The original text of two poems about ancient farmhouses in the early spring of Guimao:
I heard about Nanmu in the past, but I didn’t practice it back then. If there are people in the sky, how can spring be inevitable? In the early morning, I pretended to be my driver, and my love for you was deep in my heart. Birds are cheering for the new year, and the cool wind is bringing good fortune. The cold bamboos are covered with deserted paths, and the land is far away from the people. Therefore, the old man who planted the stick will leisurely never return. That is to say, the reason is not worthy of general knowledge, and the protection is shallow.
The old master has taught us to worry about the road but not the poverty. Looking forward is hard to catch, turning to desire will always make you diligent. Bing Lei is happy about current affairs, explaining his appearance and persuading farmers. Pingchou is far away from the wind, and good seedlings are also full of new ideas. Although I haven’t measured my achievements over the years, I am glad that there are many things going on. There is a time to rest while cultivating, and the traveler has no interest in it. When the day comes, we return home together, and when we are in the pot, we work closely with our neighbors. I chant a lot to cover the firewood gate, and talk about being the people of Long Mu. Translation and annotations of two poems about ancient farmhouses at the beginning of spring in Guimao
Translation In the past, I heard about the fields in Nanmu, and I regretted not having cultivated them. I am often as poor as Yan Hui, how can I stand by and watch the spring plowing? I prepare my carriage and horses in the morning, and my love is already far away when I hit the road. During the New Year, the birds chirp and the gentle breeze brings goodwill. The deserted paths are covered with cold grass and are inaccessible and remote. Therefore, in ancient times, the stick-planting man worked leisurely and did not think about moving. Isn't this principle too shallow for those who are knowledgeable? How can it protect their reputation? The late teacher Confucius left a legacy: "A gentleman is concerned about his moral integrity and does not care about the superior or the poor." It is difficult to reach the level of admiration for high-level opinions, but I am determined to work hard for a long time. During the busy farming season, my heart is happy and my smiling face encourages the farmers. The distant wind blows across the plains, and the beautiful seedlings are growing stronger and stronger every day. The harvest of the year is immeasurable, and my work has made me happy. There was a break between farming, and no passers-by came to pay attention. At sunset, we go home together and take wine to comfort our neighbors. I close my wood door and recite poems to myself, while I work hard as a farmer for the time being.
Notes (1) This poem describes the spring plowing at the beginning of the year, showing the freshness and pleasantness of the field scene and expressing the poet's inner joy. Through farming in the countryside, the poet initially experienced the joy of the ancient "stick-planting man": hiding and not being an official, and said that people like Yan Hui who were both poor and inactive in farming should not be imitated. (2) In the past: in the past , the same meaning as "the past" in the following sentence. Nanmu: refers to farmland. Wei Jian: I have never farmed it myself. (3) Repeatedly empty: Food is often in short supply, indicating poverty. Existing person: refers to Yan Hui. "The Analects of Confucius·Advanced": "The Master said: Hui is a commoner, and he is always empty." The poet compared himself to being as poor as Yan Hui. Chunxing: refers to the beginning of farming in spring. Xing: Beginning, making. (4) Su (sǜspeed) morning: morning. Su: Morning. Pretend to be my driver: Prepare my carriage and horses. This refers to the carriages, horses and equipment prepared for farming. Qitu: set off, set off. Tutong "road". Myanmar: It looks far away. (5)哢(1ong): bird chirping. Ling Ling Feng: small