(20 16-03-27 13:05: 15)
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Original address: Yi Hanfu's mourning poem
On Mourning Poems
Mourning poems, as an exclusive theme, began in Pan 'an. There is only one word under the word "mourning" in Ci Hai (1979 edition): mourning, which is defined as: "Jin wrote three poems about mourning for the death of his wife, which was later called mourning." Chinese is so complicated that there are dozens of synonyms for "death". The Book of Rites says: "When the emperor dies, it is called" collapse ",the princes say" death ",the doctors say" death ",the scholars say" decline "and Shu Ren says" death ". I think the death of my wife should be called "death". Widows have been called "widows" since the Han Dynasty. "Originally a self-proclaimed, later evolved into others can also be called. For example, my brother introduced his widowed sister-in-law to outsiders. It can be said that he is the widow of his brother. In other words, that's my brother's family not dead.
Let's go back to Pan 'an. Pan Yue was born in the Western Jin Dynasty. The solemn title should be Pan Anren. It is said that he acted improperly, so he omitted the word "benevolence" and called him Pan An. What behavior? For example, being an official under the shameless Queen Jia Nanfeng, when the powerful Jami went out, he began to worship when he saw the horses and chariots rolling up dust. Wait a minute. In fact, Pan An's political integrity has not attracted the attention of future generations. In addition to writing a first-class mourning poem, his name is tenaciously active in ancient poetry and prose, mostly because of his beauty. Therefore, Pan An has become a special term to describe men's beauty.
What does Pan An look like? There is no detailed record in the history books. There are only four words in Pan Yuechuan, the Book of Jin: "The more Mei Zi you are", but then one thing was described like this, saying that Pan An was walking in the street of Luoyang with a slingshot. When the women saw him, they surrounded him hand in hand, threw fruit at him and stuffed his car full. I often pop out of Luoyang Road with my arms, and all the women I meet are holding hands and lingering, and they are full of cars. In fact, Pan An's hair turned gray at the age of 32. The reason why women love and worship him, I think, may be because of his loyalty to love. /kloc-at the age of 0/2, Pan An was betrothed to her daughter by the famous Confucian scholar Yang. So far, they have lived together for 26 years. During this period, Pan An experienced prosperity and hardships, but under any circumstances, the couple always took the guest as their respect and took care of each other. After his wife died, Pan An fell into a quagmire of pain. "Look at that person, think about that person, walk into the room and think about it." "When did you forget to sleep? Anxiety is increasing day by day. " No second wife until death.
During the thousands of years from Pan 'an to Ming and Qing Dynasties, scholars of all ages liked to write in this field, resulting in mourning poems flowing like a river of sorrow. Among many mourning poems, there are many famous poems and many sad love stories. Among them, the stories of Lu You and Tang Wan are worth mentioning.
Tang Wanzi was smart and wise since childhood, especially good at poetry and songs. Newly married with Lu You, they are touching. This annoyed Lu Mu (also Tang Wan's aunt). Because in Tang's eyes, the son's fame and fortune is the big deal. At this time, Lu You was addicted to love and had no intention of studying hard to gain fame. As a result, the contradiction between Lu Mu and Tang Wan became increasingly prominent. In ancient etiquette, there are "seven absolutely", the first of which is "disobedience to parents". As a result, Lu's mother forced her son to divorce his wife. Lu You is a dutiful son and obeyed his mother's orders with tears in his eyes. Tang Wan married someone else after divorce, and Lu You returned to a bumpy career. Of course, there is also a saying that Tang Wan is infertile after three years of marriage, which also meets the conditions of "seven breaks". There is also a saying that it is inconsistent to ask for the release of his son and daughter-in-law in Lumu Temple. In ancient events, this often happened. As long as the parties do not explain clearly before their death, future generations will always have different opinions. So there is no need to delve into the reasons why Lu You divorced his wife. The development of the story is that ten years later, Lu You didn't try, and he was depressed. He returned to Shaoxing, strolled to Shenyuan, and met Tang Wan by chance, and that never-ending feeling filled his mind again. Tang Wan returned to the waterside pavilion and said to her husband who was drinking: That man over there is my cousin, so I might as well give him some wine and vegetables. Tang Wan and his wife left after drinking, and Lu You was still sitting in the pavilion drinking, and his thoughts could not be resolved. So he found a wall and wrote "Hairpin Phoenix: Bare-handed Yellow Rice Wine", which was widely circulated in later generations. Willow trees on the palace wall in spring in the city. The east wind is evil, and the feelings are thin. A sad mood, a cable that I haven't seen for years. No, no, no! Spring is as old as ever, and people are empty and thin. Tears flooded her face. Peach blossom falls, idle pool pavilion. Although Meng Shan is here, it is hard to trust Jin Shu. Mo, Mo, Mo! A year later, Tang Wan came to Shenyuan again and was deeply moved by Lu You's words, so he wrote a song called Hairpin Phoenix. Another year passed, and Tang Wan died. Lu You was heartbroken when he learned the news. Since then, he devoted himself to the cause of resisting gold until he retired in his later years and returned home.
