The usage of address forms, words and names of ancient people

In ancient times, due to special attention to etiquette, names and characters were very particular. In interpersonal communication, first names are generally used as polite terms, courtesy names, respectful names and long names. Peers only call each other by their first names when they know each other well. In most cases, it is considered impolite to call each other or others by their first names. It is considered polite to compliment each other among peers. When writing letters or making phone calls from the bottom up, you can call them by their first names, but you must never call them by their first names, especially the names of the monarch or parents and elders, or even mention them, otherwise it would be "disrespectful" or "out of line", thus resulting in the unique "taboo" system in China. I won't say it here for the time being, but I will introduce it in detail below. In ancient times, names and words were called together to show respect. There are two situations that deserve our attention: the first situation is that in the pre-Qin period, when a name and a word are linked together, the word should follow the name. Such as: Confucius, the ancestor of Confucius in the Song Dynasty, with the correct word "Kong Fu"; Jia is a name; The surname is "Gongsun". Shu is the father of Confucius, and "Ge" is a surname. Liang Shu is a word; Last name is Kong. Meng is the son of Priscilla, and "history" is the first name; Meng Ming is a word; Last name is "Baili". The son of Xiqiao Shujian, "Shu" is a name; "Xiqiao" is a word; The surname is Jian. Bai, the son of uncle Jian, "C" is the first; "Bai Yi" is a word; The surname is Jian. The second situation is that after the Han Dynasty, when people's names are connected, the "name" comes before the "word". Such as: "Lu Kongju, Guangling Chen Zhang, Wang Can, Beihai Xu Gan as Chang, Ru Nan Ying Chang De Jin, Dongping Liu Gong Zhen Gan ..." This is a passage in Cao Pi's Dian Lun Paper. When it comes to the names of the seven sons of Jian 'an, there are always names before words.

