhuge Jun in Longzhong Village, 2 miles west of Xiangyang City, bought a little land, built several straw houses, and began to live a secluded life of "plowing in Nanyang, risking his life in troubled times, and not asking Wen Da to be a vassal" as he said in "A Teacher" 2 years later.
the life in Longzhong is 1 years. In the past 1 years, Zhuge Liang has read a lot of classics and hundred schools of thought's works, especially the legalist works such as Shen Zi and Han Feizi. Zhuge Liang was deeply impressed by the theory of legalists' practice in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He knew that in this turbulent times, legalists' thoughts, including their experience in governing the country, were the most suitable and practical. Extensive reading, hard study and study have enabled him to acquire rich knowledge in politics, military affairs and history.
these 1 years are also the process of Zhuge Liang's learning from his teachers, making friends, and increasing his knowledge. At that time, there were relatively few wars in Jingzhou, and scholars and celebrities in the Central Plains fled to this place. Older than Zhuge Liang, there are Pang Degong, a famous celebrity, Si Mahui, known as Mr. Water Mirror, and Huang Chengyan, a famous celebrity in Miannan (that is, Zhuge Liang's father-in-law), etc. They have all become the friends of Zhuge Liang. These people are thoughtful, knowledgeable and insightful. Zhuge Liang humbly asked them and learned a lot from them. Thanks to Si Mahui's introduction, Zhuge Liang once again worshipped a recluse, Tanjiu, who is called "Tangong". Tanjiu is well versed in military strategy and art of war. Moved by Zhuge Liang's spirit and behavior of "serving only sincerely", Tanjiu taught him three art books. This will undoubtedly help Zhuge Liang to assist Liu Bei in leading the army to fight in the future.
among Zhuge Liang's friends, there are also some young scholars, including Pang Degong's nephew Pang Tong, Xu Shu and Shi Guangyuan of Yingchuan, Meng Gongwei of Runan and so on. They often learn together, comment on world events and express their ambitions.
While reading, studying and making friends, Zhuge Liang did not forget the political situation at that time. In the 1 years of Longzhong, the political situation was changeable. At this time, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and unified the north in the first world war. Sun Quan's stepbrother's inheritance led Jiangdong, and Cao Cao dominated the Central Plains at that time; Liu Biao, who is in Jingzhou, is a man who talks about fame, but does not want to achieve great things. It is only a matter of time before he is swallowed up by the strongmen ... As a result of the dispute between the heroes, there will inevitably be a situation of separation. Because Zhuge Liang paid attention to the study of the political and military situation at that time, he gradually formed his own political views and coping strategies. When talking about the real social situation with friends, he knows everything about the fire, and he is very insightful, so he is called "Junjie" by Si Mahui.
it is Zhuge Liang's consistent thought to study, to learn from his ambition and to apply what he has learned. So what is Zhuge Liang's ambition? From the following two examples, we can see his ideals and ambitions.
According to Wei Lue, one day Zhuge Liang was talking with three friends, Shi Guangyuan, Xu Shu and Meng Gongwei. Zhuge Liang calmly said to them, "If you are an official, you can be a magistrate and secretariat." The three men asked Zhuge Liang what he thought, but Zhuge Liang just "laughed without saying anything". This "laughing without words" has already shown that Zhuge Liang has great ambitions.
According to the biography in the History of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang often compared himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi in his high position. He thinks that there is neither a wise man like Guan Zhong nor a great star like Le Yi. Guan Zhong was a great statesman of the State of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period. He once assisted Qi Huangong, nine princes and conquered the world, making the State of Qi a powerful vassal state. Le Yi was a famous soldier of Yan State during the Warring States Period. He supported Weak Yan and commanded Qiang Bing, who captured more than 7 cities of Qi State in one fell swoop, making Yan State one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period.
From these places, it can be seen that Zhuge Liang compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi, thinking that he had the strategy of governing the country as a prime minister and the way of leading troops as a famous soldier. He is in troubled times, and he is determined to do something amazing, both politically and militarily, like Guan Zhong and Le Yi. He aims to sweep away the pack and end the division.
To govern troubled times, we must rely on wisdom, and we must rely on the wise master to achieve it. The so-called "a good bird chooses a wood to live in, and a good minister chooses a master to follow" means to carefully choose a "wise master" who can assist. What kind of person is Zhuge Liang's "wise Lord"? Before we met Liu Bei, we can say that there was no specific object in Zhuge Liang's thoughts at this time, but if we contact his friends' comments on the evaluation of the powerful workshops at that time and future articles such as "Longzhong Dui" and "On Guangwu", Zhuge Liang has his own standards for choosing "a wise master".
Zhuge Liang was influenced by feudal orthodoxy since he was a child, and systematically studied the subset of classics and history during his ten years in Longzhong. The idea of loyal monarch serving the country and repaying his kindness was deeply rooted in his mind. At that time, the most powerful warlord was Cao Cao in the north, who was brilliant and influential, but from the orthodox point of view, his practice of "holding the emperor to make the princes" was disgusting. Pang Tong once talked to Zhuge Liang about Cao Cao, thinking that although he was a capable minister who managed the world, he was also a treacherous man in troubled times. For people like Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang will think that he is a "wise master" and it is impossible to take refuge in him and assist him. As a matter of fact, in the book Longzhong Dui, which will be discussed below, Zhuge Liang also set the goal of eliminating Cao Shi Group.
Zhuge Liang is even more familiar with Liu Biao's behavior quality. Even his in-law Huang Chengyan, the old gentleman, refused to come out to help him, and Zhuge Liang certainly wouldn't consider him a "democratic master".
what about sun quan of Soochow? Although he is a man of great achievements, he is ambitious to "build an emperor for the world", and he is also an ambitious man who is determined to save and usurp. Zhuge Liang's brother Zhu Gejin has gone to Jiangdong to assist him, but Zhuge Liang did not follow him to Jiangdong. It should be said that in Zhuge Liang's mind, Sun Quan is not a "democratic master" who can go through fire and water for it.
as for the occupation of Sichuan and Sichuan, "(? N) Weak "Yizhou grazing Liu Zhang is not worth mentioning.
From the article "On Guangwu" written by Zhuge Liang, we can get a glimpse of Zhuge Liang's principle of choosing a master. Liu Xiu, Guangwu Emperor, was the master of Zhongxing in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In his article, Zhuge Liang greatly appreciates Liu Xiu's "far-reaching strategy" and yearns for the cause of rejuvenating the Han Dynasty by "seeking common ground" between military officials and ministers. Nanyang County was the birthplace of Liu Xiuzhongxing. Can history repeat itself? Can there be a "holy king" and "wise Lord" like Emperor Guangwu again in the world today? This problem can only be understood when Liu Bei appears in front of Zhuge Liang.
In a word, the ten years in the middle school is a decade for Zhuge Liang to learn and grow his talents, and it is also a period for him to "wait for time" and "wait for the Lord". This fledgling young man, just like the nickname "Wolong" given to him by Pang Degong, will be able to walk in the clouds and show his talents and ambitions once the storm breaks out.
The time has finally come. Liu Bei, the "Liu Huangshu", personally came to Longzhong in the 12th year of Jian 'an in Han Dynasty (AD 27) to visit Zhuge Liang.