2. Cell is the basic unit of biological structure and function.
3. The basic conditions provided by biosphere for living things are: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and certain living space.
4. Environmental factors affecting biological life can be divided into two categories: biological factors and abiotic factors.
5. The biosphere includes the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.
6. The composition of ecosystem includes biological part and abiotic part, in which the biological part includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
People; Abiotic parts, such as sunlight, air and water.
7. The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly the relationship between eating and being eaten, thus forming a food chain. Food chains are intertwined to form a food web. Matter and energy in the ecosystem flow along the food chain and food web.
8. The largest ecosystem is the biosphere.
9. Steps to use the microscope: take and put the mirror, aim at the light, observe and clean the mirror.
10, the eyepiece sees the inverted image; The magnification of microscope is the product of the magnification of objective lens and eyepiece. 10X30=300
1 1. When you see an object image in your field of vision, you should first move the object image to the lower left, and then move it to the center. The sample moves to the upper right,
The image seen in the field of vision moves to the lower left.
12, the glass slide says' up and down', and what you see in your field of vision is''. Method: Turn left (or right) 1800 on the paper that says "Up and Down".
13. Temporary attachment of epidermal cells of onion scales: preparation (washing and dripping); Make (tear off the inner epidermis and flatten it; Cover glass); Dyeing (dropping iodine solution and absorbing water)
14, dyeing: make the cell structure clearer, but affect the biological activity of living cells, even make them die; When observing living cells and their biological activities, they should not be stained.
15. Temporary patch of human oral epithelial cells:: Preparation (wipe clean and drop normal saline); Make (scratch a few times, smear; Cover glass); Dyeing (dropping iodine solution and absorbing water)
Compared with plant cells, animal cells have no cell walls, chloroplasts and vacuoles.
17. Cells are composed of inorganic substances (such as water, inorganic salts and oxygen) and organic substances (such as sugar, nucleic acid and protein).
18, the cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances; Chloroplasts (in plants) and mitochondria (in animals and plants) are energy converters.
19, DNA is the main genetic material; Protein and DNA constitute chromosomes; DNA fragments with genetic effects are called genes.
20. Cells differentiate into tissues. Structural levels of human body: cells, tissues, organs, systems and human body. Plants are unsystematic.
2 1. virus is composed of protein's shell and internal genetic material, and usually turns into crystals when it leaves living cells.
22. Green plants can be divided into four categories: algae, mosses, ferns and seed plants (including angiosperms and gymnosperms).
23. Mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by a protein prion with structural changes.
24. Moss can be used as an indicator plant for monitoring air pollution.
25. Bean seeds consist of seed coat and embryo (radicle, hypocotyl, embryo and cotyledon). The structure of storing nutrients is cotyledons (two pieces), and embryos can develop into new plants. The bean paste we usually eat is mainly soybean cotyledons. Corn seeds consist of seed coat, embryo (radicle, hypocotyl, embryo and cotyledon) and endosperm. The structure for storing nutrients is endosperm with a cotyledon. The flour we usually eat mainly comes from the endosperm of wheat.
26. The environmental conditions for seed germination include certain moisture, sufficient air and suitable temperature.
27. In the process of seed germination, radicle is the first to break through the seed coat. Radicle develops into root, and embryo develops into stem and leaf.
28. The fastest growing part of the root is the elongation area of the root tip. On the one hand, the growth of roots depends on the division of meristem cells to increase the number, on the other hand, it depends on the increase of cell volume in elongation area.
29. The main part of root water absorption is the mature area of root tip, because there are a lot of root hairs in this area.
30. The channel for transporting water and inorganic salts in plants is a catheter; The channel for transporting organic matter is sieve tube.
3 1. The nutrients needed for crop growth include water, inorganic salts and organic matter (photosynthesis), among which inorganic salts containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are most needed. Under nitrogen deficiency, leaves turn yellow, plants are short and thin, and veins are light brown in severe cases; When phosphorus is deficient, the plants are particularly short, and the leaves are dark green and purple; When potassium is deficient, the stems are weak and the leaves are brown.