After returning home, Lu You was tortured by the thoughts of Tang Wan, and wrote a mourning poem every few years. At the age of 63, he wrote his first song: taking yellow flowers as pillow bags, and the curved screen is deeply fragrant. Call back the dream of 43 years, no one said it was heartbreak. Later, at the age of 65 and 68, Lu You went to Shenyuan twice and wrote a sad poem every time. When I was 8 1 year-old, I dreamed of going back to the shrine and waking up to mourn. At the age of 84, I swam to Shenyuan and wrote the last song: The flowers in Shenjiayuan are like brocade, which was half open that year. It is also a beauty who will die, and it is too late to dream. Soon, the spoony old gentleman passed away, leaving us with many sincere mourning poems.
The achievements of Lu You's mourning poems in this respect are not very high, far less than his poems of resisting gold and serving the country. To say that the peak of mourning poems is Yuan Zhen, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. His masterpiece is three songs in memory of his dead wife. Heng Tang, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, thought that "the mourning poems in ancient and modern times are all over the building, but they can't reach the scope of these three poems." So these three poems must be completely recorded:
( 1)
You're like Gong's favorite daughter, and it's not going well to marry me, a poor man.
You patch my clothes from your own wicker basket, sell wine and dial gold hairpin.
You eat your food with wild vegetables, but your food is sweet. You cook with dead branches with leaves.
Today they paid me $100,000 and your camping wine.
(2)
A long time ago, we joked that one of us would die, but suddenly, before my eyes, you left.
The clothes you have worn have been given away, and I can't bear to open your sewing box.
Because I miss you, I love girls very much, and many of your dreams, I will burn paper for you.
No one knows that the husband and wife will be sad, and many past memories are extremely sad.
(3)
I'm sitting here alone, mourning for both of us. How many years is my seventy years old? .
No offspring is fate, and Pan Yue just mourned his dead wife in vain.
Even if you can bury it, you can't tell a passion. What an illusory hope the fetters of the afterlife are.
However, when I open my eyes, I can see the whole night, the lifelong troubles in your brow.
These three poems are really great. In order to understand them, I might as well express them in vernacular. (1) Like Prime Minister Xie An's favorite niece, you are spoiled in every way at home, but since you married a poor man like Qian Lou, everything has gone wrong. I'm going out. You see, I don't have any decent clothes, and I'm still rummaging through boxes made of straw. I'm greedy for wine, and I'm tired of you buying it. You have to pull the gold hairpin off your head and exchange money for wine. Our family eats wild vegetables all the year round. Eating bean leaves is good for you. Leaves are always used as firewood in the stove. I saw you looking up at the yellow leaves on the old pagoda tree. These past events are vivid in my mind. Now, I have money, and my salary is more than 100 thousand, but you are gone. I can only pay homage, ask the monk to cross over and mourn for you. (2) At that time, we joked about what was behind, but now it has come true. I gave you all the clothes you wore before you died, and I was reluctant to open them, except needle and thread. Because of your memory and your feelings, I love your old handmaids and servants a little more. Dreaming that you are still living a poor life, wake up and burn paper money quickly. Well, that's all I can do. I know this hatred of death is inevitable in the world. However, whenever I think of the poor and humble life that husband and wife lived in those years, I feel that many things are sad. (3) In the days when I lost you, I had to wait and die. This is the sorrow of missing you and the sorrow of my own fate. Even if life is a hundred years, it is fleeting and there is not much time. At that time, Deng You gave up his only son to protect his nephew, but who would have thought that he was childless for life, which was really a fate. Pan Yue's mourning poems use many touching words. What's the use? After husband and wife die, it is customary to be buried in the same grave, but that place called the underworld is dark and dark. What can you see? People often say, farewell in this life, husband and wife in the afterlife. But the afterlife is even more elusive. What I can do now is to sit and miss in this long night. It seems that this can comfort my guilty heart. I feel guilty. In those days when we lived together, your brow never stretched because of poverty.
What kind of woman makes Yuan Zhen so emotional? The woman's name is Wei Cong, and she comes from an official family. His father, Wei, was a Beijinger, the mayor of Chang 'an, the capital of Beijing, and later a guest of the Prince. At this time, Yuan Zhen went to Beijing to take the exam, won the book Excellence Award and was appointed as the secretary of the provincial proofreader. To put it bluntly, he is a proofreader. Soon, Wei met Yuan Zhen and felt that this young man was brilliant and had a bright future. So he gave his little daughter Wei to him. It stands to reason that Yuan Zhen was a civil servant with eight products at that time, received a national salary, married into a rich family, and deserved to live a well-off life. Therefore, later generations questioned whether the situation described in his mourning poems was true. There is no doubt that this is true. First, Yuan Zhen's father-in-law died of illness soon after he was adopted. Coincidentally, in the second year after marriage, Yuan Zhen's mother died. Since the Han Dynasty, the ancestral system was that when an official's father or mother died, he had to resign and be filial for 27 months, commonly known as "Ding You". As a result, the economic situation of Yuan Zhen and his wife quickly fell from the cloud into the quagmire. Secondly, Yang Rongji married Yuan Zhen for seven years and gave birth to five children. Four people died unexpectedly. In other words, in those years, they have been giving birth to children and burying them. Such a life is undoubtedly tragic. Third, Yuan Zhen was born addicted to alcohol and liked to make friends. Naturally, he spent a lot of money to make ends meet. It is in the poor life that the sincere feelings of husband and wife are condensed, and it is the sincere feelings that have made the masterpieces of the ages.
In fact, what later generations really criticized Yuan Zhen was his disdain for his emotional life. This point is worth discussing.
Yuan Zhen once wrote a famous legendary novel Yingying Biography. Everyone thinks that he wrote about his own experience. Let me briefly describe the story. The time is that Yuan Zhen will go to Beijing for an exam. When you read it, you just need to change Zhang Sheng into Yuan Zhen.
During Zhenyuan period of Tang Dynasty, a man named Zhang arrived and lived in Pujiu Temple. It happens that a widow named Cui also lives here with her children and servants. Zhang Sheng and Cui Shi began to talk. It turned out that she was Zhang Sheng's distant menstruation.
This year, our ambassador passed away in Zhou Pu. The general is not good at running the army, and the soldiers plunder everywhere. Cui Shi's family is well-off, and he is the target of robbing the rich. Cui Shi is on tenterhooks all day. Zhang sheng knew the leader of that army very well, so he found him and said, I don't care about robbing others. Don't move at Lao Cui's house. That's my period. Sure enough, the Cui Shi family was safe. Later, a new special envoy came and the balance was restored.
Cui Shi gave a banquet to thank Zhang Sheng. During the dinner, Zhang Sheng met Cui Shi's daughter Cui Yingying and was deeply attracted by her beauty. From then on began unrequited love. He found Yingying's handmaid, Hong Niang, and gave her some trinkets, begging her to take a message to Yingying. The matchmaker had never experienced such a thing, his face flushed and he turned away. Zhang Sheng didn't give up and went to look for it the next day. The matchmaker said, you say it yourself or ask the matchmaker to propose marriage. Why do you want me to take a message? Zhang sheng said, you don't know me. I am not good at dealing with girls. Sometimes I can't even look up when I see them. But that day, when I saw your young lady, I was fascinated by her. Sometimes I forget to stop and walk, and I don't know what it tastes like. Let me find a matchmaker to formally propose marriage. The formal process will take several months, so I'm not crazy. The matchmaker said, yes. My young lady likes to write poems. You might as well write something. I'll get it. Zhang Sheng was overjoyed and immediately wrote two "Spring Poems" for her. That night, the matchmaker came to Zhang Sheng, handed him a piece of colored stationery and said, This is for you from this young lady. I can't read and don't know what to write. Please see for yourself. Zhang Sheng quickly opened it. It turned out to be a poem: "The moon is in the west wing, and the windward door is half open. The flowers on the wall are moving, and they are suspected to be jade people. "
That night, the moonlight was hazy. Zhang Sheng climbed the apricot tree, climbed over the fence and came to the west wing. Sure enough, the door was ajar. Zhang Sheng's heart was pounding, and he pushed the door and went in. The girl on the bed was startled and cried, "Who?" A listen to the voice, turned out to be a fucking matchmaker. The matchmaker asked in surprise, what are you doing here? Scared me to death. Zhang sheng said, don't do this. Go get your woman. She sent me. The matchmaker went out and soon came back with the young lady. Unexpectedly, as soon as Cui Yingying saw Zhang Sheng, he scolded him: "You saved our family and treated us well, but you can't fish in troubled waters. I think you are also a gentleman. How could you write something like that to seduce me? " Zhang Sheng stammered, "This poem you wrote is obviously for me." Yingying said, "I don't write like that. Can you come? If you don't come, can I teach you a lesson? I hope you will exercise restraint with courtesy. " Say that finish, turned and left. Zhang Sheng cried silly in the same place, and it took a long time to recover. He left in frustration and went back over the wall.
Although Zhang Sheng didn't give up, he stopped a lot. That night, Zhang Sheng was sleeping when someone opened the door and shouted, "Silly boy, don't sleep, get up. Let's go. " Zhang Sheng turned on the light and saw a matchmaker. The matchmaker is holding a quilt and carrying a pillow. She arranged the pillows, made the quilt and left. Soon, the matchmaker came with Cui Yingying. It's the eighteenth day of the lunar calendar, and the moonlight is as clear as water. Yingying changed her former modesty and looked shy. I haven't spoken all night. At dawn, the matchmaker urged her to leave outside the door, and she sobbed in a low voice. Yingying is gone, but Zhang Sheng is still dreaming. You can see the rouge marks on your arms and smell the fragrance on your clothes, and you will know that everything is true.
Since then, Yingying has lost the news again. Zhang Sheng wrote "Hui Zhen Shi" and asked the matchmaker to give it to Yingying. Soon, they started dating again. Zhang Sheng often goes to the West Building to see Yingying. Although Yingying is good at poetry, she has never shown it to Zhang Sheng. Although she is eloquent, she never talks to Zhang Sheng much. She is full of affection for Zhang Sheng, but she never expresses it. She played the piano sadly and never agreed to the request to play again. All this makes Zhang Sheng more infatuated with Yingying.
The date of scientific research is coming, and Zhang Sheng is going to Chang 'an. On the night of departure, Zhang Sheng was reluctant to go, with a sad face. Yingying said, "I dare not hold a grudge, and you don't have to frown. You asked me to play the piano before, but I always refused. Today, I will play a song for you. " With that, my father played Colorful Feathers, and after a few times, he burst into tears. Yingying dropped the piano and ran back to her room, never coming out again.
