1. What is the history and origin of lanterns?
Lanterns originated in the Han Dynasty, flourished in the Tang Dynasty, and became popular among the people in the Song Dynasty.
The production of lanterns in my country's past dynasties is very particular and there are many varieties. For example, Tang Yin, a painter of the Ming Dynasty, wrote in a poem: "If there is a lamp without a moon, it will not entertain people. If there is a moon without a lamp, it is not spring. When spring comes, people's hearts are like jade. When the lamps are burning, the moon is like silver. The streets are full of pearls and emeralds, and the village girls are singing." How can the God of Saishe spend such a good time without Fangzun opening his mouth to smile?"
During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, the Lantern Festival was a lively activity with music and music played all night long, and the lanterns were gradually lit. It has developed into an important activity of the Lantern Festival. Lantern Festival Lanterns During the Tang Dynasty, due to social peace and economic prosperity, the lanterns became even more brilliant and prosperous. The scale of the event was quite large. Thousands of people watched the lanterns, ranging from princes and nobles to traders and footmen, all of whom went out to enjoy the lanterns. .
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, the system of relaxing the ban of the Western Han Dynasty was also continued. The capital of Chang'an even canceled the curfew on the three nights before and after the Lantern Festival, and expanded the implementation of "night-time" to facilitate people to enjoy lanterns. After the Tang Dynasty, lanterns became an important part of the Lantern Festival. flag. Although the country was weak during the Song Dynasty, this culture was further promoted by the royal family, making the Song Dynasty another important historical stage in the development of lanterns.
The craze for lantern viewing during the Ming and Qing dynasties has not diminished, and lantern markets have appeared in the shops, selling various lanterns in various styles. There are more than 2,000 Chinese people competing to show off the custom of lanterns during the Lantern Festival. With a history of more than 100 years, there are many kinds of lamps in various parts of the country, with different styles and popularity. Taiwanese lanterns, commonly known as "drum lanterns", got their name because they were often shaped like gongs and drums when they were first produced. Popular types include revolving lanterns, dice lanterns, round lanterns, and sword-shaped lanterns.
Since the word "lamp" in the Hokkien language has the same pronunciation as "ding", lanterns and lanterns are generally regarded as good omens for a prosperous population. In Taiwanese custom, women shuttle under the lanterns during the Lantern Festival to pray for a son (male) and a child in the coming year; in the Taozhumiao Hakka village in northern Taiwan, men hang up lanterns in their family temples from the 11th day of the first lunar month, which is called " "Light up", which is homophonic to "start up Ding", is one of the rituals for new boys to enter the clan, and it has far-reaching meaning. 2. Historical drama (script) about the Ming and Qing Dynasties
[Hua Ting. The study room of Ma Honghan, general manager of Fengde Bank. Dance
On the other side of the stage is the towering embroidery building.
[Although it is close to the beginning of autumn, the weather is still hot, and the cicadas on the trees
are chirping tirelessly.
[Ma Honghan was wearing a white silk gown, standing with his hands behind his back at home
In front of the training screen, a ray of sunlight shone through the carved window lattice
and fell on him The body is like a statue looking up to the sky and roaring.
[All the family members chanted the family motto: When a person is born in heaven and earth, there is one person who should do it
There is one person's career; in life, one day should be used up
Diligence. Diligence, dedication, prudence and integrity. The sound of recitation echoes the autumn song of cicadas.
[Zhao Chengcai came forward anxiously, holding a telegram in his hand and signaling to Ma Yong
. Ma Yong took the telegram and walked towards Ma Honghan.
Everyone looked at each other, and their voices gradually became smaller and smaller. Ma Honghan suddenly hit the case with a fan, and his voice returned to normal. The horse retreats
down. After reading the family motto, everyone quietly left.
[Zhao Chengcai and the housekeeper came forward with telegrams in hand.
Zhao Chengcai General Manager, General Manager...
Ma Yong Sir, telegram...
Ma Honghan Read!
Zhao Chengcai called from Shenyang. The current situation is turbulent and has affected the ticket number.