32. In the process of pistil development and seed formation, there are two important processes: pollination and fertilization. Ovary develops into fruit, ovary wall develops into fruit skin, ovule develops into seed, and fertilized egg develops into embryo.
Stomatal is the "gateway" of plant transpiration, the "window" of plant gas exchange, and a cavity surrounded by a pair of guard cells.
34. Under the condition of adequate nutrition supply, some sunflower fruits are still empty and shriveled. This is mainly caused by insufficient pollination. In order to reduce the number of withered seeds, artificial pollination can be used.
35. The stems of woody plants can grow thicker and thicker. Because there is cambium between xylem and phloem, it is necessary to ensure that the cambium of scion and rootstock is closely combined to survive when grafting.
36. 19 In 1930s, two German biologists, Schleiden and Wang Shi, jointly founded the cell theory, which Engels listed as one of the three major discoveries of natural science in 1960s +09.
Xiaoming is 5 cm taller this year than last year, which is related to cell division and growth.
38. Transpiration can drive plants to absorb and transport water and inorganic salts upwards, and can reduce the temperature of plants. Transpiration can increase atmospheric humidity and precipitation.
39. Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide+water organic matter+oxygen (carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit from stomata, and water is absorbed by roots and transported to leaves through conduits).
40. Respiration: Organic matter+oxygen+carbon dioxide+water+energy (existing in mitochondria of animal and plant cells).
4 1. Green plants maintain the balance of carbon and oxygen in the biosphere through photosynthesis.
Leaves placed in cold boiled water and exposed to the sun will not emit bubbles. The reason is that the boiled water lacks carbon dioxide.
Plants cannot carry out photosynthesis.
42. A striking feature of adolescence is the sudden increase in height.
Darwin was the founder of evolution. He believes that the ancestors of humans and modern apes are forest apes.
44. Testicles produce sperm and secrete male hormones, while ovaries produce eggs and secrete female hormones.
45. The process in which the mature fetus and placenta are discharged from the mother's vagina is called delivery.
46. Sperm and egg cells combine in the fallopian tube to complete the fertilization process; Fetuses live in amniotic fluid and get nutrition and oxygen from their mothers through placenta and umbilical cord.
47. The specific requirements of family planning in China are late marriage, late childbearing, fewer children and better children, among which fewer children are the key to control the excessive population growth. .
48. Food contains six nutrients such as sugar, fat, protein, inorganic salts, water and vitamins.
49, vitamin A: night blindness, liver, carrots; Vitamin c: gum bleeding, scurvy; D: rickets, osteoporosis, liver and cod liver oil; B 1: beriberi, coarse grains; B2: angular stomatitis, coarse grains; Iron deficiency: anemia
50. The digestive system consists of digestive tract and digestive glands. The liver is the largest digestive gland, and the bile secreted has no digestive function, but it can emulsify fat. Starch is digested in the mouth, protein in the stomach and fat in the small intestine. Small intestinal juice and pancreatic juice can digest sugar, fat and protein.
5 1. The main organ for human body to absorb nutrition is the small intestine. There are many annular folds on the inner surface and a lot of fluff on the surface.
Prominent, which greatly increases its internal surface area.
52. The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract and lungs. The main organ of the respiratory system is the lung. People breathe about 16 times per minute.
53. When inhaling, the muscles and diaphragm between ribs contract: the ribs move upward and outward, the thorax expands laterally, and the left and right diameters of the thorax increase; The diaphragmatic roof descends, and the upper and lower diameters of the thorax increase, so that the thoracic volume increases, and the lungs expand, and the air pressure in the lungs is lower than the external air pressure, and gas is inhaled from the outside.
54. Both alveoli and capillaries consist of a flat layer of epithelial cells. When inhaling, the alveoli swell, and the oxygen in the air enters the blood through these two walls; At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood also enters the alveoli through these two walls.