7.aliases

In ancient times, some people were removed from the list. In addition to this word, there was a "number". No. is another name for people, so it is also called "nickname", which is very practical. Besides being called, it is also used as the signature of articles, books and calligraphy. Such as Lu Tong's poem Yuchuanzi, Du Mu's Collected Works of Fan Chuan, Song Xue's Six-body Thousand-character Essay, and Lao Lian's Lotus and Yuanyang Picture. If you are not familiar with the nicknames of ancient literati writers, it is difficult to know who the authors of these works are. Therefore, for ancient literati writers, we should not only master their names and characters, but also remember their numbers. A when did the number "Hao" originate? There is no detailed record in the literature, probably during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Such as "Lao Dan" and "Guiguzi" can be regarded as the earliest nicknames of China. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming took the name "Mr. Wuliu", and in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, more people took the name. A general atmosphere was formed in the Tang and Song Dynasties and reached its peak in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Not only does everyone have a number, but also a person can say many numbers. For example, Chen Hongshou, a painter in the Ming Dynasty, has four titles: Lao Lian, Lao Chi, Late Regret, and Yunmen Monk. In modern times, the custom of using numbers has been enduring, such as Su's Schumann. Double Rev. "White Stone"; He Xiangning's "Shuangqing Landlord". In modern times, the names of literati have been gradually replaced by pen names. B. how is "number" formed? There are two situations in the formation of "number": ① it is initiated by the user himself. The middle and upper classes in feudal society, especially the literati, always like to give themselves a number. Just because "number" is created by itself, it is not restricted by family, patriarchal clan system, etiquette and peers like names and ideographs, and it can freely express and flaunt users' wishes and interests, so there are many different nicknames. However, after careful analysis and in-depth investigation, we can still sum up some characteristics that are the same as those of * * * *: A, the distinctive imprint of the times, such as: in the Tang and Song Dynasties, Buddhism was in Li Bai's "Qinglian Jushi"; Bai Juyi calls himself "Xiangshan laity"; Su Shi's Dongpo Jushi; Fan Chengda claimed to be "Shi Hu lay man"; Li Qingzhao named herself "Yi 'an Jushi". In the Yuan Dynasty, when Taoism was advocated, there were many literati in the name of "Taoist". Like Feng Zizhen's Strange Road; George is a "Taoist"; Ren Renfa nicknamed' Mingshan Taoist'; Wuzhen Nuo "plum blossom Taoist"; Road flyover cedar by Zhao Mengfu. After the Opium War, imperialist aggression and slaughter, the Qing government was corrupt and incompetent, resulting in national suffering and national crisis. Opposing aggression and patriotism became the main theme at that time, so many people numbered themselves according to this tone. Like Tan Sitong's "Flying North"; Huang Shao is entitled "descendants of the Yellow Emperor"; Chen Tianhua's "Thinking of Yellow"; Qiu Jin's Xiong Jing and so on. B, strong lyrical color, such as: Zheng Sixiao, a native of the Song Dynasty, lived in seclusion in Suzhou after the death of the Song Dynasty, and named himself "Sonan" to show that he did not forget the Song Dynasty; The poet Xin Qiji attached great importance to agriculture. When he was an official, he advocated and rewarded farming. In his later years, he retired to the countryside and "learned crops from old farmers" and named it "Jiaxuan". Lu You, a patriotic poet, is concerned about the country and the people, and his resentment is vulgar. He was laughed at by the dignitaries as being impolite, so he called himself "letting loose" to show his contempt for them. In his later years, Ouyang Xiu named himself "Six-One Jushi", taking a thousands of books, a volume of epigraphy, a piano, a chess game, a pot of wine and an old man himself as the prototype, expressing a typical literati interest. Tang Bohu, a romantic genius in Ming Dynasty, called himself "Liu Rushi" and "Liu Ru". According to his own statement, life is like fantasy, dream, bubble, shadow, dew and electricity. It is just the expression of negative emotions of frustrated literati; Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was encouraged by Zhang Jun, a famous anti-gold star, and was given the word "Chengzhai" by Emperor Guangzong himself, hence the name "Chengzhai". This "sincerity" not only shows his "sincerity" in learning, but also includes his "sincerity" to the country. C Zhu Da, a painter in the late Ming Dynasty with profound implications, was nicknamed "Badashanren" when he died in the Ming Dynasty. The word "Eighth National Congress" is written in series, which seems to cry rather than cry, and seems to laugh rather than laugh. It is to express the grief and indignation of remembering the motherland in distress and distress. Fu Shan, a famous scholar in Taiyuan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, called himself "Zhu Yi Taoist". After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he was disheveled and lived in a cave. The Qing court invited him to Beijing several times to take the Bohong Xueci exam, but he refused, and resolutely refused to cooperate with Manchu. "Zhu Yi" is red on the surface, but it is actually a symbol of the Ming Dynasty, because the emperor of the Ming Dynasty surnamed Zhu, and red means Ming, which