Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of senior high school entrance examination, dictation should be meticulous, accurate, word for word, profound in understanding and flexible in application. Step 1: Read aloud.
Reading is really a good way to recite. In your own Xiaotian, you might as well read ancient poems aloud for more than five times in a row. On the one hand, reading can strengthen your familiarity with the article. On the other hand, with the increase of reading times, you will gradually deepen your understanding of the content of the article, that is, your own feelings and experiences about the article, and have a deeper understanding of the author's purpose in writing this article. This is what the ancients said: "Reading a hundred times is self-evident".
In addition, with the deepening of reading, you will better understand the meaning of each sentence. Some students will immediately understand the meaning of an ancient Chinese sentence, which is the result of being quite familiar with ancient Chinese. This step is well done and lays a good foundation for the translation of the following sentences. Step 2: Recite aloud.
On the basis of reading aloud in front, you can now forget the book completely and recite it aloud. You will find that the first and second times are a bit stiff, and the third and fourth times are quite smooth. By the fifth and sixth time, you have completely mastered the full text, and there will be no missing words, adding words or reversing the word order. It's hard for you to recite wrong at this time. In these two steps, reading aloud is the key, because reading aloud is the repetition of human memory function, which can play a dual role in memory, and reading aloud also enables students to find and check their mistakes at any time.
Especially for some students with poor reciting accuracy, reciting aloud is the best solution. The third step: after reciting the article, it is to ensure the correct rate of words.
At this time, you can pick up the book again, read it line by line, and practice the words that are easy to write mistakes several times to ensure that you don't change your words or write typos. This step is the crowning touch. If you can't do it well, your previous efforts will be in vain and you should take it seriously. Step 4: Sketch out every famous sentence of China's ancient poems (such as "Worry before the world, happiness after the world"), reveal the key sentence of the theme and center (such as "I am humble, but I am virtuous and fragrant"), and describe the landscape environment (such as "trees and vines, swaying and swaying").
In order to understand the need of memory, recite these sentences and understand their functions in the text. Step 5: Do some understandable reciting questions, chew the requirements of the stem carefully, grasp the key words and think about what to answer, and pay attention to the possibility of making some subtle changes when answering questions.
For example, the sentence "An refused to ask for relocation" is different from the sentence "Tang Ju refused to ask for relocation", and students are easily confused. This question should be answered by grasping the word "reason". The answers should be "I am willing to stick to it, but I dare to change" and "An Lingjun is afraid of changing, but not right." Other words are not reasons, so I won't write them.
Step 6: It is relatively simple to understand the comprehensible recitation of an ancient China poem; It is much more difficult to find sentences that meet the stem requirements in all articles. This can only require students to accumulate more and be more proficient. For example, accumulate some sentences describing scenery, cruelty of war, peace-loving, carefree mood, natural environment, friendship and so on. Classify, consciously and gradually expand your collection, think more about a few poems when answering questions, and then choose the sentence that best meets the requirements of the topic, so as to ensure foolproof.
In addition, forming a good habit of accumulating poems is also one of the necessary lessons to form your rich cultural accumulation. These poems can also be quoted in writing to add color to the article. The next day: mastering the content words of classical Chinese has always been an easy part of the classical Chinese exam. Some students have mastered most of the content words, but the accuracy will be discounted. Let's sort it out lesson by lesson.
First of all, sort out some special notional words: common words, typical ancient and modern different meanings, flexible use of parts of speech, and polysemy, so that one can broaden one's thinking and improve one's migration ability, and the other is to master them firmly and remember them deeply. Secondly, sort out some content words that are not special but very important: the content words that are still alive and in use in modern Chinese and the content words in the notes under the book.
The arrangement of this part is very important, because the mastery of content words is not only necessary for reading classical Chinese in class, but also necessary for reading classical Chinese outside class. Only by mastering the exact meaning of each notional word and understanding its polysemy can our consciousness of classical Chinese be gradually formed, so that we can draw inferences when reading classical Chinese after class and lay a solid foundation for further study of classical Chinese in senior high school. In addition, it is worth mentioning that when sorting out the explanations of content words, the notes in the textbook should prevail and should not be ambiguous.
The third day: the translation of classical Chinese sentences is actually based on the understanding of the whole article, so when I read the article on the first day, I laid a good foundation for sentence translation. At the same time, sentence translation should pay special attention to the understanding of key notional words in the sentence, so that the arrangement of notional words the next day lays a foundation for it, so sentence translation is much easier.
On the basis of comprehensive translation of the text, students may wish to focus on sorting out these classical Chinese sentences lesson by lesson: first, sort out the famous aphorisms in the text to reflect the key sentences with the central theme. Secondly, sort out sentences with sentence transformation in the text, such as inverted sentences and ellipsis sentences.