55. The fundamental measure to prevent and control air pollution is to control pollutant emissions, and the effective measure is afforestation.
56. Oxygen is transported to tissues and cells of the whole body through blood circulation, and is finally used in this part of mitochondria in cells.
57. Blood consists of plasma and blood cells. Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
58. After blood stratification, the upper layer is plasma, the lower layer is red blood cells, and the boundary between the two layers is white blood cells and platelets.
59. The main function of plasma is to carry blood cells and transport substances needed to maintain human life activities and wastes generated in the body.
60, hemoglobin is a kind of iron-containing protein, red, easy to combine with oxygen in places with high oxygen content, easy to separate from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.
6 1, the muscle tissue of the heart is developed, so it can contract effectively. The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle, because the left ventricle needs to pump blood to the whole body, while the right ventricle only needs to pump blood to the lungs.
62. Blood circulation and pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation transports nutrients and oxygen to tissues and cells, and takes away wastes; The blood in pulmonary circulation changes from venous blood to arterial blood.
63. Human ABO blood type divides blood into four types: A, B, AB and O. Blood transfusion should be based on the principle of importing the same type of blood; But sometimes people of any blood type can import a small amount of O blood.
64. Healthy adults donate 200-300ml of blood at a time, which will not affect their health.
65. Formation process of urine: ① When blood flows through the glomerulus, in addition to protein and macromolecules of blood cells, some substances in plasma, such as water, inorganic salts, urea, glucose, etc., are filtered through the glomerulus to form protourine; ② When the original urine flows through the renal tubules, all glucose, most water and some inorganic salts are reabsorbed into the blood, and the rest form urine. Glomerulus has filtration function and renal tubule has reabsorption function.
66. The significance of micturition lies in discharging wastes, regulating the balance of water and inorganic salts in the body and maintaining the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells.
67. Causes of myopia: If the adjustment burden of the lens is too heavy, the lens becomes excessively convex and cannot be restored to its original state, or even the anterior and posterior diameter of the eyeball is too long, the object image formed by the light of distant objects will fall in front of the retina. The correction method is to wear concave lenses.
68. The "three essentials" to prevent myopia are: correct reading and writing posture, and the distance between eyes and books should be about 33 cm; After reading, watching TV or using the computer 1 hour, take a rest and overlook for a few minutes; Check your eyesight regularly and do eye exercises seriously.
69. The basic unit of the structure and function of the nervous system is neurons. The basic way of neuromodulation is reflex.
70. The nervous system consists of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (or: brain, spinal cord and its nerves).
7 1, human life activities are mainly regulated by nervous system and hormones.
72. The neural structure that completes the reflex is called reflex arc, including receptors, afferent nerves, nerve centers, efferent nerves,
Effector. When the receptor is stimulated, it can produce nerve impulses.
73. Pituitary gland: growth hormone (insufficient: dwarfism, excessive: gigantism); Thyroid hormone (deficiency: cretinism, endemic A.
Gland swelling); Insulin (deficiency: diabetes)
74. Greenhouse effect: excessive carbon dioxide emissions, acid rain, sulfur dioxide from combustion, ozone layer destruction and the use of freon.
75. The main characteristics of fish are that they live in water all their lives, and most of their bodies are covered with scales. They breathe with their gills, swim with their fins, and have thorns.
76. Arthropod: It consists of many body segments, with exoskeleton, feet and antennae on the body surface. Arthropods are very adaptable to the environment.
77. Congenital behavior: knee-jumping reflex, bird migration, ant nesting, learning behavior: tits steal milk, and chickens scratch the ground for food like hens.
78. Coelenterates: anemones, jellyfish, corals, mollusks: squid, octopus, mussels, annelids: earthworms, leeches, nereis.
Arthropods: 1, crustaceans: shrimp, crab, Daphnia; 2. Insects: locusts, dragonflies, scarabs, flies, spiders and centipedes.
