After the "An Shi Rebellion", the Tang Dynasty has a long history. After Tang Shunzong Li Yong ascended the throne, he appointed Wang, Wang Lai and other reformists to try to reform state affairs. The reform began vigorously, but it soon failed, such as a flash in the pan. History calls this reform "Yongzhen innovation", also known as the "two kings and eight horses" incident.
There are serious defects in Tang Dezong's old and new policies in his later years. Prince Li Yong has a deep understanding of this, and Wang He and Wu Wang, who serve the prince with chess skills, also have innovative aspirations. The two kings took advantage of their favorable position to contact like-minded people and prepare to do something. When Dezong died and the prince was unable to speak because of illness, the prince's accession to the throne opened the prelude to reform.
Tang Dezong, who acceded to the throne after An Shi Rebellion, was not a mediocre master, but an impatient, suspicious, headstrong person who liked to act rashly. He reused eunuchs Dou Wenyou and Huo Xianming, so that they mastered the actual leadership of the Shence Army and became an almost invincible force in imperial politics. He also devoted himself to searching for the people's wealth, collecting wealth, renovating all kinds of names, and complaining all the time.
Prince Li Yong of Dezong has lived in the East Palace for more than 20 years. He often cares about state affairs and knows more about people's sufferings. Wang, Wang Lai and others around the prince are also famous for their ambition to innovate national affairs. Wang is good at Weiqi, waiting for letters and princes in imperial academy. Wang Lai is good at calligraphy, and he is good at calligraphy. Therefore, the two often take the opportunity to provide private information to the prince and discuss state affairs. On one occasion, the prince chatted with his attendants and talked about the disadvantages of the "palace market" at that time. As soon as the chatterbox was opened, everyone gushed and was very angry. The prince was also very impulsive and said, "What you commented on is urgent. I just want to remonstrate with the emperor and try my best to eradicate it. " Seeing the prince so excited, everyone praised his virtue, but Wang was silent. The prince saw it in his eyes. When everyone else left, he left the king behind and said, "Just now, only the king didn't speak. Is there something deeper to tell me? " The king said to him, "I was blessed by His Royal Highness the Prince. Do you dare to say anything? " Please think about it, your highness. What should the Crown Prince give priority to? The prince was puzzled and asked, "What do you mean?" The king said to him, "The position of a monarch should be to care about his father's diet and health, and should not talk about other things easily." The emperor has been in power for a long time. Once you suspect that the prince has bought people's hearts, how can you free yourself? " Hearing this, the prince broke out in a cold sweat and looked at the loyal master. He really appreciates it. From then on, I trusted Wang.
With the trust and support of the prince, Wang used his special status and position to meet some like-minded people to prepare for future reforms, and often recommended people who could be generals and generals to the prince, hoping to use them in the future. At that time, the main contacts with Wang were Wei Zhiyi, a bachelor of Hanlin, and other courtiers such as Lu Wen, Li Jingjian, Han Ye, Han Tai, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Ling Zhun and Cheng Yi. Later, it was closely related to Crown Prince Niu (the queen after the Crown Prince succeeded to the throne) and eunuch Li Zhongyan. This group of people who have different degrees of reform intentions due to various factors often discuss state affairs together and encourage each other. Of course, the core figures are "two kings", especially Wang.
In September 804, in the twentieth year of Zhenyuan in Dezong, Prince Li Yong was unable to speak because of a wind disease, which brought trouble to the throne. Long before the prince became ill, Dezong had suspected the prince because of the "magic technology" incident and had the idea of replacing the prince. Fortunately, Li Mili, the prime minister at that time, remonstrated that Dezong dismissed this idea. After the prince was infected with wind disease, he could not attend the Spring Festival celebration in the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805). At this time, Dezong was old and weak. Seeing that the prince could not come, he sobbed and lamented that he was ill in bed soon and could not see the DPRK. For more than 20 days, there was no news from the two palaces (the Imperial Palace and the Eastern Palace), and the court was anxious.