Third, sort out sentences with ambiguity and flexible parts of speech. Finally, the sentences with fixed format and common format are sorted out.
It is worth mentioning that sentence translation is based on the mastery of content words in classical Chinese, and several key content words in sentences.
2. How to Make Classical Chinese Teaching Effective and Interesting "Classical Chinese" is an important carrier of China's ancient thoughts and knowledge. With the reform of the new curriculum, the proportion of classical Chinese in Chinese textbooks has increased, and it has become an important part of Chinese teaching in middle schools. But for junior high school students, classical Chinese has always been a difficult point, and students are laborious and boring to learn. In addition, when teaching classical Chinese, teachers often use the traditional method of "implementing every word and translating every sentence" to explain it in detail, for fear that students will not master it well and miss something. Driven by this psychology, the teacher is thirsty above and the students are sleepy below. After a class, the students are confused and the classroom effect is not ideal. How to make classical Chinese teaching lively and interesting, make junior high school students happy to learn, and finally improve the quality of classical Chinese teaching. I'm here to talk about my views on classical Chinese teaching.
First, strengthen students' preview before class:
Before learning classical Chinese, make clear the requirements for preview. I usually let them watch, check and ask questions. First reading means: read through the text, clear the main idea, and taste good sentences; Second, search refers to: searching for information about the author and writing background; Check the reference books again to understand the meaning of notional words and function words in classical Chinese. ; Three questions refer to the difficult problems that students encounter in their own translation process and ask questions in class. In this way, students can develop good self-study habits and self-study ability. At the same time, it can also make students actively participate in the classroom, enliven the classroom atmosphere and change the boring classroom of classical Chinese teaching.
Second, use a variety of methods to stimulate students' interest
Junior high school students are lively and eager to learn, and use various methods to teach, so that students can learn easily and enjoy learning. In teaching, teachers should avoid intensive lectures and in-depth analysis, which will bind students' thinking and make the classroom atmosphere like a stagnant pool. For example, when teaching the article "Carving a Boat and Seeking a Sword", I asked students to draw some pictures according to the content of the text, and attach text descriptions to promote students' understanding of the content of the text and grasp the key points. For example, teaching "Zheng Ren to buy shoes" can help students understand the moral of the story by telling stories. "Yu Gong Yi Shan" allows students to master the content of the article and experience the character through debate ... In short, in the teaching of classical Chinese, various forms should be taken to fully mobilize students' learning enthusiasm and cultivate their awareness of independent learning and their ability to analyze and understand problems.
Third, emphasize familiar reading and reciting, but also pay attention to fun.
The requirement of Chinese syllabus for junior middle school classical Chinese is: "Understand the content and be able to read and recite some basic texts smoothly." Familiar reading and reciting is a necessary way to cultivate classical Chinese reading ability and consolidate learning achievements, and it is a kind of training that can't be replaced by any other teaching activities. Only by familiarizing students with reciting, deepening their understanding and accumulating knowledge can they improve their reading ability in classical Chinese. Let students be familiar with reading and reciting, and pay attention to making a fuss about interesting words. For example, when teaching traps, let students use simple props to simulate the process of making traps, so that students can master the main points of reciting this article and recite the text easily. For example, when teaching the Peach Blossom Garden, I adopted the form of letting students perform, pretending to be fishermen, villagers, satrap and Liu Ziji respectively, imitating their respective languages, actions and manners, so that what fishermen saw, heard and felt when they entered the Peach Blossom Garden can be clearly reproduced, and on this basis, reciting the text will come naturally.
In short, in the teaching of classical Chinese, we should teach students in accordance with their aptitude, be flexible and diverse, turn interest into spring breeze, and make the barren and boring classical Chinese teaching classroom full of laughter.
3. How to make the grammar knowledge in classical Chinese teaching lively and interesting has always been a difficult problem for many teachers and a pain for most students. Historical changes make many words difficult to understand, and classical Chinese is not widely used in real life, so it is difficult for students to like it. Therefore, in the teaching of classical Chinese, it is often difficult for teachers to spend a lot of time trying to figure out every word when preparing lessons, and then speak word by word in class. However, except for a few students who are desperately taking notes, most of them are sleepy and indifferent, and the classroom atmosphere is very dull. After-school exam results are also very poor. Over time, students have no interest in learning classical Chinese at all.