79. Rabbits have incisors and molars, but no canines. Its cecum is developed, which is suitable for its phytophagy. Wolves have front teeth, molars and canine teeth, which is in line with their carnivorous habits.
80. Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates.
8 1, animals can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates according to whether there is a spine in the body.
82. Grasshoppers breathe through the trachea; Carassius auratus breathes with gills; Dolphins breathe with their lungs; Birds breathe with lungs and use airbags to assist breathing.
83. When people bend their elbows, the biceps brachii contracts and the triceps brachii relaxes; When the elbow is extended, triceps brachii contracts and biceps brachii relaxes.
Joint composition: joint surface, joint capsule, joint cavity shoulder joint, elbow joint, ankle joint and knee joint.
85. When skeletal muscle is contracted by nerve stimulation, it will affect the movement of bones around joints, so the body will exercise.
86. Animals can help plants pollinate and spread seeds, which is conducive to expanding the distribution of plants; Promote the material circulation of the ecosystem; Maintain ecological balance
87. In an ecosystem, the quantity and proportion of various organisms are always kept in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.
88. Bionics: airplanes (imitating the flight of birds), thin-shell buildings (the carapace of turtles), fluorescent lamps (the luminous principle of fireflies) and radars (echolocation of bats); Bioreactor: breast bioreactor.
89. Biodiversity includes biodiversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity.
90. Bacteria and fungi have three lifestyles: saprophytic, parasitic and * * *. Tinea pedis (fungal parasitism); Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle are born with cattle; The process by which bacteria and fungi decompose animal and plant remains into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts is called saprophy.
9 1, French scientist pasteur proved that the corruption of broth comes from bacteria in the air, which are not naturally produced, but are produced by pre-existing bacteria!
92. Steamed steamed bread is soft and porous because yeast is added to the dough, which makes the carbon dioxide gas produced by flour fermentation encounter thermal expansion.
94. In ancient poems, animals are often used to express their ambitions. "The old man crouches tiger, hides dragon, and aims at a thousand miles"; The sky is high for birds to fly, and the sea is wide for fish to jump.
Lactic acid bacteria is a kind of bacterial insecticide.
Penicillium b causes fruit rot.
Methanogenic bacteria produce pickles.
Yeast nitrogen fixation
Bacillus subtilis E makes people suffer from tonsillitis.
Purification of sewage by Bacillus thuringiensis
Making steamed bread and bread with Streptococcus Gramineae
Penicillin production by rhizobia h
95. Culture method of bacteria and fungi: preparing a culture medium containing nutrients; High temperature sterilization; Inoculation _; Cultivate.
96. Bacteria: cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm (without chloroplasts and formed nuclei), some with flagella and capsules; Split replication; Nutrition mode:
Heterotrophic (saprophytic, parasitic, living) fungi: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm (without chloroplasts but with formed nuclei); Spore propagation and budding propagation (yeast); Heterotrophic (saprophytic, parasitic, * *).
Generally speaking, the general trend of biological evolution is from aquatic to terrestrial, from simple to complex, from low to high.
98. Inheritance and variation of organisms are the basis of biological evolution.
99. Drugs are divided into prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs (OTC).
100, the continuation and development of life in the biosphere, the most basic link is that organisms through _ reproduction _ and development, generation after generation, endless. Compared with asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, the combination of bisexual germ cells, the emergence of new individuals, the fertilized eggs directly produced by the mother develop into new individuals, the reproductive speed is fast or slow, the variability is small, it is easy to maintain the parental traits, and the offspring with parental inheritance have weak adaptability.
10 1, Sexual reproduction: Sexual germ cells are produced by parents, and bisexual germ cells (sperm and egg cells) combine to produce fertilized eggs, and the fertilized eggs develop into new individuals.
