Jiangnan literally means the south side of the river. But as a typical historical geographical concept, Jiangnan originally meant the area south of the Yangtze River. In ancient times, Jiangnan often represented prosperous and developed culture and education and beautiful and prosperous water towns. The area was roughly divided into the areas on the south bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Jiangnan represents the Chinese people’s infinite yearning and hope for a better life. However, scholars at home and abroad have never unified the definition and use of the term Jiangnan. In addition, there are Jiangnan culture, four famous buildings, 12 scenery, celebrities named Jiangnan, music albums and songs, etc.
Historically, "Jiangnan" has always been an ever-changing and flexible regional concept. In all the research papers on "Jiangnan" today, it has never had a unified definition and standard.
The meaning of "Jiangnan" varies in ancient documents. It is often a word that goes hand in hand with regional concepts such as "Jiangbei" and "Central Plains", and is ambiguous. Historically, Jiangnan is both a natural geographical region and a sociopolitical region.
Jiangnan has three meanings: first, Jiangnan in physical geography, that is, south of the Yangtze River; second, Jiangnan in administrative geography. Jiangnan Road was established in the Tang Dynasty, Jiangnan East Road and Jiangnan West Road in the Song Dynasty, and Jiangnan West Road in the Qing Dynasty. Jiangnan Province, the concept of Jiangnan has changed throughout the ages; third, cultural Jiangnan, before modern times, was basically consistent with the concept of Jiangnan Road in the Tang Dynasty.
With the development of history, the importance of Jiangnan has become increasingly prominent. The Jiangnan of the Six Dynasties was the Jiangnan of Jiangnan, the Jiangnan of the Ming and Qing Dynasties was the Jiangnan of China, and the Jiangnan of modern times became the Jiangnan of the world.
The Nanjing described in "Jiangnan Spring" as "Thousands of miles of orioles croaking against the green, and the wind of wine flags and wine flags in the water villages and mountains" is naturally representative of the south of the Yangtze River;
"There is heaven above, and there are Suzhou and Hangzhou below." ", it is undeniable that Suzhou and Hangzhou, known as "a land of gold and jade, a gentle and wealthy town", are indeed an important part of Jiangnan.
Historical changes in the meaning of Jiangnan
In the "Twenty-Four Histories", the earliest record of "Jiangnan" is in "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors": "Shun... was sixty years old Yao Jian ascended the throne for thirty-nine years. He went on a hunting tour in the south and was buried in Jiuyi, Jiangnan. The meaning of "Jiangnan" here is really too broad.
By the Qin and Han Dynasties, the meaning of "Jiangnan" became slightly clearer, mainly referring to the area south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River today, that is, southern Hubei and all of Hunan today. "Historical Records: The Benji of Qin" says: "In the 30th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, Shu defended Ruo and attacked Chu, taking Wu County and the south of the Yangtze River as Qianzhong County." Qianzhong County is in the west of today's Hunan. This shows that the scope of "Jiangnan" at that time was huge. However, according to "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors", it can be seen that its southern boundary reaches the Nanling line. Since Jiangnan refers to the land of Hunan and Hubei, Yidao County (today's Yidu, Hubei) was changed to Jiangnan County during Wang Mang's reign. In the concept of the Han Dynasty, Jiangnan was already very broad, including Yuzhang County, Danyang County and the northern part of Kuaiji County, which is equivalent to today's Jiangxi, Anhui and southern Jiangsu. This gave rise to the concept of taking the northern part of Kuaiji County as "Jiangnan". Of course, during the Han Dynasty, the north and south areas of Dongting Lake should