Energy conservation is not only to overcome the immediate shortage of coal, oil and electricity.
Not only people in China need to save energy, but also people in China are doing so.
Energy saving is not to reduce the quality of life, but to steadily improve the quality of life.
Big cities, institutions, groups and enterprises are the four main forces of energy conservation in China.
For some time, there have been many hot topics in politics, economy and military affairs of the whole society. However, only the reports on coal shortage, oil shortage and electricity shortage have occupied a prominent position in major newspapers for a long time, especially electricity has received unprecedented attention. Since the beginning of this year, with the aggravation of power shortage, energy conservation has become a topic of general concern. Even the annual "Energy Saving Week" from 1990 to 1 1 is advanced to June this year. The vigorous "energy-saving week" has passed, but it has left a proposition for the whole society: energy saving-a big article that must be done well; Energy conservation, a human problem, can only be solved by human beings themselves.
Energy conservation is not only to overcome the immediate shortage of coal, oil and electricity.
Since the beginning of this year, most provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China have been seriously short of electricity, and the power grids in various places have been cut off to varying degrees. The annual power shortage has reached 60 billion kWh, and hundreds of millions of people are suffering from power shortage at this time. Therefore, many people regard energy conservation as the last "handcuffs" to survive the immediate famine. There is no doubt that energy conservation is imminent; And long-term energy saving is also a top priority. According to statistics, China's per capita exploitable energy reserves are far below the world average. The per capita water resources is 65438+ 0/4 of the world average; The per capita reserves of important mineral resources such as oil, natural gas, copper and aluminum account for 1/25 of the world average, while the highest is only 1/4. Except coal resources can still meet the demand in 2 1 century, oil, natural gas and uranium resources can only maintain the energy consumption growth in 20 10 years. In 2000, the per capita remaining recoverable reserve of oil was only 26,000 tons, and the per capita remaining recoverable reserve of natural gas was 1.074 cubic meters. At the end of 2002, the proven coal reserves in China were 656.5 billion tons, of which the exploitable coal reserves were only 665.438+800 million tons. Experts especially reminded that if the current mining speed is followed, recoverable reserves can be dug up in 30 years. The rest are the northwest areas where mining is too difficult and the mountainous areas with very complicated geological conditions and very bad environment. Oil, another "hot spot" of energy, was originally exported to a certain extent, but by the end of last century, China had become a net importer of oil. In 2003, more than 90 million tons of crude oil were imported. It will reach 200 million tons in 2020, which is almost half of the demand. There is even news that oil imports may exceed 300 million tons by then. Generally speaking, it is predicted that energy imports will exceed 50% of total demand in the middle of this century. In a country that needs to import energy, the reserve of resources is more important. Among the major oil importers in the world, China is the only country without any strategic oil reserves. However, we should not discuss how to reserve, but how to "fill our stomachs".
On the other hand, almost all Chinese and foreign experts agree that China's energy efficiency is 10 percentage point lower than the international advanced level, only 33%. The average energy consumption per unit product of the eight high energy-consuming industries is 47% higher than the world advanced level, accounting for 73% of the total energy consumption of industrial industries. Take Beijing as an example. In 2002, the city consumed 1.4 tons of standard coal per 10,000 yuan of GDP, which was 2.96 times higher than the world average and 3.5 times higher than that of the United States. Authorities pointed out that under the development goal of achieving a well-off society in an all-round way in 2020, if energy-saving measures are taken, the energy demand (converted into standard coal energy) will be about 2.4 billion tons of standard coal; Under the current policy environment, the energy demand is about 3.2 billion to 3.3 billion tons of standard coal. Compared with the two, it can use 800 million tons to 900 million tons of standard coal less, with a value of about 800 billion yuan. In other words, a considerable part of the energy needed for economic growth depends on savings; "I want the horse to run and eat less grass." This is our only choice. Obviously, the relationship between energy conservation is current, long-term and related to future generations. We used to say that saving energy is for the benefit of future generations. In fact, removing the high-profile "moisture" is to leave a little light and a bite to eat for future generations!
Not only people in China need to save energy, but also people in China are doing so.