In this delicate situation, a competition around the issue of successors began. A group of people, representing the official palace, Zheng Wen and Xue Yingzhen, were preparing to change the Shu king Li Yi into emperor when Dezong had died. At that time, Wang's nephew, Li Zhongyan, an official who supported Prince Li Yong in Sicheng, discovered the plot and immediately tried to inform Wang. Wang Ji called Hanlin Bachelor Ling Zhun, Yu Shi Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi and others to discuss and decided to win the support of etiquette and make Li Yong the throne. On the third night after Dezong's death, Andrew, Wei Cigong, your father, Li Cheng, Zhang Yu, Wang Ya and others entered the Taiji Hall where Dezong Lingshu was located and had an argument. Defeated the eunuchs' plot to change the status of Zheng Wen and Xue Yingzhen, and decided to publicly mourn Dezong the next day and ask Prince Li Yong to reign. Although Zheng Wen and others no longer say anything verbally, what they are thinking is that the prince can't talk or do it. How will he be king tomorrow?
But Prince Li Yong has extraordinary perseverance. When the king came back to the East Palace to tell him that the emperor had died, and now he was worried at home and abroad, and needed all the troops to make peace, the prince stood up with a shout, hurriedly put on his purple robe, and Ma Xie stepped out of the temple with the help of the palace attendants, got into the chariot and walked out of the Nine Immortals Gate. When the prince appeared in the distance, people cheered and cheered, and people were calm. The next day, the prince, dressed in mourning, met with civil and military officials in Zheng Xuan Hall and announced the posthumous edict of the late emperor. On the 26th day of the first month in the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), Prince Li Yong ascended the throne in Taiji Hall, which was known as Shunzong in history. The curtain of reform can be opened.
After Shunzong acceded to the throne, he reused the people of the "two kings" group. In a short time, a series of reform measures have been introduced one after another. Because this reform was carried out during the Yongzheng period, it was called "Yongzheng Innovation" in history.
After Tang Shunzong ascended the throne in the first year of Zhenyuan (805), although he was extremely weak, he still did not change his original intention and resolutely supported the political reform movement. He accepted Wang's recommendation and appointed Wei Zhiyi, a member of the "Two Kings" group, as prime minister on February 1 1. /kloc-more than 0/0 days later, Wang was appointed as an academician, and Wang Lai was appointed as an academician. With the support of Wei Zhiyi, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Lu Wen, Lu Shi, Li Jingjian, Han Ye, Han Tai, Chen Jian, Ling Zhun and Cheng Yi, the reformists with the "two kings" as the core quickly introduced a series of reform measures.
Let's start with Jinghe. Shi Li was an imperial clan, and he was named King Tao. In the past, when he was a judge of Colliers, when we were in Shannan, he was almost killed by an angry sergeant because he deducted his salary. Fortunately, he ran fast and survived. His temperament has not changed since he became a Jing. In the twentieth year of Zhenyuan (804), there was a drought in Guanzhong. When Dezong asked about the situation around Jingzhao, he replied: "Although there is drought this year, the crops are very good and there is no sign of famine." He wants to continue collecting gifts to win the favor of Dezong. Han Yu, who supervised the suggestion, didn't like it, so he remonstrated and was demoted. You Rencheng Fu Duan was beheaded by Shi Li on the charge of "slandering national politics" because he made up several ballads. At the beginning of the following year, Dezong ordered the exemption of Guinea's rent arrears, and Shi Li violated the collection regulations. Forcing farmers to sell land and pay taxes, in the process of urging them to pay taxes, several people in ten ancient times died at his hands. On February 11th, Yongzhenyuan year (805), Shunzong was demoted to peace as a long history of Tongzhou. As soon as the imperial edict came out, the whole city cheered, and many people were waiting to stone him on their way out of Beijing. Shi Li had to sneak into Xiyuan first, and then fled all the way to the west from the Moon Shadow Gate.
Then there is the "court market". As early as Dezong, eunuchs often searched for people's fat and paste in urban and rural markets in the name of collecting things from the palace, which was called "palace market". It is said that it is "market buying", but in fact it is either forced to buy at a low price or it is no use. People see them as if they saw robbers. Who are the two riders in Bai Juyi's The Carbon Man? It was the eunuchs in the palace and eunuchs who did it. Holding a document, I said, and went back to the car to scold Niu Yi, leading it north. The poem "a car full of charcoal, more than a thousand Jin, the palace envoy drives the general away" is a true and vivid portrayal of the "palace market" Now, if we stop this abuse, we will naturally win the hearts of the people, especially businessmen.
Stop "five children" The so-called five workshops are carving workshop, stork workshop, harrier workshop, eagle workshop and dog workshop. "Children" refer to officers serving in these five phalanxes. Wu Fang's children set nets to catch birds outside Chang 'an City, and sometimes they set nets at the door or by the well to prevent people from taking water. Only by giving money can they draw water. They don't give money for eating in restaurants, and sometimes they leave a basket of snakes for the shopkeeper to keep safe, saying that they are used to catch birds and give them to the emperor. When the owner saw this, he was terrified and lost money to make amends before he was willing to take the snake basket away. There are other evils of usurping the throne, and people look at them as if they were avoiding the plague. At this point, the people naturally support it.
Stop "Monthly Progress" and "Daily Progress". At that time, some local envoys, especially those of salt and iron, kept offering money to please Emperor Dezong, some once a month. Called "monthly advance"; Some people offer sacrifices once a day, which is called "Golden Day". Later, the local state secretariat and aides also followed suit, making the people miserable and complaining. When Shunzong was a prince, he hated it. Now when the emperor, that is, in addition to this shortcoming.
Release ladies-in-waiting and ladies-in-waiting music. There were often two or three thousand maids in the harem of the Tang Dynasty, and there were also many female musicians. Many imperial secretaries have never seen the emperor since the day they entered the palace. Bai Juyi's "Shang Yang Bai Mao Ren" wrote: "Shang Yang Ren, Shang Yang Ren, the beauty is dark and the hair is new, and the green messenger guards the palace gate. As soon as the sun closes, there are several springs! " It is a portrayal of the life and youth consumption of palace ladies. During the Yongzheng Innovation, 900 ladies-in-waiting and female musicians were released, and relatives were allowed to meet at Brewmaster Gate. Long live the family reunion, cheers!
While getting rid of the above obvious disadvantages, Wang and others began to attack the real power field and moved the knife to the stubborn disease.
The first is to control financial management. Since the Dezong Conference, the financial problem has been a big problem. Dezong tried to solve this problem when he was alive, but he didn't succeed after all. When Wang was around the prince, he looked coldly at 18, and deeply felt that the problem of wealth and wealth was the premise to solve other problems and the key to revitalizing imperial politics. However, due to the lack of suitable candidates in this area, it is difficult to start. After discussion with Liu Yuxi and others, I think Du You, the famous finance minister at that time, is more suitable to be the "envoy who spends money like water and combines salt and iron", and Wang himself is the deputy envoy. Because one of them, Liu Yuxi, is Du You's subordinate and deeply appreciated by Du You, Du Dangzheng will definitely let Liu Qu master the copy; At that time, Du You was the ambassador of Chafu and Dezong Mausoleum. Although he is an ambassador, he didn't really hold the post. Wang is a deputy ambassador, actually an ambassador. After careful consideration, Yong Zhenyuan (805) issued an imperial edict on March 17, appointing Du You as the "cross-branch salt and iron envoy" and Wang as the deputy envoy. Du You did put Liu Yuxi in charge of copywriting in the office, but he didn't really arrive at the post, and everything was as Wang expected.
Then he was ready to deprive the eunuch of his military power. Yong Zhenyuan (805) In May, after careful planning, Wang and others appointed Fan Xichao, general Eugene Wu, as the military and political envoy of our army to guide the towns in the west of Beijing. Fan is a famous minister and veteran, and it is natural to hold this position. Therefore, after the appointment was issued, it did not arouse the vigilance of the eunuch leader. In order to ensure the control of the Shence Army, Wang appointed the doctor Han Tai as the March Sima of the Shence Army to assist Fan Xichao. However, Han Tai was an obvious member of the "Two Kings" group at that time. After this appointment was issued, the eunuchs Ju Wenzhen and Liu Guang, who were in charge of the actual power of Shence Army, immediately became alert and realized that this was a "two kings" action to seize power. Therefore, the secret order Shence Army is not allowed to accept orders from Fan and Han. After Fan and Han were ordered to go to Fengtian, no one came to report for a long time, and this move was not implemented.
At the same time, prepare to cut off the buffer. Yong Zhenyuan (805) In April, I sent Wei Gaopai's confidants to Beijing, threatening and conniving at Wang, and proposed to completely own Jiannan Sanchuan (Jiannan Xichuan, Dongchuan and Shannan West Road are collectively called Sanchuan) in order to expand their territory. Wang angrily rejected Wei Gao's unreasonable demands righteously. On the second day after his arrival, Wang wrote to Wei Zhiyi, the prime minister, and asked Wei Zhiyi to teach the law. Wang wants to set an example for the next step to reduce the buffer region. However, Prime Minister Wei Zhiyi thought twice and didn't listen to Wang's instructions. This move has not been realized.
Later, historians called these reform measures "Yongzheng Innovation" because they were all introduced in Yongzheng Yuan.
Just when the king was in trouble, Dou Qun, the imperial adviser in the temple, came to see the king and said, "Last year, the price was very expensive, so it will take some time to move. Where were you then? Just a small official in the south of the Yangtze River wandering on the road! This time, you were in the same situation as Shi Li. How can you not think: will there be people like you on the roadside today? "
When Dou Qun talked to Wang, Wang ignored him, but the grim situation faced by the reformists could not be ignored.
Many measures in the "Yongzheng Reform", especially the reform measures and intentions involving financial power, military power and buffer regions, have aroused the anxiety, dissatisfaction and anger of many people from the central imperial court to local governments, because they touched their vital interests and status. As a result, a group of senior officials in the imperial court, eunuchs with real power around the emperor and generals in the buffer region changed from initial panic, wait-and-see and anxiety to public expression of dissatisfaction and anger, and began to jointly counter the reformists.
The first step in the counterattack is to make Chun Ali a prince. Chun Li was the son of Shunzong Li Yong, then the king of Guangling. As the spring calendar was the eldest son, eunuchs tried to win over and tried to replace Emperor Shunzong who supported the reform of the "two kings" with the spring calendar. Shortly after Shunzong ascended the throne, Wang's innovative measures were introduced one after another, and Wei Cigong and others. Li Jue, a bachelor of Hanlin, suggested that beginning of spring should be a prince as soon as possible, because Shunzong was in poor health and Chunli was the eldest son. However, Wang may not be sure about the political attitude of the Spring Calendar, and refused it on the grounds of "establishing a saint instead of an official position". Later, the old people in the Dezong period, such as Wen Zhen, Xue Wenzhen, Liu Guang Qi, etc., originally tended to establish Shu Wang as a prince, but when they saw that the situation was extremely unfavorable to them at that time, they took the initiative to contact Zuo Zheng and Wei Cigong. After reaching an agreement, they broke into the bed of Shunzong and could not stop Niu Zhaorong and Li Zhongyan who served Shunzong. Zuo Zheng took a piece from his sleeve that had already been prepared. There are only four words on the note: "Stand firm and work hard for a long time." Shunzong's memory became blank under the torture of wind disease. Staring at the note for a long time, he suddenly nodded. When Wen Zhen and others saw this scene, they bowed down and shouted "Long live", and then drafted an imperial edict to establish a prince, officially making beginning of spring the Crown Prince. When Wang heard the reading of Li's imperial edict, he had a premonition that the innovation had failed.
The second step is to revoke Wang's position as an academician. After Chun became a prince, the then prime minister Wei Zhiyi asked the learned Lu Zhi to be the assistant of the prince. Wei Zhiyi and Lu Zhi both belong to the "Two Kings" Group. The main purpose of Wei Zhiyi's doing this is to spy on the prince's movements at any time and win the sympathy and support of the future emperor in some ways. In addition, it also contains his personal intention to retire. Although he is a staunch supporter of Wang, he is not a seasoned politician. No sooner had he said a few words in front of the prince than he was pushed back by the prince: "Your Majesty asked your husband to explain the classics to me. What are you talking about? Please don't say any more, sir. " Lu retreated silently and came back to tell the king, more and more uneasy. Sure enough, a day later, when Wang came to the Hanlin Academy as usual, what was waiting for him was an imperial decree: transfer Wang to assistant minister of the Ministry of Housing and cut off the post of academician bachelor! Wang knows the seriousness of this letter, and he also knows that it is the work of a man who is full of literary treasures. He tried many times to save the situation through Li Zhongyan, Niu and other people who were closely related to Shunzong, and even entered the palace himself, but in the end he did not save the situation of being removed from the post of de facto prime minister, so he had to recite the sad poem "But before he could conquer, he was dead and often made the hero cry".
The third step is to force Shunzong to abdicate and let Prince Chunli reign. Shortly after Wang was deprived of his bachelor's degree in Hanlin, he had to leave because of his mother's funeral. At this time, Wei Zhiyi's attitude has obviously changed, and he turned to the Prince School. Wang Xi, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Han Tai and others, on the one hand, want to support the situation through Li Zhongyan's faction in the palace and the deterrence of Shunzong, who is seriously ill; On the other hand, he turned to Zaifu Du You to win the support of some courtiers. Wang Lai undertook the main work of this plan, but after many twists and turns, nothing was achieved. Under the great political pressure, his spirit tends to collapse and he has never left home. At this time, Wen Zhen and others saw it, with the support of the buffer region outside, the support of court officials inside, and the Ce Shen army in their hands. The "two kings" group is helpless, and the prince has a clear attitude and the time is ripe, so he can make up his mind. So, in mid-July, Jong Li Yanhe Niu Zhaorong, who was personally served by Shunzong, disappeared. In late July, he announced to Academician Hanlin: "The emperor has an imperial decree, and the Crown Prince will be in charge of military affairs (that is, temporarily handling military affairs). Please draft an imperial edict immediately. " On July 28th, the imperial edict was issued. The next day, the prince appeared in front of the ambassador, met with the prime minister, told the world and the country, and started the work of "power activities and military affairs." On the fourth day of August, the emperor's "Zen imperial edict" was issued from the inner palace. The next day, Shunzong, who was already "too", officially bid farewell to the throne of the emperor who had only sat for seven months, was helped up the steps and moved to Xingqing Palace surrounded by attendants in the palace. On the same day, another "Tai shang huang" wrote an imperial edict, ordering the Prince to ascend to the throne on the 9th of this month, and renamed it "Yong Zhen" to grant amnesty to the world. On August 9th, Prince Chunli officially proclaimed himself emperor, known as "Xian Zong" in history. Tang Shunzong, who supported the reform of the "Two Kings" clique, really "abdicated" in the political arena.
Shunzong "abdicated" and Xianzong ascended the throne, which means the complete end of "Yongzhen Innovation". The fate of the reformists was thus sealed.
On August 6th, before Tang Xianzong's reign, there was a decree that he would be demoted to Kaizhou Sima and Wang to Yuzhou, and he was dismissed. Kaizhou and Yuzhou are apart from Beijing 1460 and 2748 respectively. Soon, Wang Lai died in Kaizhou; The following year, Wang was granted death.
On September 13th, Yong Zhenyuan (805), Xian was demoted as the secretariat of the Shence Army Sima Hantai, the secretariat of China and South Korea in Chizhou, the secretariat of rites Liu Zongyuan in Taizhou and the secretariat of wasteland Liu Yuxi in Lianzhou. On November 7th of the same year, Wei Zhiyi was also demoted from the Prime Minister to Sima Yazhou. On the 13th of the same month, Classical thought that the punishment for the "Two Kings" group was too light, so he demoted Han Tai to Ganzhou Sima, Han Ye to Raozhou Sima, Liu Zongyuan to Yongzhou Sima, Liu Yuxi to Langzhou Landscape Painting Horse, Taizhou Sima, State Secretariat Ling to Lianzhou Sima, and Yuezhou Sima to Chenzhou Sima. At this point, plus Wei Zhiyi, all eight leaders of the "Two Kings" group were demoted to "Sima". Therefore, the history is called the "two kings and eight horses" incident.