wind, gentle breeze. "Zhuangzi·Qiwu Lun": "Cold wind brings little harmony." Lu Deming explained: "Cold wind is also a cool breeze." Yu Shan: Endless feeling of harmony and beauty. Good: beautiful. "Zhuangzi Xiaoyaoyou": "Fu Liezi walked against the wind, calm and kind." (6) Being deserted: covering the deserted path. The land is infrequent and the people are far away: the place you visit appears remote because it is inaccessible. (7) Zhizhang Weng: refers to an old man who lives in farming that Confucius and his disciples met. "The Analects of Confucius·Weizi": "After Zilu came here, he met his father-in-law, carrying a diao with a stick (diao hanging, a kind of bamboo utensil, used in ancient Yuntian). Zilu asked, "Have you met your master?" His father-in-law said, "Four-body If you are not diligent, you will not be able to separate the grains. Who is the master? "Planting his staff and planting." Zhi: Same as "place", place. Staff: wooden staff. Leisurely: leisurely. No return: No return to secular society. (8) That’s the reason: This is the reason. It refers to hiding and plowing. General knowledge: A person who is knowledgeable and knowledgeable. This refers to Confucius and Zilu. "The Analects of Confucius: Wei Zi" records what Jie Dun said to Zilu: The world is in turmoil and is like this everywhere. Who should we work with to change the status quo? Instead of following the lofty ideals (like Confucius) who avoid evil people, it is better to follow the hermits (like us) who avoid the world. Yu Lu told Confucius this, and Confucius exclaimed sadly: "Birds and beasts cannot be in the same group with them. If I don't get along with the people in the world, who will I get along with?" If the world is clear, I will not join them in changing the status quo. In the same chapter of The Analects of Confucius, it is recorded that Zi Lu said to the father-in-law of Hebei: "If you are not official, you will not have righteousness. The relationship between elder and young cannot be abolished; how can you abolish the righteousness of king and minister? If you want to clean your body, you will mess with the moral order." A gentleman's official position is to practice his righteousness. If he fails to do so, he will know it." These two passages record the words of Confucius and Zilu, both of which illustrate the principle of not hiding in an official position. Tao Yuanming believed that he was "ashamed" of persisting in hiding and not being an official, compared with this "general knowledge". In fact, Tao Yuanming showed thoughts inconsistent with Confucian tradition here, so in the next poem, the poet said: "The teacher has left a legacy, worry about the road but not poverty. Looking forward to the misfortune is hard to catch, turning to desire and determination for long-term diligence." This idea is further stated. Protected: refers to the preservation of personal integrity. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Yi Min Biography": At the end of the Later Han Dynasty, "Pang Gong was a native of Xiangyang in Nanjun. Liu Biao, the governor of Jingzhou, invited him several times, but he could not give in, so he waited for him. He said: "If I save my body, who can save the world? Pang Gong laughed and said: "The magpie nests in the high forest and finds its place at dusk. The turtle nests in the abyss and finds its place in the evening. It is also a human nest." It's just a place to stay. The world is not protected." Because the plow is on the ridge, and the wife is working in front. 讵(jǜJu): Qi. Shallow: shallow, inferior. 1. Master: An honorific title for Confucius. Legacy: The teachings left behind. Worry about the way, not about poverty: This is what Confucius said in "The Analects of Confucius: Duke Lingyang of Wei": "The Master said: The gentleman is worried about the way, not about the poor and the poor." These two sentences mean that Confucius has a legacy: a gentleman only worries about the failure to govern the country, and does not Worried about the poverty of his life. 2Look: look up. Miao: far away. Catch: And. Diligent. Changqin: long-term work.