Cash bailout is urgently needed! A call came from Xuzhou. I have a number in Fengde. I have run out of money and am unable to support it. A call came from Hankou,
The financial crisis caused a wave of runs. Guangzhou calls, customers
are scattered, and the doors are deserted! A call from Shanghai, Western-style banking
It’s hard to resist. Where to go? Time waits for us not! Ma Honghan (slowly turning around) lamented that the world's richest people are proud of the world. 3. What is the history of lamps
The origin of the word "lamp"
When did lamp and the word "lamp" originate in the Warring States Period? No real object called a lamp has ever been found before. There are no words such as lamp and candle in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. The "candle" that appeared in people's daily lives during the Western Zhou Dynasty should be the earliest recorded lighting device.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, "candle" should be a kind of torch made of flammable materials. What is the common name for an unlit torch? , so it can be hugged? , the lit torch used for holding is called a candle; the piles of fine grass and branches placed on the ground for lighting are called Liao; the ones placed outside the door are called big candles, and those inside the door are called courtyards. burn.
The earliest extant lamps in China date from the Warring States Period, in "Chu Ci?" There is a record in "Calling the Soul" that "the orchid paste is bright and the candle is bright, and the Chinese stirrup is wrong", which shows that the name " stirrup " already appeared during the Warring States Period. In the Zhou Dynasty, "Stirrup" and "Deng" were commonly used. "Erya?" "Explanation of Utensils": "Double beans are called beans, bamboo beans are called beans, and tile beans are called climbing." Xu Xuan said: Today's custom is not to make lamps, but it is not right. Jin Guo Pu said: "It is also a ritual vessel." The ancients called "stirrup" a lamp, which is probably a borrowed meaning of the word.
The development history of lamps
Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
"Fire" is the main tool used by human ancestors to resist beasts, and lamps also developed because of "fire". According to the earliest records in ancient books. The appearance of lamps first appeared in the Warring States Period. At that time, the structure of the lamps was relatively complete, and the shape was also very beautiful. It can be seen that the invention and evolution of lamps had gone on for a long time before it, but the process instructions had been lost.
Jade Gou Lian Moiré Lamp
Most Warring States lamps were made of metal or clay, but this jade lamp is the only one, and it is a masterpiece. The jade lamp is made of Hetian green jade from Xinjiang, and has dark brown dip marks in parts. The lamp consists of three parts: the plate, the handle and the base, which are carved from three pieces of jade and then glued together into one. The upper lamp plate is round with a shallow belly, and a five-petaled style protrudes from the center of the plate. The handle in the middle is cylindrical, decorated with a raised trefoil in relief, the waist is girded in the middle, and the lower waist is fully decorated with hooked cloud patterns. The lamp base is in the shape of a covered disk and is decorated with five-petal persimmon stem patterns and hook-and-loop cloud patterns. The soles of the feet are also decorated with hook-and-loop cloud patterns.
Human-shaped copper lamp and copper spoon
This lamp was unearthed in Gebu Village, Zhucheng, Shandong Province in 1957. The height of the lamp is 21.3 cm, the diameter of the plate is 11.5 cm, and the overall shape is the hands of a man in short clothes. Like a lantern. This person holds a bent bamboo-shaped plate handle with leaves in each hand. The tenon and tenon under the lamp plate are inserted into the plate handle, and can be disassembled at will according to needs. The structure is exquisite. Under one's feet is a curved dragon-shaped disk. When it was unearthed, it also came with a long-handled copper spoon for adding oil. This copper lamp has an ingenious design and a novel shape. Experts believe that it was used in the Qi court during the Warring States Period.