reflects the deep feelings for the Ming Dynasty. Dai Fugu, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, calls himself a "Shiping Mountain Man", which also contains a kind of spirit. It can be seen from his poems. The poem "Feeling" says: "People will be golden dock, and I will take stone as the screen." "Stone" is as hard as "gold"; Although "stone" is not as expensive as "gold", it is simple, Gu Zhuo and has a high meteorological peak, which is a portrayal of the author's personality spirit. Zhang Yong, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, called himself a "kidnapper". In his own words, "the kidnapper is against the public, and the cliff is unfavorable." In the name of the kidnapper, talk about showing virtue. It can be seen that the name "kidnapper" embodies his character, ambition and moral integrity. D. the use of specific nouns. The ancients used some specific nouns to identify names. Mr. Wuliu (Tao Yuanming), Mr. Lifu (Lu Guimeng), Mr. Donglai (Lv Zuqian), Mr. Longchuan (Chen Liang) and Mr. Gu Lan (Bai Pu) are called "gentlemen"; There are Shi Gong (Yuan Hongdao), Mei Gong (Lu Jifu), Ren Gong (Liang Qichao) and Jian Gong (Gao Xu) who are called "Gong". Those who call "Zi" are You Youzi (Lu), Zhi Feizi (Si Kongtu), Gui (Chao) and Lu Fei Zi (Huang Jingren); Known as "old people", there are "Shaoling Night Old People" (Du Fu), "Lao Quan" (Su Xun), "Yan Qian Old People" (Xiao Dezao), "Huanghua Old People" (Wang Tingjun), "Xiyan Old People" (Zhang Zhihan), "Suiyuan Old People" (Yuan Mei) and "Yingbin Old People". Those who call Weng, such as Sang Xuanweng (Lu Yu), Zuiweng (Ouyang Xiu), Fu Weng (Huang Tingjian), (Lu You) and Li Weng (Li Yu); Those who call "Lao" are Zheng Zhai Lao (Guan Hanqing), Qing Chi Lao (Shandong cuisine), Lao (He) and Lao (Qian). Those who call it "Waishi" are: Haiyue's Waishi (Mi Fei), Huiji's Waishi (Wang Mian) and the Waishi who hates others (Liang Chenyu); Known as "mountain people" are: Jiuhuashan (Du Xunhe), Shaoshishan (Hu Yinglin) and Sheyangshan (Wu Cheng'en); Known as "Sanren", such as "Sanren in Lake and Sea" (Luo Guanzhong), "Sanren in Ancient Songs" (Feng Menglong) and "Sanren in Qing Dynasty" (Zhao Nanxing); The "fishing firewood" are: Yidong fisherman (Kang Hai), Oudang fisherman (Yan), Hubei Taohuayu (), Yandang Mountain firewood (Chen Chenhu), Mountain firewood (Ruan Dacheng) and Tianmu Mountain firewood. (2) being recognized by others. This kind of "number" is called "posthumous title", "nickname" or "mixed number" and "muddled number", which is very expressive, not only can enhance people's memory of all kinds of characters, but also is a supplement to names, words and numbers, and is often a portrayal or refraction of people's five senses and personality characteristics. The vivid nickname "The Story of Water and Rain" left a deep and unforgettable impression on readers. Nicknames such as Black Cyclone jy, Leopard Head Lin Chong, Green Beast Yang Zhi, Flower Monk Lu, Thunderstorm Fire Qin Ming, Wing Tiger Lei Heng, Desperate Shi Xiu, Langli Baitiao Zhang Shun vividly and accurately describe the characters' personalities, specialties or physiological characteristics. Many "nicknames" and "posthumous title" are produced when they play jokes on each other in real life, so they often contain derogatory meanings of irony and ridicule. For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period, people in Qin called Priscilla "Doctor with Five Scorpions" because after he was banished to Chu, Qin Mugong redeemed Qin with Five Scorpions (Black Ram) and became a doctor. In Tang Gaozong, people call Li Yifu "the bait hides the hook", also known as "human cat". Because when he was prime minister, he acted like a soft agent; In the Song Dynasty, people nicknamed Wang Jue as the "Prime Minister of Three Orders" because during his ten years as prime minister, he did nothing but accept orders, accept orders and convey them. In rural areas, nicknames are more popular, such as big donkey, two-cylinder jar, three yellow dishes, four pigeons, eight dogs, red dates and peach slave. Nicknames such as "Dayanpear", "Walnut with Skin", "Five Hemps", "Dry Food", "Erhu Apricot", "Sanshe Rough", "Fairy Family", "White Bald", "Yellow Hair", "Duck Board" and "Unreliable" are very common. Of course, there are more tacky than this, so I won't mention it here. There are also some nicknames that are not derogatory. For example, in the Song Dynasty, people called Song Qi "the history of an apricot coming out of the wall" because he wrote a poem "An apricot is full of branches and springs"; Tang Dynasty poet Wen, with quick wit and eight rhymes, was called "Wen Bajiao". Li Bai, a great poet, was so talented that when he wrote the next chapter, people called him "Li Chenxian". The same is true of modern times. Li Ji, a poet, nicknamed Bing Xin "She Taijun", which reflected the high prestige of this old grandmother in the literary world. This nickname appeals to all tastes. The above is a nickname.

8. Fu Jue and Wang Di

In interpersonal communication, in addition to address, character and number, you should also be addressed as "rank" and "geography", which the ancients thought was the most respected. Such as "official titles": Du Gongbu, Du Shiyi (Du Fu), (Wang Wei) Cai Zhonglang (Cai Yong) Doctor (Qu Yuan) Jia Taifu (Jia Yi) Zhang (Zack Zhang) Gao Changshi (Gao Shi) Zhang Zuxi (Zhang Ji) Qian Kaogong (Qian Qi) Zhang Ji called "Emperor": Du Shaoling (Zhang Ji) Ning (Wang Changling) Jia Changjiang (Jia Dao) Wei Suzhou (Wei) Liu Suizhou (Liu Changqing) In this way, "Guanjue" and "Guanjue" became another nickname besides name, character and number.