These two sentences mean that Confucius' legacy is out of reach, so he is determined to work hard for a long time in order to relieve the poverty of his current life. 3 Bing: hand held. Lei (lěi Lei): plow handle, here generally refers to agricultural tools. Current affairs: things that should be done in time, referring to agricultural affairs. Jieyan: smile. Advise: encourage. These two sentences mean to work happily with farm tools in hand, and to encourage farmers to engage in farming with laughter. 4 categories: acres. Pingchou: flat fields. transportation. Miao: refers to wheat seedlings, which is the scene of "beginning of spring". Huaixin: refers to the wheat seedlings being prosperous. These two sentences mean that the distant wind blows in the flat fields, and the beautiful wheat seedlings are full of life. Five-year-old work: one year's agricultural harvest. Immediate things: refers to the work and scenery in front of you. These two sentences mean that although I have not yet predicted what the harvest will be in a year, the current situation is enough to make me happy. 6 Pedestrian: Pedestrian. Jin: Ferry. Travelers ask questions: use the things of long-term depression and Jie drowning. "The Analects of Confucius·Weizi" says: "Changju and Jie drowned as a couple tilling the fields. Confucius passed them by, and made Zilu inquire about them." Changju and Jie drown were hermits in ancient times. The author compares himself with depression and drowning, which means that when taking a break from farming, there are no people like Confucius who are interested in governing society to ask for directions. The implication is that there are no people today who are "concerned about the road but not the poor". 7 Xianghe: companionship. Lao: comfort. These two sentences refer to returning with the farmers at dusk, and then carrying a pot of wine to comfort the neighbors. 8 Chat: And. Longmu people: people of the fields. This sentence and the previous sentence mean that you can close the Chaimen while chanting poems, and become a farmer like Changju and Jiedong! Appreciation of Two Poems: Nostalgia for Ancient Farmhouses at the Beginning of the Year of Guimao
In the 1930s, there was a famous debate between Mr. Lu Xun and Mr. Zhu Guangqian regarding the evaluation of Tao Yuanming. The debate covered a wide range of issues, and the central disagreement was: Mr. Zhu believed that "Tao Qian was quiet all over, so he was great." Mr. Lu Xun retorted: "Tao Yuanming was not "quiet all over, so he was great." He is respected as Jingmu because he was narrowed down by writers and excerpters, and Lingchi further pointed out that there are also "King Kong Angry Eyes"-style works in Tao's poems, which proves that the poet is not in a state of wandering all day long. However, it should be said that the reason why Mr. Zhu came to the conclusion that Tao Yuanming was silent was not completely made up out of thin air. The basis was precisely that Tao Yuanming had indeed written a large number of pastoral works. Furthermore, this opinion was not originated by Mr. Zhu. As early as the Sui Dynasty, Wang Tong said in "Wen Zhongzi": "You may ask Tao Yuanliang, and Zi said: "Let people go." "Gui Qu Lai" has the intention of avoiding the land, and "The Biography of Mr. Wu Liu" almost "I'm in seclusion." Wang Zao of the Song Dynasty said in his "Fuxi Collection": "Scholar-officials know that there are many people who enjoy the joy of mountains and forests... As far as Tao Yuanming... he has explored and explored all the fun of mountains and rivers. All things are in my chest, everything that touches my eyes, the green sky, the sound of springs, the chirping of birds, the wind, clouds, mist and rain, all scattered in the mist and mist, and everything that touches my heart, I will take it. I think the purpose of poetry and wine is to cover it with the expression of words and ideas. Although the universe is huge and the ancients are far away, there are ups and downs, right and wrong, gains and losses, and changes in all directions. It is not enough to exhaust my truth. "He Zhanzhi of the Ming Dynasty put it more concisely in the "Preface to the Collection of Tao Wei": "The scholars of the Jin Dynasty were planted in the autumn of Bandang, and their minds were not concerned with fame and fortune. It is commonplace to do nothing, and the old sayings are all practical.
This evaluation is naturally one-sided. In fact, Tao Yuanming can be called the first pastoral poet in the history of the development of Chinese poetry. With a diluted and free-spirited style, he painted beautiful and quiet pictures of pastoral scenery for readers, including Nanshan Mountain in the east, green pine gardens, beautiful autumn chrysanthemums, birds flying at sun and dusk, barking dogs in deep lanes, and roosters crowing on tree tops, accompanied by the protagonist The feeling of being isolated from the world and indulging in poetry and wine creates an artistic realm that is very lofty, profound, ethereal and tranquil. However, careful readers will always notice that Tao Yuanming in his poems had no choice but to retreat to the countryside, drink wine and compose poems, but in fact he did not forget the reality and was full of worry and anger.
