Jian'an style refers to the vigorous and vigorous style of the poems of the Cao family and his son, the Seven Sons of Jian'an and others during the Han and Wei dynasties.
During the Jian'an period at the end of the Han Dynasty, the great masters "Three Cao" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi), "Seven Sons" (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Ying Jun, Liu Zhen) ) inherits the realist tradition of Han Yuefu folk songs, generally adopts the five-character form, is famous for its strong character, and has a generous and sad masculinity, forming a unique style of "Jian'an character" in the history of literature, and is respected as a model by future generations. . Both the "Cao father and son" and the "Seven Sons of Jian'an" have lived in Heluo for a long time. This refreshing and vigorous style is closely related to Heluo culture.
The term "character character" was first widely used in character reviews in the Wei, Jin, and Southern Dynasties, and was later cited in calligraphy and painting theory and literary criticism. As for literary criticism, Liu Xie's "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons: The Bone of Style" of the Southern Tang Dynasty is the most penetrating: "To describe one's emotions in a moodless manner must begin with the wind; to meditate on words must not precede the bones. Therefore, one's words should be treated with the bones, just like the body. The tree skeleton; the emotion contains the wind, just like the shape contains the spirit. If the words are straight, the bones of the text will be formed; if the spirit is refreshing, the style of writing will be born. "It means that the straight words combined with the spirit of the spirit will form a style. A "character" with strong vigor and artistic appeal. Wind refers to the vitality and inner appeal of the article, while bone refers to the expressive power of the article.
The last reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was "Jian'an" (196-220 AD). The Jian'an period in literary history refers to the period from Jian'an to the early Wei Dynasty. Writers of this era gradually got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and focused on the lyricism of the works themselves. In addition, in the era of war and turmoil, their thoughts and feelings were often more impassioned. They created a large number of literary masterpieces and formed a literary The works are characterized by substantial content and rich emotions, which is often referred to as the "Jian'an style".
Poetry is the most prominent literary work during the Jian'an period. Jian'an poetry was developed on the basis of Han Yuefu and "ancient poetry". These works express the spirit of the times. "Cao's father and son" were the leading figures in the Jian'an literary world. Cao Cao's poems were deep, generous and powerful; Cao Pi got along very well with the scribes. When Wang Can died, he led a group of scribes to the funeral and said, "Wang Can liked to hear donkeys braying before he was alive. We all brayed to see him off." Then there was a braying sound in front of the tomb. Cao Zhi has the highest literary achievement. He is rich in literary talent, gorgeous in rhetoric, and good at using metaphors. Therefore, he has an artistic style of "extraordinary strength and splendid words". His "Ode to the Goddess of Luo" is an eternal masterpiece. With refined language and sincere emotions, he depicts the unparalleled beauty and pure image of the Goddess of Luo. The most accomplished among the "Seven Sons" was Wang Can, whose masterpiece "Seven Sorrow Poems" is a true portrayal of the war and turmoil in the late Han Dynasty.
The brilliant achievements of Jian'an literature had a profound impact on the subsequent development of literature and art. Liu Xie and Zhong Rong of the Southern Tang Dynasty repeatedly praised the writing style of the Jian'an period; Chen Zi'ang of the Tang Dynasty praised the "character of Han and Wei Dynasties", and Li Bai had a poem that said "Penglai articles have the bones of Jian'an"; contemporary Mr. Lu Xun praised: Jian'an was a conscious era of literature. From this time on, People began to realize that literature had its own value and independent status. Cao Pi's "Dian Lun·Wen" is the earliest extant literary criticism paper and a symbol of literary consciousness in the Jian'an era. Cao Pi's "Yan Ge Xing" is the earliest surviving pure seven-character poem.
"Character" is an important concept in the history of Chinese literary criticism. From the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, it has been the main criterion for literary criticism. The literature dominated by five-character poems in the Jian'an era was famous for its strong character and was regarded as Later, people respected him as a model, which is the "Jian'an style" often mentioned in the history of literature.
The term "wind bone" was first widely used in character reviews in the Wei, Jin, and Southern Dynasties. Generally speaking, "wind" refers more to spiritual temperament, while "bone" refers more to the shape of bones. The two are inseparable and combined. One is the strength of character. Later it was also used in the theory of calligraphy and painting.
As for the theory of character in literary criticism, it should be described in more detail in "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons". Wind is the vitality of an article, an inner spiritual force that can infect people. With wind, the article can be clear and vivid. Of course, "wind" is always relatively vague. It is related to the content and emotion of the work, but It does not refer to the content and emotions themselves.