Thirty years ago or even 20 years ago, people could still read the word "vast territory and abundant resources" in textbooks, but today, although the land is still "big", it is no longer rich in resources. So that today's experts regard energy conservation as the "fifth energy" as important as coal, oil, natural gas and electricity. As far as the world is concerned, energy shortage is the same topic in the world. In some cases, energy problems will lead to global turmoil and crisis, and even lead to military conflicts between countries. There are many political reasons for every crisis and dispute, and I am afraid the real reason is economic. In the past 30 years alone, the soaring oil prices have led to global economic recession many times. Among them, there are three major influences. 1973 the outbreak of the fourth middle east war triggered the first crisis, and oil prices suddenly rose by more than three times, thus triggering the most serious global economic crisis after world war ii. The energy crisis that lasted for three years obviously slowed down the economic growth of all industrialized countries. The United States decreased 14%, and Japan's output decreased by more than 20%. 1978 The Iran-Iraq war triggered the second crisis, and the oil price jumped from $0/3 per barrel to $34 per barrel in 1980. 1990 Iraq's invasion of Kuwait brought the third crisis, and the international oil price soared to a high of $42. In 2003, international oil prices soared again because of the Iraq war. It is at this high price that China imported 22 million tons more crude oil than the previous year, an increase of 3 1%. And this figure accounts for 40% of the world's oil import growth. Although the total oil import of China is only 1/6 of that of the United States, it has aggravated the shortage of oil supply and become a factor for the rise of international oil prices. It will inevitably cause some countries to make irresponsible remarks or exaggerate negative effects.
All countries in the world attach great importance to energy conservation. Since 1994, the French government has made domestic regulations on boilers and related equipment, heating and cooling systems, automobiles, household appliances, etc. by issuing government decrees according to EU standards. Germany is developing renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy and bioenergy while collecting energy ecological tax. At present, the electricity price of wind power generation in Germany is nearly 50% higher than that of conventional power plants, and now wind power generation accounts for 3.5% of the total power generation in Germany. The Renewable Energy Law stipulates that power companies must unconditionally purchase electricity generated by renewable energy at the protection price set by the government. In addition, in order to encourage the development and utilization of solar energy, the government decided to implement the "65438+ million solar roof plan" and provide preferential conditions; In Japan, the power consumption of most air conditioners has dropped to 30% to 50% of that of 10 years ago, and the power consumption of refrigerators is only 200 kWh a year, which is only one seventh of that of similar products 10 years ago.
Energy saving is not to reduce the quality of life, but to steadily improve the quality of life.
Speaking of energy saving, the most important thing at present is to save electricity. Many people misunderstand it as "self-mutilation" and "tightening one's belt", which is equivalent to lowering the quality of life. In fact, on the contrary, the purpose of energy saving is to steadily improve the quality of life. In some large and medium-sized cities, citizens can't enjoy air conditioning, the power supply hall is cut off, and even the traffic lights on the main roads are "on strike" because of the lack of electricity. Obviously, this is not the requirement of energy saving, nor is it the result of energy saving; Similarly, in some places, air conditioners are "frozen" so that people bring their own thick coats to keep out the cold, and the lights are still on in broad daylight, and no one turns off the water heater and water dispenser after work. These are not signs of improving the quality of life, and they are not classics to enjoy life; The same bright lights and road lighting bring convenience to people's travel, and "landscape projects" such as neon lights and billboards are a waste at this stage.
It is important to save energy, cultivate energy-saving consciousness and form energy-saving habits, but it is more important to look for "substitute" products extensively and give full play to their functions. Many industries are exploring new ways to develop energy. For example, iron and steel enterprises use CDQ sensible heat recovery to generate electricity, and blast furnace top pressure difference to generate electricity; Cement enterprises use the waste heat of kiln tail gas to generate electricity. Power plants use mixed combustion of coal gangue and slime to generate electricity, garbage to generate electricity, etc.
On the whole, the development of hydraulic resources is the first move, and the exploitable installed capacity of hydraulic resources in China is 378 million kilowatts. For example, in Sichuan, efforts are being made to build the "Three Rivers" hydropower base. The total installed capacity of the project is 36.7 million kilowatts, which is equivalent to two Three Gorges power stations. So far, the total installed capacity of hydropower in China only accounts for a quarter of the exploitable capacity. Of course, 90% of the exploitable installed capacity is concentrated in the southwest, south-central and northwest regions, which objectively restricts the development and utilization of hydropower.