The failure of "Yongzhen Innovation" is like a flash in the pan. The reasons for the failure of this innovation movement are complicated. The most important reason is that the rulers are unwilling to admit that the Tang Dynasty has turned from prosperity to decline, and has not yet reached the bottom of the valley, and has not yet reached the point where the extremes meet, and the social ruling and opposition parties have not been able to fundamentally reverse this evolution trend. In addition, there are some lessons worth summarizing.
First of all, Tang Shunzong, on which the reform team depends, is both a strong supporter and a major disadvantage. The political innovation movement in feudal times can only be a top-down movement. It is impossible to innovate politics without the support of the supreme ruler. As far as Tang Shunzong is concerned, he is eager for reform. Although suffering from wind disease, he still firmly supports the reform measures of the "two kings" group. This is the innate advantage of reformists. It is precisely because of this that when Shunzong became emperor, various reform measures could be smoothly introduced. However, this innate advantage is also an extremely unfavorable factor. This is Shunzong's physical condition. Because he can't speak most of the time, he can use both the "two kings" and the opposition. The twists and turns in the reform process clearly show this. Wang can take this opportunity to issue various reform letters and appoint important positions, and Ju Wenzhen and others can also take this opportunity to establish a king and remove him from his post. Moreover, due to Shunzong's serious illness, it is possible to "dominate the sky" at any time. For the "two kings" group, it is equivalent to losing the biggest and strongest backer at any time. Therefore, this reform was extremely dangerous and short-lived from the beginning. Later facts also proved this point. When Shunzong died, the innovation movement vanished. Almost all the "Shang Yang Reform" and other reform movements in feudal times were similar to this, but for a little longer.
Secondly, the pace of reform is too fast, which can be described as "eager to eliminate disadvantages." Judging from the main contents of "Yongzhen Innovation", they are all correct and progressive. But judging from the implementation time and steps of the reform, it is obviously too fast. In less than half a year, a series of innovative measures have been introduced one after another, involving many aspects of the life of the ruling and opposition parties, especially some long-standing chronic diseases, such as the eunuch's autocratic power and the separatist regime in the buffer region. The reform intention was exposed too early and the measures were not thorough. For example, when the confidant of Wei Gaozhi, the messenger of Jiannan, coerced Wang and demanded to take three towns again, Wang was not coerced, showing a politician's firm stance and integrity, which is undoubtedly worthy of recognition. However, he should not be so angry that he forced the Prime Minister Wei Zhiyi to execute Liu Pi the next day. Wei Zhiyi thinks this is too rash and will cause trouble. Angry and anxious, Wang accused Wei Zhiyi of forgetting their original agreement and putting Wei Zhiyi in an awkward position. Despite this, Wei Zhiyi patiently explained to him: "I naturally dare not forget the agreement. But I am careful now, not because I have other intentions, but because I am trying to be my brother! " It should be said that this is a heartfelt statement, but Wang did not listen. Because of this public outcry, our reporter Wei Gao, the leader of the buffer region, wrote in succession that North Korea opposed Wang and cooperated with eunuchs, which became an important reason for ruining the "Yongzheng Innovation". In addition, when Du You was appointed as the envoy of salt and iron, Wang was immediately appointed as the deputy envoy. After Fan Xichao was appointed as the leader of Shence Army, he immediately appointed Han Tai as his deputy, which made him worried, immediately aroused the vigilance of the opposition, and prompted several forces to join forces quickly. * * * Together with the reformists and their innovative measures, the innovation movement was caught in the dilemma of being attacked by many parties.
