2. There are many common words in classical Chinese, but they are easy to understand. The usage of the following function words is not listed one by one: 1. Pronouns: Pronouns are words that replace words, phrases and sentences.
Its function is to avoid repetition of the same words and make the article concise. Common words-preposition 1 and preposition 2 are words that lead nouns, pronouns or noun phrases to verbs and adjectives to express the place, time, way, reason and object related to them.
Can not be used alone, it must form an object-object phrase with the object it carries to modify or supplement verbs and adjectives and act as adverbial or complement of sentences. Prepositions can be divided into six types according to their functions: location, time, reason, object, dependence and passivity.
Prepositions with high frequency and complicated usage. Third, conjunctions: conjunctions are words that connect two or more words, phrases or sentences to express a certain relationship between them. They have no real meaning in themselves, but they can help us understand the grammatical structure and logical relationship of sentences and understand the meaning of sentences more accurately. Conjunctions can be classified according to the structure and logical relationship they represent.
(Table juxtaposition, surface progression, selection, table inheritance, table turning, causal purpose, hypothesis, modification) Fourth, adverbs expressing various moods such as affirmation, negation, speculation and backchat. V. Auxiliary words Auxiliary words are words that can't be used alone in ancient Chinese, nor can they act as sentence components, but only play a certain auxiliary role in sentences.
1. and 1 indicates a turning point, which is equivalent to "however", "however" and "however". 2. Express the positive relationship, connect the adverbial and the head word, which is equivalent to "zhe" and "di", or do not translate.
3. Represents the hypothetical relationship and connects the subject and the predicate, which is equivalent to "if" and "if". 4, indicating juxtaposition, equivalent to "and", "you", "and" or not translated.
5. Expressing inheritance is equivalent to "harmony", "harmony", "rigidity" or not translating. 6. Pass "Ru": It seems, like.
7. Pass "er", you, yours. 8. The usage of the compound structure (1) "Just": just.
Example: A ventriloquist sits in a barrier with only a table, a chair, a fan and a ruler. (2) "then": just, just.
Example: Help from Cape Frye, and then see the body. (3) "and the situation" means "what's more", which is a rhetorical question.
Example: Zhong Qing was placed in the water today, although the wind and waves could not sound. And the situation is stone! Second, he 1. What?
2. how about it. 3. Where is it?
4. How come. : 5. Why?
6. What? 7. As an auxiliary word, it is equivalent to "ah".
8.Ho: pass "ha" and ask questions. Who is he? Oh, ask him who he is and what he means. )
9. Usage of "He Ru" in composite structure (1): How, how. Exodus: What a pain! (2) "Why to laugh": It is unnecessary.
Exodus: Naturally, there is no need to ignore it. (3) He Ruo: How, how.
Example: Why is this human? (4) "Why": No.
What you said in Exodus is true. (5) "What": (1) What is?
For example: What is an "official protection symbol"? (2) How? Exodus: Then why are people not aggressive? (3) what to do. Example: ① Who is the guest? (2) More respect and wealth, why not? (6) "What do you mean": (1) What do you mean?
Exodus: It doesn't hurt me, but it doesn't matter if you cooperate with me. Unexpectedly, unexpectedly. Exodus: There is no deviation in women's behavior, so why not be rough? (7) "Why": How about (1).
Exodus: What's the point of getting wet at night? (2) What is the reason?
Example: What is the reason? Due to illness (3) Where did it come from?
Exodus. How do you know what I can do? (8) "He Nai": How can. Exodus: He Naitai is just a toy! (9) "He De": How can.
For example, few people were born and many people were destroyed. Why can't we become rich in the world? (10) "He Jia": What are the benefits? Example: Ten thousand minutes is nothing to me! (1 1) "He Zeng": What are the benefits?
Exodus: But it's nonsense. Have you seen him? (12) "How": How. Exodus: What a failure! Third, Hu 1. The interrogative tone is equivalent to "mom" and "that".
2. Expressing rhetorical tone is equivalent to "horse" and "you". 3. Adjective suffix, sometimes equivalent to "land".
4. It means tuning, which is equivalent to "putting". 5. Same as "Yu".
6. Expressing exclamation tone is equivalent to "ah" and "ya". 7. Expressing the tone of discussion is equivalent to "horse" and "ba".
8. Used in sentences to indicate a pause. Fourth, it is 1. So just ...
2. Only, only then. Step 3: cheese
4. Yes, that's right. It turned out to be. 5. I didn't expect it
6. Say it again. 7. You, yours.
⑤ Its 1. Used as the third person, it means affiliation, which is equivalent to "his, her, his (her)." 2. Among them, among them.
3. Live in the first person. Equivalent to "I (mine)" and "myself (mine)."
Used as the third person, it is equivalent to "he, she, it (them)." 5. Expressing rhetorical mood in sentences is equivalent to "don't" and "how".
6. It means people, things and things, and refers to distance, which is equivalent to words like "that". 7. It means people, things and things, and sometimes it means near, which is equivalent to the word "this".