Compared with coal-fired generator sets, gas-fired generator sets are more efficient and beneficial to environmental protection. With the smooth progress of the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project, it will surely usher in the climax of the gas generator project. In early May; The Yangtze BASF combined cycle power plant, the first power plant in Jiangsu province to use natural gas from west to east, was completed and put into operation; The natural gas power plant with an investment of 20 billion yuan will be located in Otog Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Shaanxi has proven natural gas reserves of 585.8 billion cubic meters, and Erdos, Inner Mongolia has 800 billion cubic meters. Of course, the per capita recoverable natural gas is still very low compared with the world average.
As a clean, economical and efficient energy source, nuclear power plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring energy security, optimizing energy structure, improving environmental quality and realizing human sustainable development. 16% of the world's electricity is provided by 442 nuclear power plants, most of which are distributed in western Europe and North America. At present, there are 27 nuclear power plants under construction in the world, including Asia 18. Like China, it is natural to vigorously develop nuclear power under the situation of very prominent energy contradiction. After all the projects under construction are put into production, with the original nuclear power unit *** 1 1, the installed capacity is 8.9 million kilowatts, accounting for about 2% of China's total installed power generation capacity, which is far from the global share of 16%. At present, the localization of nuclear power equipment manufacturing in China has a certain foundation, with the manufacturing capacity of 600,000 kilowatts of nuclear power plant main equipment and basically with the manufacturing capacity of 654.38+0,000 kilowatts of nuclear power plant equipment.
As an organic part of electric energy, the utilization of renewable energy also has broad prospects. This aspect is mainly the development and utilization of geothermal energy, wind energy and solar energy. Geothermal energy and wind energy have been successfully used in China, but due to geographical restrictions, they must be popularized and applied in places where geothermal energy is available and suitable for wind energy development. Relatively speaking, the utilization of solar energy should become a universal energy policy. No coal, gas and electricity consumption, and hot water is used all year round. This kind of good thing can only be a gift from the sun and needs to be promoted. At present, the production cost of solar photovoltaic cells has been greatly reduced. The price has gradually dropped from 40 yuan/watt in 2000 to 33 yuan/watt last year, and this year it has dropped to 27 yuan/watt. In the near future, the rapid expansion of the solar cell market will become possible.
In addition, a few years ago, there was an example of successful utilization of biogas, which somehow disappeared. However, in many cities, when we spend a lot of money and take pains to solve the sewage problem of citizens' lives, we don't know if it is well managed. Is it better to turn waste into treasure?
Big cities, institutions, groups and enterprises are the four main forces of energy conservation in China.
We often say that it is really necessary to "save energy by everyone". Although a person's strength is small, many a mickle makes a mickle. The combined force of 65.438+0.3 billion people is not small. Take the TV set as an example. On average, each TV set stands by for 2 hours every day, and the standby power consumption is 0.02 kWh. According to the calculation of 350 million units, the annual standby power consumption is as high as 2.555 billion kWh. If every urban resident replaces a 40-watt lamp with an 8-watt energy-saving lamp with the same brightness, more than 65.438+0.4 billion urban residents in China can save 9.8 billion kWh, which is equivalent to the annual power generation of a power station with an installed capacity of 6.5438+0.5 million kilowatts. But objectively speaking, as an ordinary consumer, the potential of saving electricity is relatively small after all. The real main energy-saving forces should be big cities, big institutions, big groups and big enterprises.