be the main body of Jiangnan, and this area belonged to Jingzhou. Therefore, people in the Eastern Han Dynasty often referred to most areas of Jingzhou, including Xiangyang, which is far away from the Yangtze River in the north, as "Jiangnan". ". "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Liu Biao Biography" records that "the Jiangnan sect's thieves flourished...only the Jiangxia thieves Zhang Zhuang and Chen sat in Xiangyang City with troops, and Biao sent Yue and Pang Ji to fight with them and surrender. The south of the Yangtze River was peaceful." Among them, "Jiangnan" refers to this area. By the Sui Dynasty, "Jiangnan" was also used as a synonym for "Yangzhou" in "Yu Gong", but in fact "Jiangnan" also meant south of Jianghan and north of Jianghuai. ① Therefore, in the "Historical Records·Huozhi Biography", the descriptions of "Yuzhang and Changsha in the south of the Yangtze River" and "the humid south of the Yangtze River and the husband died young", in the eyes of the Qing Dynasty people, both belong to the Huguang and Jiangxi areas; and "The Chronicles of Xiang Yu" The "Jiangdong" in the saying "Although Jiangdong is small, the elders in Jiangdong are pitiful but king of me" is actually the "Jiangnan" in the minds of the Qing Dynasty. ②Jiangnan
The clearer concept of Jiangnan should have originated from the Tang Dynasty. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), the world was divided into ten roads. The Jiangnan Road was entirely south of the Yangtze River, from the east of western Hunan to the seaside. It was the most truly Jiangnan area since the Qin and Han Dynasties. Obviously, the scope of Jiangnan Road was too broad. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), the imperial court subdivided Jiangnan Road into three parts: Jiangnan East Road, West Road and Central Guizhou Road. The usage of the term "Jiangnan" in the Tang Dynasty often extended beyond the scope south of the Yangtze River. Han Yu's "Jiangnan" that "endows the world, and Jiangnan ranks 19th" actually refers to the entire southeastern region south of Jianghuai and north of Nanling. Jiangnan East Road (Jiangdong Road for short) includes Zhejiang and Fujian provinces as well as the southern areas of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Jiangnan East Road was subdivided into four areas under the jurisdiction of western Zhejiang, eastern Zhejiang, Xuanshe, and Fujian. Among them, the western Zhejiang area completely matches people's later impressions of Jiangnan, including all of Suzhou (including Songjiang and Jiaxing areas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties), Huzhou, Changzhou, and parts of Runzhou and Hangzhou. Therefore, the core area of ??Jiangnan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was still represented by "Jiangdong" in the Tang Dynasty. Of course, the most accurate meaning of Jiangnan at that time was the area south of the Yangtze River. The prosperity and prosperity of this area had already appeared in the Tang Dynasty. In order to facilitate financial management, the Northern Song Dynasty court set up "roads" for transfer envoys. In the third year of Zhidao (997), the country was divided into fifteen roads. Jiangnan East Road in the Tang Dynasty was divided into Liangzhe Road, Fujian Road and Jiangnan East Road.
③The Liangzhe Road encompassed the core area of ??Jiangnan in the future, which is equivalent to the southern Jiangsu east of Zhenjiang and the entire Zhejiang today, and is also Jiangnan in a narrow sense.
① See Zhou Zhenhe: "Explanation of Jiangnan", published in "Chinese Literature and History Series" No. 49, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1992; also see Zhou Zhenhe: "Journey to Wuya", Sanlian Bookstore, 1996 edition , pages 324--334.
② [Qing Dynasty] Qian Daxin: "Jiangnan", Volume 11 of "Shi Jia Zhai Yang Xin Lu", Shanghai Bookstore, 1983, based on a copy of the 1937 edition of the Commercial Press, page 245.
③ See Zhou Zhenhe: "Explanation of Jiangnan", published in the 49th series of "Chinese Literature and History".