Imperative mood in the sentence is equivalent to "can" and "or". 9. Expressing a speculative tone in a sentence is equivalent to "I'm afraid", "possible", "impossible" and "possible".
10. represents a hypothetical relationship, which is equivalent to "if". Six, and 1. Temporarily, temporarily.
2. Will Will. 3. besides, there is.
4. Let's talk about it. 5. still, still.
6. Connect two adjectives to express the relationship: again, again.
Here we go again.
7. the same as "husband", the first auxiliary word of the sentence.
8. Connect two verbs to indicate a coordinate relationship: one side.
One side
; a party
a party
7. If 1. If, if.
2. Just like. 3. you, you.
4. Here it is, so, so. 5. as for.
Eight, 1. Location, location. 2. Used before the verb or "preposition+verb" to form a noun phrase, equivalent to ".
Things and things? " .
This place.
People "and so on.
3. The usage of compound structure (1) "So": (1) indicates the behavior mode. Method or basis, equivalent to "accustomed to".
Method'' is used for.
"and so on.
(2) indicate the reasons. Equivalent to ".
Reason ".
(2) "so-called": what is said. (3) "Where": (1) Everywhere.
(2) location, location. 9. For 1, become, become.
2. Do it. 3, as, as.
4. Yes. 5. Think, think.
6. Yes. 7, modal particles at the end of the sentence, expressing doubt or backchat.
8. Governance. 9. pretend.
10, here, is. 1 1、。
Give me some common classical Chinese sentences and write a few casually.
Do what you know you can't do.
If this can be tolerated, what can't; How can this be tolerated; If these can be tolerated, then there is nothing unbearable; If one can stand this, what else can't?
Son and Xi Shi Yan (where are you going)
Hu (doing)
Go to Zheng to Korea, go to ... go to ... (leave ... to ...)
There are thousands of buildings in Ande. Ande ...
Is there anything unusual about how you feel about things? not have ...
Nowadays, man is a knife and I am a fish. Why should I resign? Why ... why? ...
What if the pot is too black? How about it?
Who are Xu Hongmei and me in the north of the city? ..... and ...
Only the general follows orders. Just ... yes ...
4. Beautiful poems and songs, ancient prose Cao Zhi: "If you don't spit, you will feel like a orchid." .
Skin is like jelly, which can be broken by blowing, smooth as silk and flexible as reed!
Wei Zhuang: "Think about what jade looks like; A plum blossom is frozen in the Chun Xue. "
People are like the bright moon, and their wrists are frozen with frost and snow.
Zhang Xian
Double butterfly embroidered skirt. Dongchi banquet, first meeting. The vermilion powder is not deep and uneven, and the idle flowers are faint and fragrant. Look at all the good places carefully. People are very humane and have a thin waist. Yesterday, the mountain was in a daze, and when I came, my clothes were covered with clouds.
Qiao Ji
Yingying Spring, Flower Liu Zhen. Everything is charming, delicate and makes people stop.
The beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman. Who is cuter than her? However, she lives alone in an empty valley. There is a bun on the head and a bright moon in the ear; Qi is the lower skirt and Qi is the upper skirt. When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he straightened his shoulders and smoothed his moustache. When the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and hung his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe; In spite of resentment, he sat watching Luo Fu.
This beautiful woman from Linying, White God Town, still dances and sings happily.
However, due to the gift of heaven and no concealment, it was finally elected royal one day. If she just turned her head and smiled, there were a hundred spells, and the powder and paint of six palaces disappeared without a trace.
On the night of spring, the warm hibiscus curtains covered her fluttering hair, petals on her cheeks and golden ripples on her head.
But the petals are like her face and the willow leaves are like her eyebrows. . What he is looking for is a face with snow and flowers like her.
The wind makes the fairy acetylene fluttering, just like "clothes dancing"
Tears rolled down her sad and pale face, just like the spring rain on pear flowers.
I lifted the curtain, sighed and stared at the moon, which rose from the clouds like a flower.
On March 3rd, Spring Festival, the weather was fresh, and many beautiful people gathered in Qujiang, Chang 'an. Dignified attitude, lofty and quiet personality, plump skin, thin and moderate figure. Embroidered gold and silver silk unicorn in late spring.
The beauty has been waiting for the bead curtain and has been sitting with tight eyebrows. I only saw her tears wet her cheeks, and I don't know if she hates herself or herself.
5. Regarding ancient prose, the poem "The View of Ancient Prose" (recommended by Yuelu Academy)
Three hundred Tang Poems (optional, if the foundation is not very good, you can buy a book with rich annotations)
Selected works of famous artists in Tang and Song Dynasties (recommended by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House)
The above three books are the best reading materials for ancient Chinese literature and poetry. You must be familiar with them. If you write well, you can recite them. After that, your knowledge of ancient Chinese will be solid.