The city is home to large consumers of electricity, such as institutions, organizations, shopping malls, hotels, etc., and it is a dense place for large electrical appliances such as motors, elevators and air conditioners. It is reported that if government agencies turn off the power supply in time, the national government, enterprises and institutions can save 654.38+0.27 billion kWh of electricity every year. According to statistics, the energy consumption of public air conditioners accounts for about 40% of urban electricity consumption in summer. Taking Beijing as an example, the installed capacity of public air conditioners in the city is 2.083 million kilowatts, and the power load of air conditioners in midsummer is about 3.5 million kilowatts, accounting for about 40% of the maximum power supply load in Beijing. If the air conditioning temperature is set to 28℃ in summer, the average daily running time of air conditioning will be shortened by 1 hour. The comprehensive application of the two measures can save 707-777 million kWh of electricity in Beijing. Beijing International Hotel has calculated that if the temperature rises by one degree, the hotel can save 6,543,800 yuan+7,000 yuan in one summer. If all 23 star-rated hotels in Beijing raise the air-conditioning temperature. According to experts' calculation, every increase in air-conditioning temperature of 1 degree Celsius can reduce the power consumption by 8%. These hotels can save about 6 million kilowatts of electricity in a summer. In commercial buildings, lighting electricity only accounts for 5% of the total energy consumption, while central air conditioning consumes 67% of the total energy consumption, and the prospect is equally impressive. There is also a phenomenon that cannot be ignored: landscape engineering consumes a lot of power resources. Taking Shanghai as an example, the landscape lighting project in Shanghai is consuming a lot of power resources. According to the calculation of Shanghai electric power department, after all lighting projects in Shanghai are started, the electricity consumption will reach 200,000 kilowatts, which is equivalent to the current power supply capacity of the Three Gorges Power Plant to Shanghai.
Relatively speaking, the real energy consumers are also energy-saving consumers, which should be thousands of enterprises in Qian Qian. Only the power generation and power supply enterprises in the power system have great energy-saving potential. It is reported that by the end of 2003, the installed power generation capacity of China reached 390 million kilowatts, and the electricity consumption of the whole society was about 1.9 trillion kwh, ranking second in the world. Over the years, through unremitting efforts, coal consumption, water consumption and line loss have all dropped significantly. However, compared with the world advanced level, China's current power supply coal consumption is 60 grams more per kWh, which means that according to the world advanced level, China consumes about 65.438+200 million tons of standard coal for power generation a year. The line loss rate of transmission lines in China is 2.0%-2.5% higher than that of international advanced power companies, and the power lost in more than one year reaches 35 billion kWh. The average water consumption rate is 40%-50% higher than the international advanced level, and the water consumption for more than one year reaches 65.438+0.5 billion cubic meters. In this context, it is no exaggeration to say that doing a good job in energy conservation is a great event that will benefit the present and the future. The coal consumption of four 300,000 kW units in Shanghai Waigaoqiao Power Plant is only 336g/kWh. If the coal consumption of power supply in China can reach the level of Waigaoqiao Power Plant, 60 million tons of standard coal can be saved every year. Of course, most of our power plants are inferior to Waigaoqiao Power Plant, but even all the old power generation equipment in China can be promising. Take Xuzhou Power Plant, which has been established for 27 years, as an example. It is the first power plant in China to successfully modernize 200MW and 125MW units. In the transformation, they will focus on upgrading the steam turbine flow passage and boiler economizer, reheater and convection superheater. As a result, the total installed capacity increased by 10% on the basis of rated output, that is, the original installed capacity increased from 1300 MW to 1430 MW, and the coal consumption per kilowatt-hour of single power supply decreased by more than 20 grams. Subsequently, they reformed the boiler heating surfaces of four 220MW units, which improved the utilization rate of heat energy. On the other hand, step up the implementation of boiler flue gas cooling transformation project, reduce the flue gas temperature by 30 degrees Celsius, which is equivalent to another 8 grams of coal consumption per kWh of power supply; The successful application of plasma ignition device in 200,000 kW unit is the first case in China, which realizes the oil-free start of the whole unit, even under low load, there is no need to refuel for combustion. According to estimates, a 220,000-kilowatt unit can save 300 tons of fuel when it is started as a whole, and the cost savings will reach more than 3 million yuan if combustion is not supported under low load throughout the year. When the four electric feed pumps of 220MW units are replaced by steam feed pumps, the auxiliary power consumption can be reduced by1.8000 kwh per hour, that is, under the condition of constant total power generation, more than1.500 million kwh can be provided for the society every year; At the same time of technical transformation of equipment, they take water saving as the focus of their daily work, and use wastewater as surface water as ash flushing water, thus reducing water consumption. The recycling of wastewater not only reduces the cost of water intake, but also reduces the expenditure of sewage charges. This alone is equivalent to an annual increase of nearly 3 million yuan.
Obviously, power generation enterprises have great potential to save coal, oil, water and electricity, and metallurgical, chemical, mining, construction and other industries are also promising. Energy saving is not difficult, how to save energy for non-personal consumption. If every energy consumption is paid by a "personal account", the effect of energy saving will be greater and greater, and people's quality of life will be better and better.