In official geographical annals starting from the Yuan Dynasty, the term "Jiangnan" was also used for administrative divisions. For example, the so-called "Jiangnan" in the Qing Dynasty mainly refers to the two provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui north of the Yangtze River today. However, "Jiangnan" in the economic sense increasingly refers to the traditional western Zhejiang, Wu or Sanwu regions. In the Ming Dynasty, the five prefectures of Su, Song, Chang, Jia, and Hu were listed as regular objects of expression as "Jiangnan" because the economic development of these regions had gained a unique status in the country and was highly relied upon by the country. Zheng Xiao, a native of Haiyan County, Jiaxing Prefecture during the Jiajing period, discussed Jiangnan based on these areas. ① Therefore, some people later proposed to set up a special administrative district in the most prosperous area of ??southern Jiangsu and western Zhejiang, with a governor to govern it, called the "Jiangnan Heartland". ② Jiangnan in Ming and Qing notebook novels generally refers to this area. Some even said that the seven prefectures of Hangzhou, Jiazhou, Hu, Suzhou, Songzhou, Changzhou, and Zhen were the so-called "Jiangnan". ③
Of course, people in the Ming and Qing Dynasties still used the word "Jiangnan" quite casually. In their minds, anything related to these places can be referred to as "Jiangnan", and they will not pay any attention to the existence of any boundary.
① [Ming Dynasty] Zheng Xiao: "Jinyan" Volume 3, Zhonghua Book Company 1984 edition, page 139.
② [Ming Dynasty] Lu Jingcai: "The Great Sima Dongnan Quan discussed Four Policies", [Ming Dynasty] Feng Menglong compiled: "Jiashen Chronicles" Volume 11, photocopied by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1993 . Gu Yanwu, a man from the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, described the same content in the original volume 11 "Zhejiang Part 1" of his book "Book of Benefits and Diseases of the Counties and Countries of the World" (photocopied by Hanfenlou in the 25th year of the Republic of China and kept in the collection of Kunshan Library). The obvious lineage directly records Lu's original text.
③ [Qing Dynasty] Donglu Ancient Madness: The Eighth Chapter of "Drunk Awakening Stone" "The fake tiger's power brings disaster to the antiques, and the eagle attacks the scholar's righteousness", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1992 edition. Page 68.
"Jiangnan" in contemporary scholars' writings
Even today, there are often differences in the definition of Jiangnan in academic circles.
Since the beginning of the study of Jiangnan by Fu Yiling and other academic predecessors, a large number of works on Jiangnan have conducted detailed discussions on various aspects such as economy, culture, politics, society, environment and even geological structure. Fu Yiling's "Merchant and Commercial Capital in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" ①, "Rural Social Economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" ②, "Exploration of the Citizen Economy in Jiangnan in the Ming Dynasty" ③ and "On Social and Economic Changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" ④, although the discussions mostly involve the Jiangnan area , but a clear definition of Jiangnan has not yet been made.
Wang Jiafan was the first to discuss the meaning of Jiangnan. In his early research on the structure and historical value of Jiangnan towns, he believed that as early as the Ming Dynasty, the Susongchang and Hangjiahu areas were already a As a regional whole with inherent economic ties and political similarities, the five prefectures and even the seven prefectures are often referred to together in official documents and private writings. Therefore, the earliest Jiangnan Economic Zone (strictly speaking, the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone) has actually It was initially formed, and this economic zone was based on Suzhou and Hangzhou as the central cities (Suzhou was the center), forming a multi-level market network of cities, prefectures, towns, villages and cities. ⑤Liu Shiji stated in his "Research on Jiangnan Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" that Jiangnan refers to Jiangning, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Suzhou, Songjiang and Taicang Zhili Prefectures in Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River, as well as Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou in Zhejiang Province. prefecture area. ⑥The book "Research on the Social and Economic History of the Yangtze River Delta Region" edited by Hong Huanchun and Luo Lun also defines Jiangnan: it mainly refers to the Yangtze River Delta region, which in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was Su, Song, Chang, Zhen, Hang, and The Jiahu and Huqifu areas are a triangle area centered on the Taihu Lake Basin. ⑦When Chen Zhongping studied the towns in Jiangnan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, he defined the geographical scope of Jiangnan as Suzhou south of the Yangtze River (including the Qing Dynasty
① Fu Yiling: "Merchant and Commercial Capital in the Ming and Qing Dynasties", People's Publishing House 1956 edition.