Therefore, how to improve students' interest in learning classical Chinese, so as to improve classroom efficiency, liberate students from rote memorization, cultivate students' autonomous learning ability and questioning ability, and improve the teaching mode of classical Chinese with students as the main body and cultivate individual autonomous learning and innovation ability has become an urgent problem in the teaching of new textbooks. To this end, I made a bold attempt to teach words in classical Chinese. By introducing the competition mechanism and using the method of group competition, I guided students to question and solve doubts, developed students' thinking, changed the past teacher's thorough teaching into students' deep learning, combined knowledge learning with ability training, established a new classroom teaching structure, and achieved good teaching results. Combined with the teaching of teacher theory, talk about my specific practice and experience.
First, the preparation stage:
In the preview class, it is first announced that the course "On Teachers" adopts the learning method of combining self-study with teacher's guidance, and is divided into two groups according to seats for classroom competition to arouse students' learning enthusiasm. Then break down the links that are usually completed by teachers. First, important notional words, such as "teacher", "follower" and "biography"; Second, words with different meanings in ancient and modern times; Thirdly, the flexible use of parts of speech; Fourth, important function words such as "so", "so" and "Yu"; Fifth, special sentence patterns; The sixth is to translate sentences. After the decomposition, let the students preview the questions according to the above points, which will be the topic of the next class competition. If students want to find doubts, they must study the text carefully against their notes, which is actually the process of self-study. Because students have the task of finding doubts, they preview the text carefully and have a particularly deep memory. After careful preview, students often ask complicated and difficult questions, while some simple and understandable questions are solved in the process of preview. In order to solve these complicated problems, students need to think seriously and discuss deeply. In this way, students can have the ability of self-study by constantly discovering and discussing problems.
4. Humor The art of people laughing in short stories in classical Chinese is mainly expressed through humor.
The essence of humor is funny, ridiculous and meaningful. Humor is the crystallization of human wisdom and an advanced emotional activity and aesthetic activity. Any plain and mediocre value orientation and stereotyped way of thinking have nothing to do with humor.
In real life, we can often see that the arguments between the two sides are fierce, tense and deadlocked, often because one or two humorous words from a third party can make both sides laugh, put down their words and make up. In lifeless and monotonous situations, people will laugh and laugh because of someone's humor, break this silence, activate people's tired and numb nerves, and thus create a vivid, healthy and interesting atmosphere.
Therefore, in a sense, humor is a mediator to solve human contradictions, a stimulant to enliven and enrich human life, an elegant spiritual activity and a beautiful behavior. The 68 humorous stories selected here reflect the social life and human feelings in ancient China, especially since the Middle Ages.
These jokes are illusory, real, revealing, critical, beautiful, ironic, ironic, explanatory and colorful, which bring people into an ancient and realistic fascinating world and thus obtain the greatest spiritual and emotional satisfaction. A meat thief went to Beijing to sell meat, stopped to urinate in front of a toilet on the side of the road and hung the meat outside.
Seeing this, the second man stole the meat. Before he went far, A came out of the toilet, grabbed B and asked B if he had seen anyone take his meat from the toilet.
B was afraid that A would see through, so he put the meat in his mouth early and said impatiently, "You are such an idiot! How to hang the meat outside the door without losing it? If you put meat in your mouth like me, is there any reason to lose it? " -Han Weiyuchun's "Laughing Forest" name game Xu Zhicai, the king of Xiyang in the Northern Qi Dynasty, is very eloquent, especially good at word games. When he is not the king, he tries to play with the king, a senior minister.
Wang laughed at the name and said, "Your name is Zhicai. What's the point? In my opinion, it is similar to call it' lack of talent'. " Hearing this, he immediately laughed at Wang's surname: "The word Wang is added to the left of the word, 呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄呄2157
Wang was tongue-tied and embarrassed. On another occasion, Xu Zhicai entertained guests, and Lu Yuanming was present.
During the dinner, Lu Yuanming made fun of his surname and said, "The word' Xu' means not entering the people (Wei added' Yu' and' Jin')." Immediately mocked Yuan Ming's surname-the word "Lu": "The word" Lu "means" An "printed a public character as" Lu ",and then matched it with a horse to make a donkey. "
Lu Yuanming was flushed and speechless, and the room was full of laughter. -Old title Sui Houbai's "Qi Yan Lu" Bird's Nest and Calf Hou Bai later became an official in the Tang Dynasty and often worked with people in solve riddles on the lanterns. Hou Baixian made three chapters for everyone: "What you guess must be a visible object; Second, you can't make empty explanations to confuse everyone; Third, if the explanation is finished, but you can't see this thing, you should be punished. "
Then he first made a riddle: "The back is as big as a house, the abdomen is as big as a pillow (the crossbar behind the car), and the mouth is as big as a cup." Everyone guessed for a long time, but no one guessed right. They all said, "Where is an object with a mouth as big as a cup and a back as big as a room?" There is no such thing. You must make a bet with all of us. "
Hou Bai finished gambling with everyone and explained, "This is the swallow's nest." They burst out laughing.