The bone refers to the expressiveness of the article, which means that the article should be strong and powerful. "Bone" is a relatively practical concept, which is directly reflected in the use of language; the language is accurate, concise and clear. , the article can be powerful. The concept of wind bones emphasizes integrity. They can be understood from different aspects, but they cannot be divided into two concepts.
The literary style referred to by Jian'an style is mainly characterized by rich content and rich emotions. Writers in the Jian'an era got rid of the shackles of Confucianism and paid attention to the lyricism of their works. In addition, in the war-torn era, their thoughts and feelings were often expressed impassionedly. There is also the clear and vigorous style of Jian'an poetry.
Jian'an poetry was developed on the basis of Han Yuefu and "ancient poetry". Although it also pays attention to diction and literary grace, it still maintains the true nature of Yuefu folk songs, unlike some later literati poems. Excessive pursuit of rhetoric. In addition, Liu Xie also emphasized that a good combination of rhetorical modification and character is the best in an article.
For example, Cao Zhi's poems have a certain degree of beauty without harming the character. Therefore, when people advocate the Jian'an character, they not only affirm its character, but also affirm the combination of character and decoration. one side. Therefore, from the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, although those who advocated Jian'an style had different focuses, they basically aimed at some shortcomings in the literary world at that time, such as too gorgeous rhetoric, too difficult words, weak style, and empty content. Or complicated, with ambiguous emotions, etc., but the works are required to be lively, substantial in content, full of emotion, clear and vigorous style, etc. This has played a beneficial role in the history of literature.
The last reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty was called "Jian'an". Cao Cao was actually in power at that time. The literature of the Jian'an era and the period before and after this period is generally referred to as "Jian'an literature". ".
This was a glorious era in the history of literature, and of course a glorious era in the history of poetry. From this time on, people at that time began to realize that literature had its own value and independent status. Mr. Lu Xun said: This is "the era of self-consciousness in literature." In this era, poetry, poetry and prose have made great progress. Youqi's poetry set off the first climax of literati poetry in the history of Chinese literature. From then on, it established the dominant position of literati poetry and left a profound impact on later generations.
The main group of writers of Jian'an literature are the three Cao Cao: Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi, and the "Seven Sons of Jian'an": Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Ying Jun, Liu Zhen and seven people. Sancao was a leader in the literary world at that time and had the highest achievements.
The romance of the Wei and Jin Dynasties is a kind of life character pursued by the scholars of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, that is, they want to achieve the realm they pursue through their words, deeds, and poems. Romance
1. Someone who has meritorious service and literary talent; someone who is handsome and outstanding: to count the characters, it depends on the current situation.
2. Refers to someone who is talented and knowledgeable and does not adhere to etiquette: ~a gifted scholar∣famous scholar~.
The style of Wei and Jin Dynasties was a personality expression of the gentry ideology at that time and became the aesthetic ideal at that time. The romantic celebrities advocate nature, detachment, straightforwardness and self-admiration. The Jin Dynasty repeatedly invited Wang Youjun, the official of the Ministry of Finance, to be an official, but was repeatedly rejected. I think it is precisely because of the transcendent spirit, the philosophy of human affairs such as "holding a cup of profound victory and chanting to the village elders from afar", "taking lightness as economy", liking to drink, not doing worldly things, and taking seclusion as high, to create that legend "Lanting Preface".
However, the reason why the style of the Wei and Jin Dynasties was often demoted in the past dynasties is probably because these celebrities drank too much and were intoxicated; secondly, they were too arrogant and contrary to common sense; and thirdly, their idle talk harmed the country. According to legend, Liu Ling, one of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove", indulged in drunkenness, often carrying coffins and drinking heavily, and was naked in the house. Everyone sneered at him, but he retorted: "I use the heaven and the earth as my house, and the house as my house." Clothes, why do you want to get into my crotch? These famous people made elixirs and took medicine in order to seek immortality. They liked to wear wide robes and long sleeves that were not washed for a long time, so they were prone to lice, so they "talked about them". At that time, This is a very elegant move.
In fact, the scholar-bureaucrat spirit of the complementary Confucianism and Taoism that began with the Wei and Jin Dynasties fundamentally laid the foundation for the personality of Chinese intellectuals and had a profound impact on the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The influence of grace also brings disadvantages. Many people follow the fashion, and their mood is not as heavy as that of Ji Kang and Ruan Ji, but they also imitate their openness. In fact, as a matter of love for life, self-discovery and affirmation, young people nowadays. It is in the same vein as the values ????of the Wei and Jin Dynasties in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Now young people's pursuit of beauty and elegance in appearance and personality are complementary to the aesthetics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties.