Market refers to the place where merchants are concentrated, which was also called "market" in ancient times. "Guan Zi Xiao Kuang" said: "Where there are businessmen, there must be a market." Yin explained to the fair: "If the city is built in all directions, it is called a fair." Fairs and markets are what we usually call business districts.
According to the requirement of "facing the market", the city is located behind the palace or official residence in urban space, which is the most traditional and suitable urban layout. However, the development of urban commerce is not bound by "ceremony". From the Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, different regions named after "city" appeared in some big cities. These three cities are all on the east side of the main road, collectively referred to as the East City. In addition to the East City and the West City, there is also a Huai City. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were Dongcheng, Dacheng and Shicheng in Luoyang. However, although the increase in the number of cities is a departure from the traditional "market-oriented" urban pattern, "city" is still a strictly controlled space, and its characteristics are mainly reflected in the square urban system.
The system of sexual intercourse has existed for thousands of years in the history of China, and its greatest function is to create a city commercial space ruled by law. When it realized the strict separation of Fang, as a residential area, from the city, as a commercial area, and was supervised by officials, it formed a closed urban system. According to the principle that people are divided into groups, all the shops are concentrated in the city. The city is surrounded by high walls. Open and close with time. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the city was in charge of the key lock. "In every city, the public will encounter 300 drums from Japan and China. In the first seven minutes of the day, the public will disperse with 300 drums. " And the city's access control is very strict. "Those who cross the government wall and the square wall will have seventy sticks.
The third form refers to the commerce in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which gave birth to the seeds of capitalism. It began in the Song Dynasty and the end of the Tang Dynasty. With the devastating destruction of the square wall since the end of the Tang Dynasty, the commercial tide has also washed away the city wall, ended the square market system, and freed commercial activities from the limitations of time and space. At the same time, while the high walls, gates and drum locks turned into rubble and scrap iron, rows of houses and shops built on the street were built. So in the Song Dynasty, there were bustling streets where businesses gathered. For example, Hangzhou City in the Southern Song Dynasty recorded in Das Kapital Jisheng, "From the inside of the city to the outside of Ningmen, the new road is north and south, and the morning beads are different from the earthquake. When flowers and fruits are in full bloom, there are no new seafood exotic animals in the world, so note it here; Even Chaotianmen, Qinghefang, Zhongwaqian, Bart, Guanxiangkou, Shexin, Zhonghua and grocery stores, there are countless people. Its night market is the same in other places except the inner front, but the front of Zhongwa is the best, selling strange utensils and Baise objects, just like during the day. The rest of the alleys are popular, business is closed, and restaurants and karaoke bars are closed. Five drums face the horse, buy the morning market before opening the door. No matter what time it is. "3. This is obviously an open market that breaks the concept of time and space. It not only spreads all over the streets and alleys, but also goes deep into the square area, giving people a feeling of "the city that never sleeps".
Some people call the changes brought about by the abolition of Fang an "urban revolution". The direct consequence of "urban revolution" is the prosperity of urban commerce and the enhancement of urban economic functions. This can be seen from the trend of commercial complexity reflected by the sudden increase of commercial outlets and commercial institutions, as well as the emergence of collapsed houses, yards, conference services, bookkeeping, abacus and other businesses. Therefore, we can say that in the Song Dynasty,
In the past, in the eyes of many scholars, in the late Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the development of commodity economy, urban commerce lagged far behind the West. But in fact, in some areas in the south of the Yangtze River, the urban commerce in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was comparable to that in the same period in time and space and quality. Even compared with Britain after the industrial revolution, this comparability comes from the British population who came to China. For example, Stanton, a member of the British delegation to China in the18th century, once talked about the markets in Tongzhou, Beijing and Hangzhou in his interview notes. Among them, his impression of Hangzhou is that "the main streets of the city are mostly shops and warehouses, many of which are as big as similar warehouses in London." There are the most textile shops and a lot of fur. "
In addition, the British also noticed two situations. First of all, on the main street, commercial outlets penetrate into blocks, and residential areas and commercial areas are integrated. For example, "many families in Tongzhou are opening shops or workshops in front of their houses, and living behind their houses, the industry and commerce seem to be very prosperous, which really shows that this is a city serving the capital." On the other hand, most shops along the street put up the guise of attracting customers. "The roads in Tongzhou are painted with colorful paints, and some of them are even painted with gold. Hang long signs to attract customers. Some goods are tea, textiles and porcelain from southern provinces, and some are leather products from Tatar area. We are very interested to see that there is still a small amount of British cloth in the goods. " The situation in Beijing is more prosperous than that in Tongzhou. In the area east of the imperial city, "most of the houses on the street are shops, and the painting and decoration outside are similar to those of Tongzhou government store, but much larger." There is a shop on the roof of some shops. It is covered with all kinds of bonsai flowers and plants. Corner lights, gauze lights, silk lights or paper lights are hung outside the store door, which is very exquisite. The store is full of all kinds of goods inside and outside. " It can be verified from the above records that in the Qing Dynasty at the latest, the market had the form and content of free trade, and the opening of all shops on the street also showed that it was rarely closed.
The business district of Beijing that the British saw was probably the area outside Dong 'anmen, which was one of the main markets in Beijing at that time. According to the records of Zhenjun in Qing Dynasty, there were more than ten major business districts in Beijing at that time, which were called "shopping malls in Shi Jing". There were only Zhengyang Street, Di 'anmen Street, East-West Anmen, East-West Four Arched Buildings, East-West Single Arched Buildings, and food markets and flower markets in outer cities. "7 These big business districts. In November of the 21st year of Qianlong (1756), all the Han officials, businessmen and others moved, and 59 shops were ordered to move out of the city on the grounds that "the shops are in the city and gangsters are easy to hide", but the development of these major business districts in the inner city was not affected.
In fact, from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, urban business districts also showed an increasing trend. For example, in Nanjing City, the business circle in the Ming Dynasty was mainly concentrated in the southwest of the city, "from the west of Daqiao Bridge, from Huaiqing Bridge to Sanshan Street, from Doumen Bridge to Sanshanmen Gate in the west, from Cangxiang to Yecheng in the north, and then to Neiqiao Central Street. Its material resources are more than the Lord, and the city is noisy. "
With the increase of commercial space, commercial time has been fully tapped, and almost all big cities have morning markets or night markets. For example, in Jiangning in the Qing Dynasty, "there are so-called market savvy people (commonly known as the black market) in the high-quiet areas of the city. Every day at dawn, there is a generation of poor people selling all kinds of secondhand goods on the roadside. There are many tourists, and the night market in Beijing is even more lively. " Xia Youshi's poem "Three people are like ants in the night market" 1 1.
The expansion of commercial space will inevitably lead to the change of urban space, that is, it will inevitably break the traditional urban pattern. This situation is not uncommon in the late Ming Dynasty. But at that time, the media and political circles mostly agreed with the expansion of this last industry. For example, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Xie Zhaozuo said: "The streets of Jinling (Nanjing) are extremely wide, although nine tracks can accommodate them. Recently, teeth are getting richer and houses are getting denser. " This is an inevitable trend. "12 Because of this default, some newly-built cities, such as Sanpailou and other places, have actually destroyed the original square urban plane pattern centered on the imperial city. For example, outside Zhengyangmen, the most prosperous city in Beijing, commonly known as Qianmen Street, merchants have also invaded the official road since the end of the Ming Dynasty. According to literature, "In the seventh year of Chongzhen, Zhu became a Lord protector. Therefore, our city destroyed houses, invaded Guan Jie and built shacks to block roads. The servant Jin was afraid of disturbing the people, so he wrote a letter to advise. "。 He said: "The poor people in the capital have no money and make a living by fake trade. Their business is thin and their feelings are pitiful. The reason for the imperial city is that the fire will become afraid to spread and hurt the people. Our company has done too much today. If you don't connect the building completely, if you extend the shed with fire, it will destroy the shed, and then the fire will also destroy the inner room. "sparse, purposeful stop." 13 The position of its proponent is the same as that of businessmen. In fact, in the Qing Dynasty, shops and shops could not only coexist with folk houses, occupy official roads, but even be adjacent to official offices. For example, outside Zhengyangmen, Yueshengzhai, which is famous for its sauce mutton, "is laid in Hubu Street with yamen on both sides. This Zhai has been independent of China people for decades, and there is no competition for public collection. That is to emphasize the rights of businessmen and civilians. Many century-old shops in China were able to appear in the Qing Dynasty and continue to develop under various pressures, which had its social foundation, and the loose commercial policies of the feudal government objectively played an auxiliary role.
palnewman 123 1？ 20 14- 1 1-29