Thirdly, the "two kings" group is not good at uniting and using more talents, and there are cracks inside. In all fairness, the "two kings and eight horses" were all political elites at that time, and their own strength was not weak. But to launch a social innovation movement, it is far from enough to rely solely on these dozen people. When Wang Lai was in charge of scientific research, he crowded with dozens of people every day, as if he were expanding his team, but according to himself, all the people he used were "people available in Japan". "Available" is right, but people who are close to each other are too narrow-minded. When Wang knew this, he didn't think it was wrong. On the contrary, he stressed: "Never use aliens. This principle must be adhered to! " Although there is some truth in this statement, it will inevitably make the reform camp "similar" rather than "harmonious" and will offend a large number of people, not all of whom are opposed to reformers. Remind Wang's palace examination consultant Dou Qun is one of them. It's a pity that Wang didn't pay attention to this little man's outspoken views, confined himself to a small circle, failed to unite more people, and his sense of superiority became heavier and heavier, which made many people inside and outside the state affairs feel more and more that they were completely autocratic private parties. But this is not the case. There is a crack between Wang and Wei Zhiyi, and it is getting bigger and bigger. After the disagreement over Liu Pi's case, the contradiction was deepened by the "sheep quarrel". Yang Shizhen was a scholar and had a good relationship with Lu Wen in the "two kings" group, but he was similar to Dou Qun in character and some were pushy. He used to be the governor of Xuanji Doudufu, and Yong Zhenyuan (805) went to Beijing for business in May. When he heard that Wang was criticized by many people, he openly criticized Wang on a whim. Wang was extremely indignant at this, and felt that such a small official was so rampant that there was no dignity in him! Determined to make an example. So the imperial edict asked the Prime Minister Wei Zhiyi to chop the sheep. Wei Zhiyi didn't agree. Wang asked to be killed with a stick in Dali Temple, but Wei still didn't agree. Wang's anger suddenly broke out, and he cursed Wei Zhiyi's ingratitude in front of everyone, letting everyone know about the storm, making everyone lose face and grace, and exposing the contradictions within the reformists to the DPRK. Therefore, Wang Fuzhi's criticism of Wang in the Qing Dynasty was "small and easy to get rich, impetuous and disobedient", which really revealed the fatal defects in the character of reformist leaders.
Finally, the identity and origin of the "two kings" is also a less favorable factor. Wang and he are both southerners. Although Wang came to Chang 'an with a strong desire to pay attention to the sufferings of the people and improve politics, he was not able to gain fame and fortune, was not a scholar, and did not take the Jinshi exam in the imperial examination. Just because he is good at Go, he is lucky enough to serve the prince all day. Wang Lai came to Beijing from the south and spoke Wu dialect. Coupled with his short stature and plain appearance, people can know at a glance that he has a humble background. Many courtiers looked down on him. Because of his good handwriting, he was lucky enough to wait for a letter in the palace. In feudal society, it is very unfavorable to be born in humble background and not in the formal class. Of course, Wang knew this, so he went to Chang 'an and claimed to be Wang Meng, a famous minister in Qin Dynasty, in order to improve his position. But most people don't believe this. They all think that the king is just a man. In the process of the two kings' political reform, getting rid of the eunuch dictatorship was not only a goal, but also communicated with the palace through eunuch Li Zhongyan. This is somewhat contradictory and funny, and it will definitely make people feel less aboveboard. Sometimes in the process of reform measures, things could have been * * * figure, but out of the secret, there are no other surprises, and the former residence is dangerous, which also makes people feel uncomfortable. Especially when the reform was in trouble, Wang's mother died. According to the practice of feudal society, the mother had to abandon her official position and mourn for three years, and she was guilty of hiding it. But Wang didn't handle this problem well. It is clear that his mother has passed away, and he will go to the Hanlin Academy to eat and drink with everyone, falsely claiming that his mother was seriously ill and asked for leave for a few days. If someone attacks and slanders him during this period, I hope everyone can help him. All Wen Zhen retorted on the spot: "Adults claim to be loyal to their country, so why worry about being slandered by others!" At this time, Wang and his family whispered, "My mother is dead, and I still have the heart to drink here!" " All Zheng Wen knows. However, the next day, Wang invited all the eunuchs to imperial academy, and threatened the eunuchs at the banquet, saying, "I'll tell you that the dragon body of Shengjia (Shunzong) has recovered, and now he is hunting rabbits in the imperial garden, and he wants to go, just like that. Those who dare to disagree are squatting! " This combination of carrot and stick, coaxing and scaring is really not very clever, and his personality is despised, and the orthodox courtiers are getting farther and farther away from him. In the case of isolation, the only way is to fail.