102, list comparison of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction:
103. Application of asexual propagation: (1) Grafting (rootstock and scion are closely combined to survive, and the flowering and fruiting are consistent with scion) (2) Cutting (3) Suitable conditions should be provided above layering. Note: Application of plant tissue culture technology
106, complete metamorphosis: egg, larva, pupa, adult. Mosquitoes, cabbage butterflies, bees; Incomplete metamorphosis develops eggs, nymphs and adults. Locust, mantis, cricket
107. The reproduction and larval development of amphibians must be carried out in water, and the larvae can only live on land after metamorphosis (fertilized eggs, tadpoles, young frogs and adult frogs).
108. Bird egg: Egg yolk is the main nutrient, and the blastoderm in the egg can develop into a chicken in the future. Egg cells include yolk, yolk membrane and blastoderm.
109,. Heredity: similarity between parents and children; Variation: the difference between parents and children or offspring.
1 10. Traits: the structural characteristics of biological morphology, physiological characteristics and behavior patterns that can be inherited; Relative traits: different forms of the same trait. 1 1 1. The genetic essence of the trait: parents transmit genes to their offspring through reproductive process; Genes control biological traits.
1 12, the chromosomes of human germ cells (sperm and eggs) are single, with only half of the chromosomes in somatic cells. For example, human sperm has 23 chromosomes, while human somatic cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
1 13. Genes are transmitted through sperm and egg cells.
1 14. Scientific research shows that the birth of boys and girls depends on the _ male _ party.
1 15. Chromosome: DNA+ protein (in which DNA is the main genetic material and genes are located on DNA).
1 16. Relative traits can be divided into dominant traits and recessive traits.
1 17. In the inheritance of relative traits, there is only one AA gene, which is a recessive trait; There are two main types, namely Aa type and AA type.
1 18,. The gene composition is Dd. Although the recessive trait controlled by D is not shown, D will still be inherited.
1 19. Dominant genes are genes that control dominant traits. 15 recessive genes control recessive traits.
120, the sex difference of people is determined by sex chromosomes; The chances of giving birth to boys and girls are equal.
12 1, phenotype is the result of genotype and environmental impact.
1220 genetic variation: caused by the change of genetic material (such as space pepper); Non-genetic variation: variation caused only by the direct action of external environment without changing genetic material (such as leaf color difference of the same crop caused by light difference).
123, the phenomenon that parents pass on traits to their offspring is called heredity, and the phenomenon that parents and offspring have differences in traits is called variation;
124. Genes that control traits generally exist in pairs. Genes controlling dominant traits are called dominant genes, and genes controlling recessive traits are called recessive genes.
125, a couple with straight hair gave birth to a child with curly hair, so straight hair is controlled by dominant genes and curly hair is controlled by recessive genes. If they have another child,
The probability that a child has curly hair is 1/4.
6. Chromosomes related to sex determination are called sex chromosomes, and those unrelated to sex determination are called chromatids.
7. Human cells * * * have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including sex chromosome 1 pair and autosome 22 pairs;
8. The sex chromosome of male somatic cells consists of X chromosome and Y chromosome, while the sex chromosome of female somatic cells consists of X chromosome;
9. Traits are the result of interaction between genotype and environment.
10. Paired genes in somatic cells are located on paired chromosomes, which combine with sperm and egg cells, one from the father and the other from the mother.
On the mother's side,
1 1. Generally, there is only one DNA molecule on each chromosome, and a DNA molecule contains multiple genes.
5. Sheep's coat color white is dominant (indicated by B) and black is recessive (indicated by B). A white ram mates with a black ewe, and all lambs are white sheep. Excuse me, the genetic composition of ram is bb, and that of ewe is BB.
6. Inheritance and variation of organisms are the basis of biological evolution.
7. The sex of a person is mainly determined by sex chromosomes, with XY being male and XX being female. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells, which can be written as 44+XY or 44+XX, so the chromosomes in sperm can be written as 22+x or 22+y.