His "Two Poems about Nostalgic Farm Houses at the Beginning of Spring in Guimao" is a picture woven by the poet using pastoral scenery and nostalgic reverie. The poems are divided into two, expressing the same theme and ideological purpose. The first poem starts with "I heard about Nanmu in the past" and narrates the labor process. It depicts the beautiful scenery of nature, commemorates the ancient sages and sages, and praises their noble integrity in cultivating the fields and keeping themselves clean. However, the author is still not finished, and then uses the second poem of the teacher's legacy "Worry about the road but not the poverty" to describe the joy of field work and the joy of field work, and associate it with the depressed and unruly behavior of the ancient hermits. Deeply aware of the rarity of those who care about Taoism, he ended by closing the door and chanting "Liao Mu people in Longmu". These two poems are like the upper and lower parts of a long poem. The content is closely related, and the performance is repeated repeatedly. The loops are ups and downs, and the words are profound and far-reaching. But the whole poem is harmonious, plain and natural, without any artificial decoration, it is truly natural. It is as if the poet stands in front of the reader, opening his heart, without thinking or choosing words, but just pouring out what he has done, felt and thought without reservation. This poem was neither composed nor recited, but flowed out from the poet's heart. Xu Xueyi, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, said in one article in "Poetry Origin Debate": "The Jingjie poem has a natural syntax and a thorough meaning, similar to the book Mencius. It is impossible to say that Mencius did not intend to be a writer; to say that Mencius was a writer is to polish it. If there are no traces, it will not be enough to know the sages! This is especially true for Jingjie." Furthermore, he said: "Jingjie's poems are written directly from his own thoughts, and they are naturally written.
"The third one said: "Those who are beyond the reach of Jingjie poems, there are those who write directly about their own feelings without embellishment, so their language is round and full of energy; there are those who can see the truth is shrewd and the world affairs are thorough, so their language is simple and full of meaning." All these illustrate the unique style and high artistic achievements of Tao Shi.
Diluting nature is a literary style, which is a special literary and artistic realm. Here, I blend into things, completely forgetting myself, and even have no self; here, God is connected with the scene, my mind wanders among things, and God moves with the scene. Its ultimate is remote tranquility and the sound of nature. In this way, Tao Yuanming's "Birds welcome the New Year, and the cool wind sends away the good things" and "Even in the distance, the wind is far away, and the good seedlings also cherish the new", have become timeless songs. Yes, without decoration but better than decoration, this is a kind of dialectics of art. However, there is indeed the poet's arduous artistic labor in this process. It is a process of abandoning sculpture and returning to simplicity in artistic pursuit. It is difficult to achieve this state of artistic creation without some solid hard work.
This poem describes the beauty of the fields and the joy of personal cultivation, and also expresses the author's memory. What he longs for and praises are Yan Hui, who was poor but eager to learn, and did not do farming, and Confucius, who was content and happy in Taoism. In particular, he admired the ancient hermits who "coupled to farm", Chang Ju and Jie Dong. Although, the author also stated that Yan Hui and Confucius should not imitate, but focused on learning from the Hessian Weng, Chang Ju and Jie Chan, who seemed to be happy to live in seclusion in the countryside. However, the words still reveal concern for the world and yearning for a peaceful and prosperous age. If we pay more attention to the era when this poem was written, the contradiction in this level of thought will become clearer. According to the "Li Li Pu" record: "There is a poem "Nostalgic Farmhouses in the Beginning of Spring". At that time, Chaisang returned to Chaisang from Jiangling and settled back in his house in Kyoto. He was worried about his home and missed the city, so there is "Nostalgic Farmhouses" in the Qing Dynasty." Fang Dong, a Qing Dynasty man. Shu pointed out in the fourth volume of "Zhao Mo Zhan Yan": "This is the thirty-nine year old. He joined the army to suppress the army, so he is called Huaiye. In the middle of each poem, there are several words about Tian She, and at the end, the two people who came out of ancient times are mentioned. But two years after writing this poem, the author went to Peng Zeling for more than 80 days, and it was at this time that he pretended to be envious and chanted. , he finally completely lost confidence in that dark and dirty society, and expressed his final determination, "resigning himself from office" full of resentment, and retired to the countryside. This is Tao Yuanming-style resistance! If you don't understand this deeply and criticize him too much for his seclusion, you will not only easily deny most of Tao Yuanming's ideas, but also be thousands of miles away from the real situation. By describing the joy of laboring in the field, this poem reflects the difficulty of realizing the ambition of "worrying about poverty but not poverty", and expresses the determination to imitate the sages of the past, live in seclusion, and work hard to be self-sufficient.
Poetry works: Two Nostalgic Farm Houses at the Beginning of Spring at the New Year of Guimao Poetry Author: Wei Jin Tao Yuanming Poetry Classification: Spring, Pastoral, Nostalgic