② Fu Yiling: "Rural Social Economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties", Sanlian Publishing House (Beijing) 1961 edition
③ Fu Yiling: "Citizens of Jiangnan in the Ming Dynasty". "Economic Exploration", Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1957 edition
④ Fu Yiling: "On Social and Economic Changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties", People's Publishing House, 1989 edition ⑤ Wang Jiafan: " A Preliminary Study on the Structure and Historical Value of Jiangnan Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, published in "Journal of East China Normal University", Issue 1, 1984, pp. 74-84
⑥ Liu Shiji: "Research on Jiangnan Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties". , China Social Sciences Press, 1987 edition, page 1.
⑦ Hong Huanchun and Luo Lun, editors-in-chief: "Research on the Social and Economic History of the Yangtze River Delta Region", Nanjing University Press, 1989 edition. Page 286.
Taicang (Zhili Prefecture), Songjiang, Changzhou, Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou are divided into 52 states, counties, and departments. The divisions and names of each administrative unit are generally based on the mid-Qing Dynasty. shall prevail. ① Fan Shuzhi's "Exploration of Jiangnan Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" only covers the five prefectures of Su, Song, Hang, Jia, and Hu. However, the appendix of statistics on the distribution of towns covers Yingtian, Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Ningbo, Shaoxing, Jinhua, Taiping, Ningguo, Chizhou and Huizhou cover the four provinces and cities of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui today. ②Xu Xinwu and others’ research on the history of homespun cloth in the south of the Yangtze River is basically centered on Songjiang Prefecture, and includes parts of Changzhou, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, and Ningbo prefectures. Nantong, north of the Yangtze River, has a relatively developed handicraft industry and is similar in supply and marketing. The Jiangnan area is inextricably linked, so it is also included in the scope of Jiangnan. ③The scope of Jiangnan is obviously very large. Fan Jinmin's research on Jiangnan silk and commercial history has shrunk in geographical scope, but it is very clear that it is bounded by the Yangtze River in the north, Hangzhou Bay in the south, the sea in the east, and Taihu Lake embedded in it. It is basically a Yangtze River Delta, including today's Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Shanghai, Jiaxing, Huzhou and Hangzhou cover an area of ??more than 40,000 square kilometers. ④ "Social Life in Jiangnan in the Seventeenth Century" written by Qian Hang and Cheng Cheng has a broader delineation of Jiangnan, including the 14 prefectures and 4 prefectures of Southern Zhili in the Ming Dynasty, the 11 prefectures of the Zhejiang Chief Envoy and the Jiangxi Chief Executive In the Qing Dynasty, the 13 governorates of the envoys were Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi provinces. ⑤ Chen Xuewen's "Research on the History of Hangjiahu Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" ⑥ and "The Commodity Economy of the Taihu Basin in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
① Chen Zhongping: "On the Diversified Development of Rural Production in Jiangnan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties", in " Chinese Agricultural History, Issue 3, 1989, pp. 1-10.
② Fan Shuzhi: "Exploration of Jiangnan Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties", Fudan University Press, 1990 edition.
③ Xu Xinwu, editor-in-chief: "History of Jiangnan Homespun", Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press, 1992 edition.
④ Fan Jinmin and Jin Wen: "Research on the History of Silk in the South of the Yangtze River", Agricultural Press, 1993 edition; Fan Jinmin: "The Development of Jiangnan Commerce in the Ming and Qing Dynasties", Nanjing University Press, 1998 edition.
⑤ Qian Hang and Cheng Cheng: "Social Life in Jiangnan in the Seventeenth Century", Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1996 edition, page 1.