Look only at the notes of ancient Chinese, not at the translation. Generally speaking, there is no standard for translation, and the so-called translation is actually the general idea of the article.
The dictionary should be turned over more, because there will be more rare words in ancient Chinese, and you will be familiar with them after reading more.
When reading ancient Chinese, don't stick to grammar, because it is common to use parts of speech and inverted sentences flexibly, as long as you understand the meaning.
We can start with relatively simple articles and read some difficult articles step by step, such as articles from Tang and Song Dynasties to pre-Qin Dynasties, and from ancient vernacular to ancient Chinese.
Good poems should be read and read. "Reading a book a hundred times is self-evident." It can also help to feel the cadence of Chinese and the beauty of ancient Chinese, especially poetry and music.
6. Please list some common words in classical Chinese (ancient Chinese) and their explanations (in the review of Chinese exam). 2. Demonstrative pronouns refer to things and are translated into "it", "they" or literally translated names of things.
(1) study in time, what's more? (Ten Rules)
(2) after the slaughter to break its shares, also kill it. (wolf)
(3) Confucius said: Learn silently and never tire of learning, and never tire of teaching. (Ten Rules)
The ghost asked, "Who do you want to reply to?" Ding Bo is responsible for this. ("Song Ding Bo Catch Ghosts")
(5) After the voting, the wolf stopped and the old wolf came again. (wolf)
Second, auxiliary words:
1, a structural auxiliary word, translated as "de"
(1) Your illness is in the stomach, so it will be good if you don't treat it. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong")
(2) With the power of the monarch, we must not damage the hill of the chief father. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
(3) Taste the heart of the ancient benevolent. (The Story of Yueyang Tower)
(4) How can the South and the Qin Dynasty seize the power of crowing and dog thieves? ("Reading Meng Changjun Biography")
⑤ Knock stones and dig soil, and transport the dustpan to the bottom of Bohai Sea. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
2. The structural mood auxiliary words are placed between the subject and the predicate, and the sentence independence is cancelled.
(1) Good medical care is not a disease. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong")
(2) In the bone marrow, the division of life belongs to, too! ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong")
Although I am dead, I have a son. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
(4) the trip to the sun and the moon, if unexpected. ("Looking at the Sea")
⑤ Leave the lotus alone and stay out of the mud. ("Ailian said")
3. Modal auxiliary words form syllables.
(1) The public will drum it up. (Cao Gui Debate)
(2) After a long time, my eyes are like coffins, and I am very idle. (wolf)
Regret for a long time. (The Chen She Family)
(4) In a short time, more than twenty thieves rode around, followed by hundreds of people on foot. (Great Iron Vertebra Transmission)
4. Structural auxiliary words, the symbol of prepositional object.
The love between chrysanthemums and flowers is rarely heard of by Taohou. ("Ailian said")
(2) What's the matter? ("Humble Room Ming")
(3) What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? (Mozi. Lost ")
but
I. Conjunction
1. The conjunctions indicating the coordinate relationship can be translated into "you", "moreover" and "ye". Sometimes no translation is needed.
(1) You can be a teacher if you review old things and learn new things. (Ten Rules)
② There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white. ("The Snake Catcher said")
(3) Dongpo is the man with stubble in the middle (The Story of the Nuclear Ship)
2. The conjunctions indicating inheritance are translated into "then" and "JIU"
(1) study from time to time, what's more? (Ten Rules)
(2) Bian Que looked at Huan Hou and walked away. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong")
(3) Wei Jianting, widely circulated, arrested and killed the captain. (The Chen She Family)
3. The conjunctions expressing the turning relationship are translated into "but", "however" and "but".
(1) people don't know and don't mind, not as good as a gentleman? (Ten Rules)
(2) Love lotus grows out of the mud without being stained, while Zhuo Qing ripples without being demon ... You can watch from a distance and don't play. ("Ailian said")
There are always swift horses, but Bole doesn't. (Ma Shuo)
4. Conjunction indicating progressive relationship. Translate "and" or not ".
(1) with three brave and versatile, push for long. (Feng Wanzhen)
2 less drunk, the highest age, so it is called drunk. (Zuiweng Pavilion)
3 sensitive and eager to learn. (Ten Rules)
5, indicating the relationship of modification, which can be translated as "ground", "zhe" or not.
(1) Hequ laughs when it's wrong. ("Yu Gong Yi Shan")
(2) I stood up and looked. ("The Snake Catcher said")
(3) Arrogance, staying for a long time. (The Oil Man)
6. The conjunctions indicating causality are translated into "therefore", "therefore" and "therefore".
(1) Fermented spring is wine, spring fragrance and wine bottle. (Zuiweng Pavilion)
(2) Liu Bei is fierce in the world and has a gap with Cao Cao. He stayed on the table, indicating that he could not be used. ("Purple Tongzhi Sword Battle of Red Cliffs")
(3) You will be forced to take something that is not a lady, but you will play with it. (Huang Sheng Borrows Books)
along with