8. Ornamental plant Primula tibetica, under the temperature of 20℃~25℃, red (a) is dominant to white (a), with the gene combination of aa and Aa as red flowers and the gene combination of Aa as white flowers. If Tibetan primroses with red flowers are moved to an environment of 30℃, those whose gene combinations are AA and AA are also white flowers. This fact shows that:
⑴ The traits displayed by organisms are the result of the interaction between genotype and environment.
⑵ Under different living conditions, the gene combination is the same, and the performance traits are different.
(3) biological evolution
1 Use Darwin's theory of natural selection to analyze and explain the evolution of wolves;
(1) Wolves have different kinds of individuals, some run fast, others run slowly, indicating that organisms have the characteristics of _ variation _, which is generally heritable, and it provides original selection materials for the evolution of organisms.
(2) With the change of environment, food is reduced, and wolves that run fast and fiercely can get food to survive. This is the survival of the fittest. Food and environment play a selective role in wolves, and this role is _ _ oriented, which determines the _ _ direction of biological evolution.
(3) The evolution of wolves is realized by natural selection.
Cytochrome C is a ubiquitous protein, and its amino acid sequence has been determined. As shown in the table below, it shows the different amino acid numbers of human beings and these organisms in the same protein (cytochrome C).
Biological Name Chimpanzee, Horse Chicken, Drosophila, Rhodotorula Triticum.
The amino acid difference with human is 0 12 13 27 35 44 65.
(1) The fact that all animals and plants have cytochrome C can explain the close relationship between other organisms and human beings.
(2) In the above example, chimpanzees are the closest relatives of human beings, and Rhodosporium is the farthest creature.
The earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago. Primitive life originated from the primitive ocean, and there was no oxygen in the primitive atmosphere.
For the creatures in nature, through fierce competition for survival, the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated, which is natural selection.
5. Origin of life: inorganic substances, small organic molecules, large organic subsystems, biomacromolecule systems and primitive life.
6. Evolutionary order of animals: protozoa, coelenterates, flatworms, linear animals, annelids, mollusks, arthropods,
Echinoderm, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. (pay attention to the order)
Darwin believed that the long neck of modern giraffes was the result of natural selection.
(4) Infectious diseases, prevention and immunization
1. The first line of defense and the second line of defense are innate, not only for a certain type of pathogen.
But it has a defensive effect on a variety of pathogens, so it is called nonspecific immunity.
2. Organisms that cause infectious diseases, such as bacteria, viruses and parasites, are called pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes tuberculosis, HIV that causes AIDS, and ascaris that causes ascariasis.
3. Infectious diseases are different from non-infectious diseases. Infectious diseases are infectious and epidemic. Infectious diseases can spread among people, and there must be a source of infection at the same time.
Transmission route and susceptible population are three basic links, and none of them will be popular.
When pathogens invade human body and stimulate lymphocytes, lymphocytes will produce a special protein called antibody to resist pathogens. Substances that cause human body to produce antibodies (such as pathogens and other foreign bodies) are called antigens.
8. Whether it is a prescription drug or an over-the-counter drug, read the instructions carefully before use to understand the main ingredients, indications, active ingredients, drug specifications, precautions, production date and expiration date of the drug to ensure drug safety.
9. The most commonly used artificial respiration method is mouth-to-mouth blowing.
10. When someone suddenly faints or drowns, time is life. Be sure to dial "120" as soon as possible.
1 1. If the patient stops breathing and the heart stops beating at the same time, artificial chest compressions should be performed at the same time as artificial respiration.
Generally, you need to do 4-5 heart compressions every time you do artificial respiration, and so on. When the patient breathes spontaneously,
When the carotid artery pulsates and his face gradually turns rosy, it proves that the rescue is effective.
12. According to the definition of the World Health Organization, health refers to a good state of physical, psychological and social adaptation, not just the absence of disease.
14. Lifestyle refers to various behavior habits that people follow in daily life, such as eating habits, living habits, daily life arrangements, entertainment methods, participation in social activities, etc. People's lifestyle is closely related to health.