⑥ Chen Xuewen: "Research on the Town History of Hangjiahu City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties", Qunyan Publishing House (Beijing) 1993 edition.
and Market Network"①, clearly stated that what was discussed was the "Jiangnan region in a narrow sense" or the "Taihu Basin", and the most reasonable scope was Su, Song, Chang, Hang, Jia, and Hu.
In addition, "Jiangnan Towns and Their Modern Destiny (1840-1949)" edited by Bao Weimin, "Research on the Social and Economic History of Hangjiahu in Ming and Qing Dynasties" by Jiang Zhaowu, "Early Industrialization of Jiangnan" by Li Bozhong (1550-1850)》④, etc., the Jiangnan involved does not exceed the above-mentioned areas.
Foreign scholars’ understanding of “Jiangnan”
Among foreign scholars (mainly Japanese scholars), the definition of Jiangnan generally tends to be the term “Jiangnan Delta Area”. Judging from today's administrative divisions, it mainly covers Suzhou, Shanghai, Changzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou.
Huang Zongzhi’s research on the Yangtze River Delta made no further breakthroughs except for including the Tongzhou area on the north bank of the Yangtze River into this area. ⑤The scope of Jiangnan discussed by Shiba Yoshinobu is quite broad, including Yuanzhou, Huizhou, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Huzhou, Mingzhou and many other areas in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the Song Dynasty. ⑥ Masao Mori’s famous early research on the relationship between famine politics and landlords and tenants was entirely limited to the eastern region of Jiangnan, namely Suzhou, Songjiang, Taicang and Jiaxing. ⑦In his later research,
① Chen Xuewen: "Commodity Economy and Market Network in the Taihu Basin during the Ming and Qing Dynasties", Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 2000 edition.
② Edited by Bao Weimin: "Jiangnan Towns and Their Modern Destiny (1840-t949)", Knowledge Press (Beijing) 1998 edition.
③ Jiang Zhaowu: "Research on the Social and Economic History of Hangjiahu in Ming and Qing Dynasties", Hangzhou University Press, 1998 edition.
④ Li Bozhong: "Early Industrialization in Jiangnan (1550-1850)", Social Sciences Literature Press, 2000 edition.
⑤ [US] Huang Zongzhi: "Small Farmer Families and Rural Development in the Yangtze River Delta", Zhonghua Book Company, 1992 edition.
⑥ [Japan] Written by Si Bo Yixin, translated by Fang Jian and He Zhongli: "Research on the Economic History of Jiangnan in the Song Dynasty", Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2001 edition.
⑦ [Japan] Masao Mori: "Relationship between Landlords and Tenants in the Landlord-Tenant Relations in the 16th, 18th and 18th Centuries", "Research on Oriental History" 27.4: 69-111.1969.
The scope has been expanded, and the five prefectures of Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou are used as the theme of Jiangnan①; in terms of research on Jiangnan towns, these five prefectures are not included, but they are the highest. In the name of "Jiangnan Delta".
② Hamajima Atsushi's research on rural society in Jiangnan is quite famous, and his definition of Jiangnan is very clear. He believes that the so-called "Jiangnan" refers to the three prefectures of Suzhou, Songjiang, and Changzhou in Zhili Province and the second prefectures of Jiaxing and Huzhou in Zhejiang Province, that is, the area of ??the five prefectures surrounding Taihu Lake. ③ Later, Kitada Hideto completely called Jiangnan "Jiangnan Delta State", and the scope was similar to Hamajima Atsushi's definition. ④ Haijin Zhenglun’s view is similar to this, and also has a strong geographical flavor. The geographical scope has been expanded to include Zhenjiang Prefecture. ⑤The recent research on Jiangnan by Kawakatsumori has attracted more attention. In his new book "Research on the Social History of Jiangnan Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties", "Jiangnan" includes the six prefectures of Suzhou, Songjiang, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Hangzhou and Zhenjiang, and has been expanded in scope. ⑥
Generally speaking, Japanese scholars’ understanding of Jiangnan is basically concentrated in the five prefectures of Su, Song, Chang, Jia, Hu, and Tai. In their view, this is the core of Jiangnan, or in other words, Jiangnan in the true sense.