During the Warring States Period, lamps and lanterns were mainly made of bronze, and were mostly practical appliances for nobles. Since ceramic lamps are no different from traditional pottery beans, they are often regarded as pottery beans and are not classified as lamps. This type of lamp was used by the lower class, while the exquisite jade lamp was a practical appliance for the upper class. The shapes of lamps during the Warring States Period
Except for individual multi-branch lamps, they can be roughly divided into two categories: figurine lamps and lamps imitating daily utensils. Multi-branch lanterns (also known as tree-shaped lanterns) are relatively rare in real life. The most representative one is the fifteen-branch lantern, which is shaped like a lush tree and supports fifteen lamps. The lamps are scattered in an orderly manner and the branches are decorated with There are swimming dragons, singing birds, playing monkeys, etc., with different moods and full of fun. The figurine lamp is the most representative bronze lamp during the Warring States Period. The figurines in these lamps include both men and women, most of which are images of local people with humble status. Some ways of holding a lamp include standing with arms spread wide and holding the lamp overhead; some others sit in a squat position with both hands stretched forward to hold the lamp in front. The number of lamp plates held by a figurine ranges from one to three. Lamp panels come in two shapes: circular groove-shaped and disc-shaped. The former has three branches, while the latter mostly has one branch. Lamps imitating daily utensils are basically the evolution of some practical utensils. They are mainly imitations of common utensils such as beans, tripods and guis. Most of them are bean-shaped pottery lamps, but there are also some bronze lamps imitating the shapes of tripods and guis.
The lamps cast in the Qin Dynasty are also extremely gorgeous. The goose foot lamp is shaped like the leg of a large goose. The legs support a circular lamp panel with three lamp posts on it, which can light three candles at the same time.
Camel Riding Lamp
Camel Riding Lamp is a practical lighting fixture made of bronze, and it is also an exquisite craft. Standing on a rectangular flat base is a two-humped camel with its head held high and its tail drooping. A person is sitting on the camel's body with his feet behind his back, and his hands are firmly holding the lamppost of a round lamp panel. The entire bronze sculpture is exquisitely crafted. The figures of the man and the camel are dominated by curves, aiming to express the spirit without paying attention to the details. Viewed as a whole, the base, camel, characters, lamp posts and lamp panels are integrated into one. The person on the camel's back lifts the weight as if it were a canopy, and its center of gravity design is extremely scientific and reasonable. The appearance of the camel in this sculpture provides precious physical information for the study of cultural exchanges between Chu and northern ethnic minorities. 4. The history of electric lights
Before the advent of electric lights, the most commonly used lighting tools were kerosene lamps or gas lamps. This kind of lamp burns kerosene or gas, so it produces strong black smoke and a pungent odor. It is also very inconvenient to add fuel and clean the lampshade frequently. What's more serious is that this kind of lamp can easily cause fire and cause catastrophe. Over the years, many scientists have tried their best to invent an electric light that is both safe and convenient.
In the early 19th century, a British chemist used 2,000 batteries and two carbon rods to make the world's first arc lamp. But this kind of light is too strong and can only be installed on streets or squares, and cannot be used by ordinary families. Countless scientists have racked their brains to create a cheap, high-quality, durable household electric light.
The day has finally arrived. On October 21, 1879, an American inventor finally ignited the world's first practical electric lamp through long and repeated experiments. Since then, the name of this inventor, like the electric light he invented, has entered thousands of households. He was Edison, who was praised by later generations as the "King of Invention".
On February 11, 1847, Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, USA. He only studied in school for three months in his life, but he was studious and diligent in thinking. He invented more than 1,000 achievements such as electric lights, phonographs, and movie cameras, and made significant contributions to mankind.
When Edison was 12 years old, he was obsessed with scientific experiments. After his tireless self-study and experiments, when he was 16 years old, he invented an automatic telegraph that sent a signal every hour. Later, automatic ticket counting machines, the first practical typewriter, double and quadruple telegraph machines, automatic telephones and phonographs were invented one after another. With these inventions, Edison was not satisfied. In September 1878, Edison decided to launch an attack on the fortress of electric lighting. He read a lot of books about electric lighting and was determined to make electric lights that were cheap, durable, safe and convenient.
He started with incandescent lamps. A small piece of heat-resistant material is placed in a glass bubble. When the current burns it to a white-hot level, it emits light due to heat. He first thought of charcoal, so he put a small piece of charcoal wire into a glass bubble, but it broke immediately as soon as he was powered on.