The following story can come back to reality. Yuan Zhen became famous, and entered the bureaucratic family for the promotion of his official career. Later, it was the tragic stories written in his mourning poems.
Among Yuan Zhen's mourning poems, there is another one that is widely circulated. "Once the sea is difficult for water, amber forever. Lazy looking back at flowers, half the sky is repaired, and half the sky is a gentleman. " Most scholars think that this is a mourning for Wei Cong and has nothing to do with Cui Yingying. If so, it means that I don't like other women after a woman like Wei Cong. But later, when Yuan Zhen went to work in Shu, he had an unforgettable love affair with Xue Tao, a local talented woman.
Xue Tao, one of the four talented women in Tang Dynasty, had a legendary life. Let's not tell her story. Let Yuan Zhen come in first. In the fourth year of Yuanhe, Yuan Zhen was appointed as the censor and was ordered to inspect the two rivers. As soon as he arrived at the station, he inquired about Xue Tao, because he had long wanted to meet the talented woman. Soon, he got together with Bai Juyi, Du Mu and Liu Yuxi and invited Xue Tao to write poems together. Yuan Zhen was fascinated by Xue Tao's talent and beauty, and Xue Tao fell in love with his younger brother 1 1. As a result, the vigorous love of my sister-in-law burned. They stayed in Gentle Township for three months, and Yuan Zhen was recalled to Beijing. Since then, their correspondence has been frequent and sincere. In fact, Xue Tao really moved the truth. She made a poem with beautiful red paper, wrote down her thoughts and tenderness, and gave it to Yuan Zhen. Yuan Zhen married a concubine in Beijing.
In addition to his wife Wei Cong, Yuan Zhen had three concubines in his life. Of course not at the same time, they all died, just like he gave birth to a child and died and was reborn. But there are only three real relationships, and these three relationships have left three intangible cultural heritages for future generations. The love affair with Cui Yingying left Yingying Biography, which was later adapted into a drama The West Chamber by Wang Shifu in Yuan Dynasty, and has been passed down to this day. The love affair with Wei Cong pushed the creation of mourning poems to a peak. The love affair with Xue Tao led to the signing of Xue Tao, which is still in the hands of vendors as a tourist souvenir.
Yuan Zhen is really a character.
Meng Jiao, Li Shangyin, Du Fu, Liu Yuxi, Wei, Wen, Na Lan Xingde and other literati all wrote mourning poems. Here are two mourning poems of the Song Dynasty, which are worth rewriting. One is He Zhu's Partridge Sky: "It is wrong to cross Nagato. Like what? What is the difference? Wutong was half dead. After first frost, Bai Yuanyang lost her partner. The grass is on the ground and exposed at the beginning. Old habitat and new growth. Lying in an empty bed listening to the rain from the south window, who will mend the clothes at night. " Lost mood, sentimental feelings, endless thoughts are all on the paper. The other is Su Dongpo's "Jiangchengzi": "Ten years of life and death are ambiguous, so you can't forget it. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. At night, I suddenly dreamed of going home, and the window of Xiao Xuan was being decorated. There is nothing to say about each other, only a thousand lines of tears are expected to break every year, and the moon is missing. " Exquisitely and truly wrote the sadness and deep thoughts of his late wife, which made people cry.
Mourning poems are a wonderful work in the field of ancient Chinese poetry and fu. She recorded many sad love stories and showed the emotional world of literati. However, when commenting on mourning poems, later generations always put artistic achievements first. Pan An, for example, is faithful to love, but his mourning poem is only the first one. Another example is Lu You, whose mourning poems are really touching, but he mourns someone else's wife, or his ex-wife. Yuan Zhen pushed the creation of mourning poems to the peak, but he didn't "look back at and I wonder how many blossoms were broken" to Wei Cong. When you meet the right one, you still have to love, and the intensity of love remains the same. Therefore, when reading mourning poems, you don't need to delve into the story behind, you just need to slowly taste the beauty of art, just like facing a flower, without thinking that there are bugs under the roots.