Determination of the concept of Jiangnan
Chinese and foreign scholars’ discussions on Jiangnan mostly focus on the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This not only reflects the personal academic interests of Chinese and foreign scholars, but also reflects the development of Jiangnan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. the importance of the region itself. In their treatises, the regional concept of Jiangnan is not unified. When it comes to the Jiangnan region, they are either unclear or have different discussions. Naturally, there is no comprehensive understanding of the concept.
① [Japan] Masao Mori: "Research on the Land System in Jiangnan in the Ming Dynasty", Tongpengshe, 1988.
② [Japan] Masao Mori, editor: "Research on the Town of Jiangnan - Approaching History and Geography", Nagoya University Press. 1992.
③ [Japan] Hamajima Atsushi: "Research on Rural Society in Jiangnan in the Ming Dynasty", Shujing University Press, 1982.
④ [Japan] Hideto Kitada: "Irrigation and Agriculture in the Eighth to Thirteenth Century in Jiangnan", "Research on Oriental History", Volume 47, No. 4, March of the First Year of Heisei Published on the 31st; "Research Results Report on "Research on the Development of Agriculture and Industrial Rural Handicrafts in the Delta State of Jiangnan in China during the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties", 1988.
⑤ [Japan] Kaijin Masaru: "The Formation of the Terrain of Jiangnan, China", published in "Research Papers of the Faculty of Literature, Nagoya University" No. 107·History 36, 1990.
⑥ [Japan] Kawakatsu Shou: "Research on the Social History of Jiangnan Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties - Historiography of the Formation of Space Engineering Society", Jigu Academy. 1999.
For this reason, Li Bozhong once made a relatively scientific definition of the concept of "Jiangnan". He pointed out that the definition of the geographical scope of Jiangnan must not only have geographical integrity in terms of standards, but also should be a specific concept in people's minds. Accordingly, the reasonable scope of Jiangnan should include today’s southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, that is, the eight prefectures of Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Jiangning, Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as Taicang and Zhili Prefecture that were later delimited by Suzhou Prefecture. ; These eight prefectures and one state not only have uniform internal ecological conditions, but also belong to the Taihu Lake water system. They are also closely interconnected in terms of economy. There are also natural barriers on the periphery that form a clear separation from neighboring areas. ① This is basically consistent with Liu Shiji’s definition in the book "Research on Jiangnan Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties". ② But in another article ""Selection", "Collection" and "Jiangnan Agricultural Revolution in Song Dynasty", Li Bozhong returned to the concept of Jiangnan in geography, that is, the Jiangnan Plain or Taihu Plain area, which roughly covers the Pingjiang Prefecture (Suzhou), Changzhou, Xiuzhou (Jiaxing Prefecture), Huzhou and Jiangyin Army on the Zhejiang West Road in the Song Dynasty. ③In later scholars’ discussions on the traditional market, most of those involving Jiangnan were influenced by Li Bozhong. They adopted his point of view and defined Jiangnan as the land of the above-mentioned eight prefectures and one state. ④
Li Bozhong’s definition of the concept of Jiangnan also provides useful inspiration for the regional definition of this book.
① Li Bozhong: "A Brief Discussion on the Definition of "Jiangnan Region"", "Research on Chinese Social and Economic History", Issue 1, 1991, pp. 100-105, 107.
② Liu Shiji: "Research on Jiangnan Towns in the Ming and Qing Dynasties".
③ Li Bozhong: ""Selection", "Collection" and "Agricultural Revolution in the South of the Song Dynasty", published in "Chinese Social Sciences", Issue 1, 2000, pp. 177-192.
④ Long Denggao: "Discussion on the Mature Form of China's Traditional Market—A Review of the Academic History of Market Research in Jiangnan Region", published in "Chinese History Research Trends", Issue 10, 1998, pp. 12-21.