On another occasion, Hou Bai attended a large banquet. During the dinner, everyone asked him to make a riddle for entertainment.
What you guess can neither be strange nor difficult to understand, nor can it be abstract and untrue. Hou Bai replied, "There is something as big as a dog and looks like an ox.
What is this? "People are competing to guess, some people say it's a roe deer, others say it's a deer, but they all deny it. Let Hou Bai tell the answer.
Hou Bai laughed and said, "This is a calf." -The old title "Qi" by Sui Houbai asks for the name of Tianbao. In his early years, the famous secret supervisor He wrote to the court and wanted to retire to his hometown of Wuzhong.
Xuanzong Li Longji respected him very much and treated everything differently. When He Zhangzhi left, he said goodbye to Tang Xuanzong, and his eyes were full of tears.
Tang Xuanzong asked him what other requirements he had. Zhang Zhi said: "I know that Zhang Zhang has a son who hasn't been named yet. If your majesty gives it a name, I will be honored to return to China. "
Xuanzong said: "Faith is the core of Tao. Blessed people have faith. The son of Qing should be named Fu. "
Know the chapter and thank humbly. It took me a long time to realize. I thought to myself, "The emperor is so happy with me.
I'm from Wu, and the word' fu' is the word' claw' followed by the word' zi'. He named my son Fu, didn't he call my son's paw? -Gao Songyi's "Living in Groups" does not know what poetry is. Ai Zi likes to write poems.
One day, Ai Zi swam between Qi and Wei and stayed in a hotel. In the evening, he heard someone talking next door: "A song."
After a while, he said, "One more song." Ai Zi was baffled and sleepy all night.
Lying until dawn, * * * heard the man in the next room say about six or seven times, that is, six or seven songs. Ai Zi thought that the man in the next room must be a poet. He was quietly absorbed in poetry at the foot of the mountain, and he felt respect in his heart. He also liked this man's quick thinking and decided to get to know him.
Early in the morning, Ai Zi got dressed and got up, adjusted her crown belt and stood at the door to meet her. Soon, a peddler-like man came out of the next room, thin and ill.
Ai Zi was disappointed, thinking: With this respect, you look like a poet. Perhaps, people can't judge people by their appearances, and they can't guess blindly. He went up to him and asked, "I heard that Mr. Wang has many poems." Can I see them? "
The man said, "I'm a businessman and I never know what poetry is." Has refused to come up with poetry.
Ai Zi stubbornly said, "I heard you say' one' in the house last night, and then you said' one'. Isn't that a poem? " Hearing this, the man couldn't help laughing: "You misunderstood. Last night, my stomach was upset. Every time I have diarrhea, I can't find toilet paper at night, so I wipe it with my hands.
Diarrhea lasted all night, and my hands were dyed almost six or seven times. When I say' hand', I don't mean the first poem. "
Ai zi, listen.
5. How to teach ancient poetry well? 1. Learning ancient poetry should let students develop their association and imagination. There are more than 70 well-known ancient poems in primary school Chinese textbooks. If students want to understand their meanings, they should be guided to develop association and imagination when teaching these ancient poems, so as to better understand the connotation of poems. For example, teaching the poem "Liu Yong" can make students close their eyes and imagine: Spring has come, how did it become? After the students imagine, the teacher can ask them about the imaginary scene, and then introduce poems to guide them to read Jasper, which is decorated into a tree and hung with 10 thousand green silk tapestries. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, but the spring breeze in February is like scissors. Students can understand that this poem, which seems to be an understatement, actually contains the author's ingenious brushwork by linking the poem with his own imaginary scene. The whole poem praises the trunk, branches and leaves, that is, willows. However, people can infer that the author wrote willow by describing the characteristics of 10 thousand willow trees with hanging green silk tapestries and thin leaves. Why are the bare willows like this now? Of course, this is the spring breeze. Spring has come, and the spring breeze has blown the earth green. The author praised the willow tree in the spring breeze, but in fact he praised the spring breeze. This tree is like this. Isn't it the same for other trees with sprouting branches and green leaves to shade them? Therefore, the theme of this poem is to praise the spring breeze for blowing green trees and bringing infinite vitality to the earth. Secondly, with the cooperation of music and painting, ancient poetry is full of rhythm and sense of rhythm, catchy to read and very popular with children. Reciting poetry with music is a good teaching method, which can create artistic conception and let students enter the situation of poetry. It can inspire students' thinking and bring their imagination into play. Deepen students' understanding of poetry and its realm. For example, teaching Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong", through repeated reading and singing with music, can make students realize the heroic style, broad realm, rough and powerful language and majestic and tragic atmosphere of the poem. Teaching Zhang's "Fisherman's Song" and reading it repeatedly with music can make students realize the fresh and natural style and clear language of this poem. Feel the fisherman's love for freedom and nature in the oblique wind and drizzle. When reading aloud with music, teachers should promptly guide students to experience the emotions and effects expressed by cadence, ups and downs, and high and low voices. In ancient poetry, poetry and painting are inseparable. Therefore, the teaching of ancient poetry should also pay attention to the integration of poetry and painting, so that students can feel the artistic beauty of ancient poetry. We should also pay attention to interesting training to make students interested in learning. 1, skillfully set situational questions for students to fill in poems. For example, ask students, when we waste food, mother often uses this poem () to teach us. Can you write a poem for a man? When we spend the New Year in other places, we often quote the poem () written by the Tang Dynasty poet Wang Wei to express our thoughts about our relatives in our hometown. When we recall our mother's love and repay her kindness, we will naturally recite the poem () written by Meng Jiao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Sometimes, we don't know our environment as well as others, which is the fascination of the authorities. Outsiders see clearly. The poem () in Su Shi's Song illustrates this problem. 2. Write poems as required. First, let the students write poems describing spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively. For example, in spring, the grass grows and the warblers fly, and in February, the willows are drunk with spring smoke. It describes the weeding day in summer, and sweat drips down the soil. It describes the poor third night in autumn and September, just like a pearl moon. An old man was fishing in the cold river snow. The second is to ask students to write a poem in red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple. The third is to write a poem with numbers such as one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, hundred, thousand and ten thousand. The fourth is to ask students to fill in the names of flowers in the poems. For example, like the strong wind in spring, thousands of trees are blown up at night. 3. Design some answers to the common sense of literary history, such as Li Bai and Du Fu, the poets of the Tang Dynasty collectively referred to as () in China literary circles. Among them, Li Bai's name is (), Du Fu's name is (), and Du Fu's first quick poem in his life is "",which expresses (). 4. Let students learn to write couplets and feel the happiness of success. If I make the first couplet, the students will celebrate the Spring Festival or welcome the New Year in a sunny day with great interest. There are many other trainings, such as reading this couplet in Meng Jiangnu Temple outside Shanhaiguan, where the sea is opposite to the sea and the clouds are long. This kind of training makes students understand that the polyphony of Chinese characters, the pause of Chinese and the word order can make our expression richer and more flexible. Fourth, students like to listen to stories and use stories to ignite their poetic hearts. When teaching ancient poetry, some interesting stories can be inserted to ignite students' poetic heart. In particular, telling some anecdotes related to this will make students more interested. For example, is it better to push the moon down the door with a monk or knock on the door with a monk? It reflects the ancient people's attention to improving the choice of words and sentences. The spring breeze of Wang Anshi's writing "Boating in Guazhou" is also the refinement of Qing Ci. There is also the story of Cao Zhi's seven-step poem, the story of Robin Wang Yong's goose, and Wang Mian's love of painting Mo Mei and writing Mo Mei's poems. These stories make students more interested in ancient poetry, and with interest, they can study better. Fifth, it is an idea to expand and accumulate poems and ancient poems after class. It is a beautiful movement and charming picture drawn by the ancients. Besides studying poems in textbooks, we should also recommend relevant poetry books to students for them to read after class. Students will gain a lot of extra-curricular accumulation by reading after class, expanding their association and imagination and stepping into the realm of poetry. Once students have a lot of extracurricular reading and accumulation, in turn, it will greatly promote our Chinese teaching. China has a long history. China culture, especially China's ancient poems, is a treasure in China language, a wonderful work in art, an accumulation and display of the essence of national culture, and an important part of the world cultural treasure house.
6. How to teach classical Chinese is boring. . .
You can take some, and each person translates a sentence, not in a certain order. It's up to the teacher to get some student numbers, and the students have to refuel.
In addition, learning classical Chinese requires a certain interest, and many classical Chinese quote allusions. Teachers can treat these allusions as stories when giving lectures, and students are more interested. Besides, teachers should always bring the text with them. Classical Chinese is very particular about reading, but it is often ignored in current teaching. What's the use of reading a book a hundred times, just picking words and not reading fluently? Many classical Chinese are not only beautiful in wording and sentences, but also full of high spirits. If you want to understand the author's mood at that time, you can resonate with the author's mood at that time. Classical Chinese won't be so boring, will it?